广西2013年-2015年鸡传染性支气管炎病毒S1基因分子流行病学分析

为了解近年来广西地区鸡传染性支气管炎病毒(IBV)的分子流行病学特点和遗传变异规律,本研究对广西地区2013年-2015年分离的26株IBV的S1基因进行了克隆、序列测定和分析.结果发现,26株IBV S1基因核苷酸序列长度在1 599 bp～1 632 bp之间,编码533个～544个氨基酸,说明分离毒株核苷酸存在较多的插入和缺失;分离毒株之间核苷酸序列同源性在76.5％～100％之间,其推导氨基酸序列同源性在74.4％～100％之间,分离株与参考株核苷酸及推导氨基酸的同源性分别介于75.9％～97.3％和74.9％～96.3％之间;分离毒株可以分为4个主要分支,南宁地区2013年-2014年分离毒株主要在第2分支,而在2015年分离毒株主要分布在第1.1分支,这是一个新的流行趋势,桂林地区的分离毒株主要分布在1.3、4.2分支,2015年以来的3个分离毒株分别存在于3和4.2分支,没有形成比较明显的优势流行毒株,玉林地区的毒株分布较散,也没有形成明显的优势流行毒株;分离毒株中大部分毒株与疫苗毒株同源性较低,部分毒株向着各自的方向进化,呈现出一定的地域性.     

鸡腺胃型传染性支气管炎病毒山东分离株S基因的克隆及序列分析

为研究3株鸡腺胃型传染性支气管炎病毒(IBV)山东分离株(青岛腺胃株QX株、东营腺胃株DY株、肥城腺胃株FC株)病毒纤突蛋白基因(S基因)的核苷酸特征,与呼吸型M41标准株及肾型IBV进行S基因核苷酸进行同源性比较。采用RT-PCR技术方法,对IBV分离株(QX、DY、FC)及标准毒株M41株S基因进行克隆和序列测定,对其中QX和DY株S基因核苷酸分别用3种方法(Clustal V method、Jotun Hein method和Clustal W method)对获得的基因核苷酸序列进行分析。结果显示,QX株和DY株的S基因核苷酸与标准毒株M41株S基因核苷酸的同源性最高为79.3%和79.2%,最小差异性为24.5%和22.3%。QX株和DY株与肾型IB分离株HD同源性最高为78.4%和78.9%,最小差异性均为22.7%。HD株与M41株的同源性最高达到80.8%。通过对S基因进化关系分析,说明腺胃型IBV山东分离株(QX、DY株)与呼吸型和肾型IBV是引起不同组织嗜性的IBV变异株,与呼吸型IBV和肾型IBV有明显的差异,是在IBV遗传变异进化过程中具有重要地位的进化阶段。     

2006年至2010年山东省鸡传染性支气管炎病毒分子变异的研究

为研究山东省鸡传染性支气管炎病毒(IBV)的遗传变异规律,本研究2006年～2010年从山东省发病的商品鸡中分离鉴定了17株IBV,并对其S1基因、N基因和M基因分别进行RT-PCR扩增、测序及遗传进化分析.序列分析结果表明:与疫苗株H120相比,17个分离株S1蛋白的变异程度较大,存在广泛的基因突变和氨基酸替代,多数病毒株还存在氨基酸的插入;N蛋白无碱基的缺失和插入,仅存在核苷酸的突变和氨基酸的替代;M蛋白除病毒株CK/CH/SD09/005插入3个碱基外,其它16个分离株仅存在少数的碱基突变和氨基酸替代.S1基因、N基因和M基因的系统进化分析结果表明多数分离株的3个基因在进化上相对平行,与国内分离株LX4同属一个进化分支,同源性较高;分离株SDYT0605的3个基因与疫苗株H120同源性较高,可能是免疫压力下变异的疫苗株;分离株SDTA06111、SDWF0608和CK/CH/SD09/005的S1基因、N基因和M基因分属于不同的进化分支,可能发生了基因重组.本研究结果显示基因突变、插入和不同基因之间的重组是免疫压力下IBV变异的主要方式.     

