Hydraulic Stability of Conditioning-controlling Water-water Ejector Heating Unit in Heating System

The paper introduces an example and its running data of applying conditioning-controlling water-water ejector heating unit developed by the author in heating system. It proves that: the hydraulic stability of the system is very good. When heating medium of heat source and heat consumer are respective high-temperature water and low-temperature water, the hydraulic stability of the heating system is close to 1; when the flow of any consumer of heating network changes, the flow and heating quality of other consumers are almost unchanged.     

Culture and the commodification of water in Samoa

While ‘solutions’ to challenges of water supply in the Pacific may seem obvious to hydrologists, engineers and planners, their implementation may not be straightforward. Water is embedded in cultural, religious and political contexts, and what seems obvious to planners may seem neither obvious, nor acceptable, to citizens. However, these contexts change continuously, and opportunities arise for changes in narratives around ownership, supply and management of water. Citizens' beliefs about the state's ‘rights’ will vary with societal context, and will shape the ways in which ownership and management of water is worked out in specific locations. This paper outlines thinking and discourses around ownership and management of fresh water in Samoa, and the constraints which culture has imposed on water supply over time. Water discourses have shifted from questions about ownership of specific sources to general discussions about conservation and management of natural resources. This shift has resulted, in part, from the ways in which government has managed the process and, in part, from growing public awareness of water within the larger environmental context. The paper focuses on Samoan material, but some of the generic issues have wider significance in the Pacific because similar variables combine in similar ways.     

Analysis and Comparison of Submersible Pumps Used in Construction

In this paper the common submersible pump and the foul water submersible pump were compared with the submersible sand pump. Then, the principle and structure features of the submersible sand pump were introduced. The hydraulic pattern of submersible sand pump was designed according to two kinds of fluid theory. There is an air room at submersible sand pump added. The motor axle of submersible sand pump was extended from the air room. Inside the motor there is a small reservoir and the drop of water can be collected. The working condition of submersible sand pump was improved. The submersible sand pump can work longer time.     

Energy saving effect analysis of water system renovation in a coking plant

A coking plant extended many times, and its capacity of the cooling water system is not match with it, the consumption of new water is much more than that used by others in the same industry. The water system renovation is addressed for an extended coking plant. The installation of two 600 m3/h cooling towers and restoration the existing two cooling towers are to promote the cooling capacity so that the amount of discharge and feed could be reduced. At the same time, the pipe net for waste water reutilisation is installed, by which part of the waste water is reused as supplement water for quenching hot coke and the other was piped to ironworks for reuse. With the field test, the water consumption per ton of coke production is cut down from 9.03 m3 to 3.21 m3. And the annual water saving is more than 6×106 m3. Furthermore, the electric consumption is reduced by 2×106 kWh and about 3×106 yuan of annual running cost is saved.     

不同种植模式对河北低平原区域地下水平衡和水分经济利用效率等的影响

河北低平原区是全世界地下水超采的主要地区,同时又是中国主要的粮食主产区。不同的种植模式对水资源利用和粮食安全生产起着非常重要的作用。为了探清河北低平原区不同种植模式对区域地下水平衡及水分经济利用效率等方面的影响,以河北低平原区沧州市为研究区域,通过利用实验结果及统计数据,对该区主要存在的一年两作、一年一作和两年三作的12种不同种植模式下的耗水、产量及对地下水的影响等进行了分析。结果表明：冬小麦—夏玉米一年两作的传统种植模式2年的产量最高(30000 kg/hm²),需水量也最大,达到1683 mm,但效益和水分利用经济效益最低[2.61元/(mm·hm²)],并且对地下水的影响最大;棉花—冬小麦—夏玉米的两年三作模式经济效益和水分利用经济效率最高,分别为15750元/hm²和12.2元/(mm·hm²);一年一作的种植模式对地下水的影响最小。因此,从该区域农业水资源可持续发展和粮食安全角度考虑,应该发展棉花—冬小麦—夏玉米的两年三作种植模式。     

Investigation and Analysis on Saving Optimization at Waterworks

This paper investigate the plant water of 52 different conventional processed water plant in the eastern and central regions, and analyse the characteristics of water plants in different areas; survey the influence of the pond of waterworks flocculation, sedimentation tanks on the water consumption rate and the solids containing in the sludge; besides, research the influence of the type of waterworks filter pool and backwash conditions on the consumption rate of water and backwash effect; also, it analyse the rate of water plants which have had this water reuse process at this time.     

Effect of Water Stress on the Photosynthesis, Productivity and Water Status of Mung Bean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek)

The effect of water stress and its subsequent recovery on the photosynthesis, productivity and water status, was examined in three mungbean varieties ( Vigna radiata L. Wilczek) i.e. PS 16, P 105 and Pusa Baisakhi. The variety P 105 was found relatively less susceptible to water stress compared to high susceptibility in Pusa Baisakhi and PS 16. The adverse effect of stress was comparatively higher at the post-flowering and pod development stages. It was observed that variety P 105 had inherently maintained higher water status by retaining higher water potential and water content under water stress condition, thereby effectively reducing the water loss. The higher transpiration rate in this variety regulates the flow of water within the plant. This type of regulation of water flow and maintenance of high water status in P 105 helped to resist the adverse effect of water stress on photosynthesis and productivity. Such adaptation mechanism was not observed in varieties PS 16 and Pusa Baisakhi. The recover) mechanism was, however, operated efficiently in susceptible varieties PS 16 and Pusa Baisakhi particularly for recouping the vegetative growth, but its effect could not be retained for reproductive characters, wherein also variety P 105 due to its efficient partitioning system yielded better than other cultivars.     

