番红花球茎发育机理研究

对番红花球茎的发育过程进行生理生化分析,体外或栽培球茎发育过程中,球茎膨大时碳水化合物变化模式相似,均伴随着淀粉的迅速累积。球茎的形态变化与IAA/(Z+ZR)相关,而且IAA/(Z+ZR)的升高促进了淀粉的快速积累和球茎膨大。高IAA/(Z+ZR)比值,高IAA 和ABA 含量,及更长的生长期,使栽培的球茎更大,淀粉含量更高。     

藏红花开发与利用的研究进展

藏红花作为一种药用价值丰富的中药材,因其药理活性而深受人们关注。综述了藏红花在临床、医药、食品及工业上应用的研究进展,为藏红花的进一步研究及合理开发利用提供了参考。     

外源多胺对铝胁迫下番红花的生理响应

考察了铝胁迫下番红花根系的生长生理变化及多胺对番红花铝胁迫的改善作用。在铝胁迫下,番红花根伸长受抑,活力下降,添加多胺可有效减轻铝对番红花根系的伤害,1mM 腐胺效果最好,可使根伸长恢复至对照组的85%。     

分葱对黄瓜、萝卜和白菜的化感作用

以黄瓜（Cucumis sativus L.）,萝卜（Raphanus sativus L.）和白菜（Brassica chinensis L.）3种蔬菜作物为受体,通过种子萌发试验及幼苗生长试验,对分葱（Allium fistulosum L.var.caespitosum Makino）根系及其地上部水浸液的化感作用进行了初步研究。结果表明：分葱根系和地上部水浸液对黄瓜、萝卜和白菜具有一定的化感作用。对黄瓜和萝卜的萌发有一定的抑制作用,而对其幼苗生长有一定的促进作用;对白菜的萌发表现为低浓度促进高浓度抑制,而对其幼苗生长有一定的抑制作用。因此,在蔬菜栽培制度中,分葱可与黄瓜和萝卜进行合理的轮作与间套作;但可能不适宜与白菜进行轮作或间套作。     

藏红花球茎腐烂病的调查及初步分析

藏红花在贵州省种植历史很短,关于病害的发生危害和防治的研究也较少。目前,藏红花球茎腐烂病造成了较大的危害,成为种植方面的首要病害。该文通过对藏红花进行实地病害调查和组织分离法分离病原菌,并进行培养和鉴定,实验结果表明,藏红花球茎腐烂病是由炭疽菌和镰刀菌交互侵染导致的结果。     

西红花栽培、繁育和采后管理研究进展

为提升国内西红花产量和品质,本研究总结了国内外西红花母球茎大小与留芽数目、栽培模式、栽培密度和深度、施肥方式和类型、病害防治、花期调控、组培快繁和脱毒、遗传育种、花丝加工和储藏等相关研究,概述了西红花栽培、繁育和采后管理研究进展。指出国内目前缺乏西红花球茎等级划分标准以及高产优质生产技术规范,应从田间栽培、花期调控、品种选育3个方面解决西红花生产和育种中的瓶颈问题,规范西红花生产技术,确保西红花药材品质质量,推动西红花产业发展。     

黄瓜离体器官再生体系的优化

优化通过器官直接再生方式的黄瓜离体再生体系,为遗传转化奠定基础。以‘长春密刺’黄瓜的子叶节为外植体,探讨在黄瓜再生过程中,适宜的无菌苗获得培养基、适宜的外植体类型、无菌苗的适宜苗态、不定芽诱导培养基和芽伸长培养基中适宜的激素组合与比例。结果表明,最适的无菌苗获得培养基为1/2MS+30 g/L蔗糖+7 g/L琼脂(pH=5.8);不同外植体的再生率为子叶节>下胚轴>子叶;子叶完全出壳但未展平的无菌苗比其他苗态的再生率高,子叶展平后,再生率迅速下降;当6-BA（6-苄基氨基嘌呤）和ABA（脱落酸）浓度一定时,最适的AgNO₃为2 mg/L;当AgNO₃浓度一定时,6-BA和ABA浓度的最佳组合为1.5 mg/L 6-BA+0.5 mg/L ABA;不定芽诱导的最适培养基为MS+1.5 mg/L 6-BA+0.5 mg/L ABA+2 mg/L AgNO₃,出芽率为90%,每外植体出芽数为3.5;芽伸长培养基中加入0.10 mg/L 6-BA,能够促进再生芽的伸长。本研究成功优化了黄瓜的再生体系,得到了健壮的黄瓜成株。     

西红花组织培养研究进展

为了研究人工繁育西红花种球的途径,笔者综述了国内外30多年以来的西红花组织培养研究进展,发现利用不同的外植体都有诱导形成小球茎或完整植株的报道,但是其诱导周期长、诱导率较低,未见进行大规模产业化生产的报道。因此,今后应该着重于研究如何缩短诱导周期,提高诱导率、增殖率,加快大球茎培育进程,并进行花器官和子房的组织培养研究,提高柱头状物诱导率,加强细胞大规模培养技术研究,推动次生代谢产物生产的规模开发。笔者就西红花组织培养的研究成果进行了归纳与综述,并对西红花组培进展进行了展望,以期为中国西红花种球规模化和产业化生产提供参考。     

Gynoecious sex expression and stability in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.)