2006-2008年山东鸡传染性支气管炎病毒分离株S1与N基因的分子特征

为了调查2006-2008年山东省鸡传染性支气管炎的分子流行病学特征,应用RT-PCR方法分别扩增了14株传染性支气管炎病毒地方毒株S1基因和N基因,并进行了基因克隆与测序工作.对此14株病毒的S1基因序列利用限制性内切酶HaeⅢ进行了限制性片段长度多态性(RFLP)分析,结果显示可以将IBV毒株分为3种不同的基因型.其中11个毒株与LX4毒株有相同的RFLP分型,2株病毒属于Mass基因型,1个毒株有特异的RFLP分型.并将这些分离毒株与11个参考毒株分别进行了基因与氨基酸系统进化树关系分析.S1基因分析结果显示将这些毒株分成3个基因型,与RFLP分析的分型结果一致.11株病毒同属于LX4类型的毒株,分离毒株核苷酸序列相互之间有95.4%～99.7%的同源性.基因Ⅱ型与疫苗株H120和M41的同源性很高.属于基因Ⅲ型的1个毒株形成了独特的基因型.N基因分析结果表明:12株病毒与LX4属于同一基因型,有着较高的同源性.另2株病毒与疫苗株H120同源性很高.以上分析结果表明:山东省IBV分离株存在较为广泛的基因突变、插入和缺失,同时,IBV毒株间的基因重组也可能是山东省IBV变异株产生的另一主要原因.     

鸡传染性支气管炎病毒中国地方分离株膜蛋白基因的克隆及序列分析

本研究选取有代表意义的9株鸡传染性支气管炎病毒（IBV）国内分离株．利用所设计的一对特异引物，通过RT—PCR的方法成功地扩增了膜蛋白基因即M基因全长片段．通过克隆、序列测定获得了9个分离毒株M基因的全长核苷酸序列。并将各IBV国内分离株与GenBank中注册的一些毒株的M基因核苷酸序列及推导的氨基酸序列进行比较、系统进化关系分析发现：IBV中国地方分离毒株大部分属于Mass型；不同毒株间存着重组、缺失、插入及点突变等变异，从ATG至第150bp区段的核苷酸序列变异频率最高；IBV中国地方分离株M基因的变异属于高频率的同义突变；国内的IBV分离株分为两个基因群，1群分离毒株与GenBank中Mass型的毒株亲缘关系较近．毒株间核苷酸序列同源性为95．7%～100％，其相应的氨基酸序列同源性为98．2%～100%；Ⅱ群分离毒株与众多参考毒株的亲缘关系都比较远，毒株间彼此核苷酸序列同源性为89．7％～91．9%，氮基酸序列同源性为92．0-96．0%。     

河南省肉鸡4株禽传染性支气管炎病毒的分离鉴定及S1基因序列分析

通过病料接种SPF鸡胚和鸡胚尿囊液的RT-PCR鉴定,于2017至2018年从河南省不同发病鸡场分离到4株鸡传染性支气管炎病毒(IBV),分别命名为HB/L1/201711、ZMD/L2/201704、SQ/L3/201803、LY/L4/201710,并对4株毒株S1基因进行克隆和序列分析。结果:HB/L1/201711、SQ/L3/201803 S1基因全长1 620 nt,编码540 aa,其裂解位点分别为HRRRR,分属于基因型V、Ⅰ分支;ZMD/L2/201704、LY/L4/201710株S1基因全长1 617 nt,编码539 aa,其裂解位点为RRSRR,属于基因型Ⅱ分支。ZMD/L2/201704与LY/L4/201710分离株核苷酸序列及其推导的氨基酸序列同源性较高,分别为97.6%、95.4%,与另外2株分离株之间核苷酸序列同源性为76.5%、76.8%。4株分离株与国内外参考毒株及疫苗株的氨基酸序列同源性在58.5%~98%之间,具有较大的差异性。其中:ZMD/L2/201704、LY/L4/201710与491型传支疫苗氨基酸同源性较高,可达95.4%、95.9%;SQ/L3/201803与CHI分支参考毒株氨基酸同源性在94.6%~98.9%之间;HB/L1/201711与TWⅠ型毒株2575/98、3468/07有较高同源性,分别为94.8%和93.5%。本研究表明河南省肉鸡鸡群鸡传染性支气管炎病毒基因型相对复杂,推测存在重组与突变。     