北疆地区牧草高效立体种植模式与耗水规律研究

混、间播是合理利用土地、充分利用光能、提高单位产量、改善饲料品质、培养土地肥力以及延长多年生饲草料地利用年限等方面的重要措施和有效途径。为了分析北疆干旱荒漠地区牧草组合、施肥量、灌溉定额对产量影响的显著性程度和多因素不同水平的最优组合方案,以及混播牧草的耗水规律及耗水量,并且提出该地区不同水文年的灌溉制度,通过对多年生人工牧草进行不同水肥条件下混、间播灌溉试验,并应用SPSS软件对结果进行分析。结果表明,混、间播的最优组合为：苜蓿和老芒麦组合,施肥量18471 kg/hm²,灌溉定额为3600 m³/hm²,影响产量的主要因素是灌溉定额;混播牧草生育期内最大耗水强度为86 m³/(hm²·d),混播牧草干旱年灌水4次,灌溉定额为3600 m³/hm²。通过综合分析,评价了混播牧草的优越性,为北疆干旱荒漠地区发展高产、优质的灌溉饲草地提供技术参考。     

Analysis of Adaptability for Water Surface Heat Pumps in China Climatic Region

Based on the application characteristics of Surface Water Source Heat Pump System(WSHPs),the condition for the high efficient application of the system was expounded.Meanwhile,the distribution of water source in China Climatic Region was analyzed,and combining with the condition under which the surface water heat pump system was applied,the application feasibility of the system was explored.On the basis of the present climate division,the water source in the climate zone was analyzed comprehensively in terms of water temperature and water quality.Based on practical data,HVAC style,characteristic and condition of WSHPs,the adaptability analysis of the surface water heat pump system used in the climate zones was also given.     

Comparative Study on the Effect of Water Stress on the Photosynthesis and Water Relations of Triticale, Rye and Wheat

An attempt was made to investigate the effect of water stress treatment on the components of photosynthesis and water relations of triticale ( Triticale octoploide ), Russian rye ( Secale cereale ) and wheat, ( Triticum aestivum var. Sonalika ). The results revealed that there was no significant adverse effect of water stress on the photosynthesis of triticale compared to wheat and rye. The maintenance of photosynthetic productivity under water stress in triticale has been accomplished by (a) reduction in water loss by stomatal behaviour and (b) by maintenance of water uptake through continued transpirational flow. Both these mechanisms served to maintain high water potential as stress occures. This ameliorates the onset of stress and helps to maintain photosynthesis. The rye also consists of another type of adaptability to drought through significant recovery of photosynthesis and chlorophyll development on reirrigation particularly at post-anthesis stage, when other species failed to recover. However, in wheat Sonalika both these adaptive characteristics did not exist in such intensity.     

Some Issues about the Recycling Liquid Sludge Water from Water Treatment Plant

The liquid sludge water is produced from coagulation/filtration units and filtration operation of water treatment plant. The utilization of liquid sludge water from water treatment plant is an efficient way to save water resource. The potential problems in recycling the liquid sludge water are discussed in this paper from the aspects of its biological, physical and chemical properties. The microbiological safety of filtered water can be improved by recycling the liquid sludge water after coagulation and sedimentation or membrane filtration pretreatment. The status of utilization of the liquid sludge water at home and abroad is presented as well.     

唐山地区空中云水资源特征及开发潜力分析

为了解唐山空中云水资源特征,有效开发空中云水资源,更好地服务于工农业生产,利用唐山11个观测站56年的地面水汽压、降水资料和唐山4个地基GPS 2010年6月—2012年10月的月平均大气可降水量数据,分析唐山地区整层大气可降水量和自然降水效率的时空分布特征。结果表明：唐山地区空中云水资源丰富,开发潜力较大。唐山地区平均年大气可降水量为6914.2 mm,自然降水效率为8.9%;唐山地区可降水量基本上从北到南逐渐增加,与降水量和自然降水效率大致相反;年代际变化不明显,年可降水量略有上升,自然降水效率略有下降;月、季分布特征相似,月分布二者都呈单峰型,7月最大,1月最小,可降水量和自然降水效率均为夏季最大,春秋相当,冬季最小。     

以花生壳为生物吸附剂去除废水中重金属的研究进展

生物吸附法是一种正在迅速发展的废水处理方法。为研究中国农业废弃物作为生物吸附剂处理重金属废水的研究及利用现状,通过简述了花生壳作为吸附剂的吸附机制、吸附模型和热力学参量等,并分析影响吸附过程的主要因素、材料再生和金属回收等,进而提出展望,旨在为进一步提高重金属去除效率和农业废弃物资源化方面提供理论指导。     