Summary Results indicated that gynoecious stability in the F₁ is governed by partial dominance. The degree of gynoecious stability is dependent upon genotypes, stages of plant for AgNO₃ application and number of sprays. Depending upon the genotypes, the one-true-leaf stage and one spray of 250 ppm AgNO₃ showed more gynoecious stability in the F₁. Twice application of AgNO₃ at the two-true-leaf stage produced the maximum number of male flowers. Plants exposed to light for longer time (10.00 h) after AgNO₃ application produced less flowers than when exposed for shorter time (15.00 and 20.00 h).Present address: Division of Vegetable Crops, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi-110012, India.     

侧芽数对西红花球茎产量与开花的影响

西红花只能通过无性繁殖方式繁育球茎,探索培育开花大球茎与增加后代子球茎数量之间的平衡点,可以为西红花栽培与生产过程中规模的进一步扩大奠定理论基础。以4个等级单球重(8~15、16~20、21~25、26~30 g)的西红花球茎为材料,通过抹除侧芽与不抹芽对比试验,分析其后代子球茎的数量、质量及开花时间、开花量等数据。结果表明,球茎单球重越大,能形成子球茎的数量越多。未抹芽的子球茎生物量整体呈增加趋势,但单株子球茎均重和主芽子球茎均重均整体呈下降趋势。单球重20 g以上的母球,可以保留芽数量最多至5个左右,既能得到更多的子球茎,也不影响新形成顶芽球茎开花及开花量。     

Effect of postharvest ethylene treatment on carotenoid accumulation and the expression of carotenoid biosynthetic genes in the flavedo of orange (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck) fruit

Degreening with ethylene is a common postharvest practice in citrus fruit. In this work we have examined the effect of ethylene treatment on carotenoid content and composition, and on the expression of carotenoid biosynthetic genes in the flavedo of Navelate orange (Citrus sinensis L.) harvested at two ripening stages. The ethylene-induced fruit coloration and carotenoid content in the flavedo increased with the ripening stage of the fruit. Analysis of the changes in individual carotenoids revealed that ethylene stimulated an increase in phytoene, phytofluene, (9Z)-violaxanthin which is the main carotenoid in fully ripened orange peel, and the apocarotenoid β-citraurin, and decreased the concentration of chloroplastic carotenoids. These changes are consistent with the effect of ethylene on the expression of carotenoid biosynthetic genes, since it up-regulated the expression of phytoene synthase, ζ-carotene desaturase and β-carotene hydroxylase genes, sustained or transiently increased accumulation of phytoene desaturase, plastid terminal oxidase, β-lycopene cyclase and zeaxanthin epoxidase mRNAs, and decreased the expression of the ɛ-lycopene cyclase gene. These data indicate that exogenous ethylene reproduces and accelerates the physiological and molecular changes in the carotenoid biosynthesis naturally occurring during maturation of citrus fruit. On the other hand, gibberellic acid, which delays fruit degreening, reduced the ethylene-induced expression of early carotenoid biosynthetic genes and the accumulation of phytoene, phytofluene and β-citraurin.     

黄瓜作图亲本间分子标记的多态性分析

利用AFLP,SRAP和SSR3种不同类型的分子标记技术,研究了作图亲本F-3与HZL04-1间的多态性。结果表明,这3种标记技术多态性检测效率不同,其中,AFLP揭示作图亲本间多态性效率最高,SRAP次之,SSR多态性检测效率最低。选择高效揭示多态性的分子标记技术是提高黄瓜遗传图谱构建效率的关键。分析探讨了几种分子标记技术的优缺点,认为应用AFLP,SRAP构建黄瓜遗传图谱为最佳,SSR可以作为补充的标记。     

Combining ability between lines of Cucumis sativus L. and Cucumis sativus var. hardwickii (R.) Alef

Summary Three Cucumis sativus L. (CS) lines adapted to USA growing conditions were used as female parents in crosses to one line each of seven Cucumis sativus var. hardwickii (R.) Alef. (CH) accessions used as male parents to determine the relative combining ability of the CH accessions for six horticultural characters. The 21 F₁ progenies were grown in a randomized complete block design in two locations and evaluated for fruit number, lateral branch number, fruit length, fruit length/diameter ratio, number of female flowering nodes, and days to anthesis. General combining ability (GCA) was significant for all characters in each location. Specific combining ability (SCA) was significant for all characters except days to anthesis in one location and lateral branch number in both locations. Significant location × combining ability interactions were also evident for several characters. Results suggest that CH may be useful for improving fruit yield in commercial cucumber, but that limitations may lie in the attainment of acceptable fruit.Research supported by the College of Agric. and Life Sci., Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison; USDA, ARS, and by funds from Pickle Packers Intl., Inc. Mention of a trademark, proprietary product, or vendor does not constitute a guarantee of warranty of the product by the USDA and does not imply its improval to the exclusion of the other products or vendors that may also be suitable.     