鸡传染性支气管炎病毒广西流行株3种主要结构蛋白基因的遗传变异分析

为了解鸡传染性支气管炎病毒(IBV)广西流行株的遗传变异情况,应用RT-PCR方法对2004-2007年的7株广西IBV分离株的纤突蛋白S1基因、核(N)蛋白和膜(M)蛋白基因进行扩增、克隆、测序和同源性比较及系统进化分析。结果显示广西IBV分离株S1基因存在广泛的基因点突变,部分毒株出现基因插入和缺失,分离株之间氨基酸同源性为74.2%～98.7%;N基因无插入和缺失,但存在基因点突变,分离株之间氨基酸同源性为91.7%～99.3%;M基因存在点突变和插入现象,分离株之间氨基酸同源性为90.7%～98.2%。以疫苗株H120为参照,广西IBV分离株的S1、N和M基因都出现了变异,其中S1基因变异程度最大。7株广西IBV在S1、N和M基因氨基酸序列系统进化树中分别集中在2、3和3个基因群中,其中4株的S1、N和M基因分型结果不一致。结果表明广西IBV分离株的S1、N和M基因已发生变异,广西IBV存在广泛的基因突变、缺失或插入现象。研究的结果提示流行株的遗传变异可能是目前影响疫苗免疫效果的主要原因。     

鸡传染性支气管炎病毒变异株(793/B)M基因的克隆与序列分析

根据GenBank已发表的传染性支气管炎病毒(IBV)全基因组序列设计引物,对793/B型IBV分离毒株TA03M基因进行克隆与序列分析.结果表明,793/B型IBV的M基因由669 bp组成,与GenBank已发表的15株IBV的M基因相比较,793/B型IBV的M基因在第4～15位发生了3～12个核苷酸的缺失,对应1～4个氨基酸的缺失,共有30多处点突变.与其他各毒株M基因的核苷酸同源性为84.2%～93.6%,氨基酸同源性为82.1%～96.0%;进化分析显示TA03株与H52和IBN毒株之间的亲缘关系较近.该研究为进一步探讨793/B型IBV M基因(蛋白)在遗传变异和免疫等方面的作用奠定了理论基础.     

4株鸡肾型IBV陕西分离株3种主要结构蛋白基因的遗传变异分析

采用RT—PCR方法对近年来本实验室分离的4株肾型IBV陕西分离株的纤突蛋白S1基因、膜蛋白基因（M）和核蛋白基因（N）分别进行扩增,测序后进行遗传变异分析。结果显示：与肾型疫苗株w93相比,各分离株S1基因均存在广泛的点突变,并且都存在基因插入现象,分离株之间氨基酸同源性为75．8％～99．4％;M基因除了存在点突变外,W09和WNl2在其5’端还存在9个核苷酸的缺失,分离株之间氨基酸同源性为91．0％～99．6％;N基N无插入和缺失,但存在基因点突变,分离株之间氨基酸同源性为99．3％～99．5％。4株IBV分离株在S1、M和N基因氨基酸系统进化树上分属于不同的进化群,且都与较早的肾型IBV陕西分离株w118遗传距离较远。结果表明,4株鸡肾型IBV流行毒株的s1、M和N基因均存在不同程度变异,这可能是免疫鸡群肾型鸡传染性支气管炎长期流行的主要原因．     

鸡传染性支气管炎病毒分离鉴定及S1基因遗传演化分析

为调查辽宁地区鸡传染性支气管炎病毒(IBV)的流行及遗传演化情况,从辽宁某鸡场疑似鸡传染性支气管炎病料中分离得到1株病毒,经分子生物学检测、鸡胚矮小化试验、新城疫病毒血凝特性干扰试验和动物回归试验,确定该毒株为IBV,并命名为CH/LN/2019。扩增该毒株S1基因并进行序列分析发现,分离株S1基因全长1 620 nt,编码540个氨基酸,S1蛋白裂解位点为HRRRR,属于基因Ⅰ型(QX型)毒株;同源性比对发现,分离株与基因Ⅰ型代表毒株QXIBV株的核苷酸和氨基酸序列同源性最高,分别为95.6%和94.8%;与国内常规型疫苗H52、H120和Ma5毒株的同源性较低,核苷酸和氨基酸序列同源性仅为77.2%~76.9%和75.4%~76.2%。本试验为辽宁地区鸡传染性支气管炎的流行病学调查及免疫防控提供了参考。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.