不同水分处理对春玉米水分动态和株高的影响

旨在研究区域农田春玉米干旱灾害形成的过程特征和阶段阈值。在典型干旱区武威,设置不同的控水处理,用对比分析方法研究同一品种在不同处理下的耗水规律。结果表明,玉米前期耗水强度小,中期逐渐变大,后期又减少。播种、出苗期土壤水分总贮水量最大;拔节期土壤水分总贮水量显著减少;抽雄期耗水以植株蒸腾为主,随着降水量的增加,土壤水分总贮水量均有不同程度的增加;乳熟期高温天气较多,土壤蒸发和植株蒸腾加剧,土壤水分总贮水量为全生育期最小;长期干旱胁迫使土壤极度干旱,上下层土壤重量含水率几乎趋于一致。干旱胁迫对株高的影响没有对水分的影响剧烈,干旱胁迫对拔节期玉米植株的生长影响最大,抽雄吐丝期次之,苗期影响最小。     

华南地区6种乡土树种凋落物持水特性研究

为了全面了解华南地区典型乡土树种的生态水文效应,以该地区的米老排(Mytilaria laosensis)、马尾松(Pinus massoniana)、杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)、樟树(Cinnanomum camphora)、红椎(Castanopsis hystrix)和火力楠(Michelia macclurei)6种乡土树种为研究对象,分别测定其凋落物的储量、持水量、持水率和吸水速率。采用野外定位采样与内业相结合的办法,对6种乡土树种凋落物储量与持水量进行定量表达。结果表明,林龄相近的6种乡土树种凋落物储量大小为,米老排(2.220×10³ kg/hm²)>火力楠(2.105×10³ kg/hm²)>樟树(2.051×10³ kg/hm²)>红椎(1.434×10³ kg/hm²)>杉木(1.225×10³ kg/hm²)>马尾松(0.898×10³ kg/hm²);凋落物的持水量呈现米老排>火力楠>红椎>樟树>杉木>马尾松;米老排、火力楠、樟树、红椎、杉木和马尾松的凋落物最大持水率依次为458%、403%、408%、404%、351%、280%;凋落物的持水量和持水率随浸泡时间增加而增加,与浸泡时间呈对数关系,吸水速率与浸泡时间呈幂函数关系。该研究为系统评价华南地区典型乡土树种的生态水文特征奠定了基础。     

Research on a dynamic tracking model for reservoir water flooding of separated zone water injection

Waterflood is one of the main oil reservoir development ways. Premature flooding of production wells during water flooding process will reduce oil recovery. Therefore,it is particularly important to establish a dynamic tracking model for reservoir water flooding of separated zone water injection. Based on the basic principles of heat and mass transfer,according to well temperature curve to determine the water profile,Poisson process analysis and stochastic process methods are adopted to calculate water saturation,water breakthrough time and water cut of each layer in water flooded reservoir at any one time. When oil reservoir gradually become water flooded,the calculated water cut of model considering micro-pore distribution of the reservoir tends to the measured water cut,and the calculation error is less than 5%. Case study shows that the layer of the higher injection rate,with high flow channel such as micro fracture,where there is the faster increase in water saturation,the shorter water breakthrough time and faster increase in water cut,and vice versa. Research result provides time guarantee to take measures for inhibiting or delaying water breakthrough of production wells.     

东平湖水环境研究进展与展望

为系统了解东平湖水环境以及富营养化问题,并更好地治理和预防,通过实地调查和查阅文献的方法着重对东平湖水环境历史变迁、水质污染现状和富营养化状态、污染物来源等热点问题的研究进展进行了回顾。总结出历史时期东平湖水环境变迁主要受黄河影响,直到20世纪60年代之后才主要受人类活动影响。随大汶河而来的大量工业和生活污水等外源污染与沉积物再悬浮以及菹草死亡降解等内源污染共同作用下,使得现在的东平湖已发展为中富-富营养化湖泊。最后基于东平湖水环境和治理现状以及南水北调东线工程计划就东平湖水环境发展做出了展望。     

粒用高粱需水量及耗水特性的研究

影响高粱高产的因素很多,包括品种、水肥、土质及气候等因素,为探究高粱的高产性能,寻找影响高粱高产的突破口,本研究运用单因素随机区组设计的方法对粒用高粱拔节期和灌浆期的最大需水量及其一生的耗水特性进行了研究。结果表明：随着灌水量的增加,耗水量增加,穗长和枝梗数显著性地增加,但灌水量120~140mm的穗长和枝梗数差异不显著;籽粒千粒重和产量显著性地增加,灌水量100~140mm的千粒重和产量差异不显著。高粱拔节期最大需水量为120mm;开花灌浆期最大需水量为100mm;高粱拔节前耗水48.74mm,占总耗水量的10%~15%;拔节~抽穗耗水140.51~177.12mm,占总耗水的35%~43%,抽穗-成熟耗水137.65~272.27mm,占总耗水的42%~55%;水分生产效率随耗水量的增大,呈现先升后降的趋势,灌浆期灌水100mm处理的水分生产效率为最高,最高可达29.49kg/(hm²·mm)。