萝卜肉质根膨大过程中库活性的变化

以根冠比不同的3个萝卜品种为材料,研究了萝卜肉质根的生长动态和肉质根膨大过程中源-库活性的变化.结果表明:播种后14～21 d肉质根开始膨大,并在播种28d后进入快速膨大期;叶片的快速生长期先于肉质根.3个品种其根冠比(鲜质量)存在非常明显的差异.其中‘短叶13'在播种后35 d,其根冠比即达到1以上;至播种后56 d其根冠比高达4.7,而‘叶用萝卜'根冠比始终小于1.源活性在播种后14～21 d达到最大,之后逐渐下降,但‘叶用萝卜'源活性在播种后21～28 d仍维持较高的水平;库活性在播种后28 d(‘短叶13'和‘叶用萝卜')或35 d(‘白玉春')内持续快速提高,之后则呈下降趋势.在整个生长过程中,‘短叶13'的源活性始终低于其它两个品种,而其库活性和地下部干重并不低于其它2个品种.     

Genotype-environment interaction for seed yield and ODAP concentration of Lathyrus sativus L. and L. cicera L. in Mediterranean-type environments

In 1994, 407 L. sativus and 96 L. cicera lines were evaluated for phenology, seed yield and seed ODAP (a neurotoxin) concentration in the Mediterranean-type climate of south-western Australia. A selected number of lines from this study were grown at three sites in south-western Australia in 1995 and 1996, to examine genotype-environment interactions on seed yield and ODAP concentration in the seed of the two Lathyrus spp. Principal components analysis showed that L. sativus lines grown in 1995 and 1996 could be divided into two geographical origins: Indian sub-continent and Mediterranean/European. Those lines of Mediterranean/European origin were consistently higher yielding (both in 1994 and 1995/96), with much larger seeds and later phenology. In L. cicera seed yield was closely associated with greater mean seed weight and to a lesser extent with early phenology. The genotype-environment study indicated that higher yielding lines of both species generally responded to favourable environments; in the case of L. sativus the Mediterranean/European lines and for L. cicera the larger seeded, earlier phenology lines. For both species, genotype was the most important determinant of ODAP concentration and environment had less influence. Genotype-environment interactions had no effect on seed ODAP concentrations. In terms of seed yield, both species showed substantial potential in the environments tested. Further improvements in adaptation, seed yield and reduction in ODAP are possible in both species. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

不同处理对黄瓜种子萌发的影响

研究不同酸碱性溶液浸泡、不同光照变化、不同低温冷冻、不同温度水浴和不同时间超声波处理对‘伯乐一号’黄瓜种子萌发的影响。采用双层滤纸培养法对处理后的种子进行培养,观察记录种子的发芽势、发芽率和发芽指数,并对数据进行统计分析。实验显示,pH 9碱性溶液浸泡、持续黑暗处理、 48 h冷冻处理、30℃水浴处理和20 min超声波处理均可以提高‘伯乐一号’黄瓜种子发芽率;其中以48 h冷冻处理的‘伯乐一号’黄瓜种子发芽率最高,达到89.33%。总结出‘伯乐一号’黄瓜种子萌发的最适处理方法,对生产实践中有效促进其种子萌发及人工栽培具有重要的指导意义。     

Different sex phenotypes of Cucumis sativus L. and C. melo L. and their endogenous gibberellin activity

Summary Gibberellins were extracted from seeds and green plants of different sex types of the closely related species Cucumis sativus L. (cucumber) and C. melo L. (muskmelon). Both seeds and green plants of monoecious and andromonoecious lines of C. sativus contained significantly higher gibberellin levels at all growth stages tested than did a gynoecious line. Gibberellin activity in the monoecious and andromonoecious C. sativus line reached a maximum at the growth stage corresponding to flower differentiation at cotyledonary and first leaf axils. Vernalization of seeds of gynoecious plants resulted in increased male tendency correlated with increased gibberellin activity. In contrast, monoecious and andromonoecious lines of C. melo were gibberellin deficient relative to hermaphroditic and gynoecious lines.Journal Article No 5534 from the Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station. This work was supported by a grant from the Herman Frasch Foundation.