室内条件下向日葵列当和弯管列当在三种不同寄主上寄生能力的比较

以向日葵列当Orobanche cumana Wallr.和弯管列当O.cernua Loefl.为研究对象,利用已有的室内寄生体系来研究两种列当在向日葵、烟草、番茄3种寄主上的寄生能力。结果表明,向日葵列当在室内条件下不仅能够寄生在向日葵上,同时也可以在烟草与番茄上寄生;但其寄生效率在上述不同的寄主之间存在显著差异,而在相同寄主的不同品系间没有差异。交互侵染的结果表明,在寄主番茄上,弯管列当平均每株寄生的瘤结数量为16.3个,向日葵列当只有2.5个;在寄主向日葵上,向日葵列当的平均寄生瘤结数量为25.2个,弯管列当为27.6个,预示着弯管列当在番茄上寄生效率均显著高于向日葵列当,而在寄主向日葵上,二者寄生效率差异不显著,均能高效寄生在向日葵根系上。上述研究结果将为向日葵列当和弯管列当发生严重地区作物轮作对象的选择提供理论依据。     

我国主要根寄生杂草列当的寄主、危害及防治对策

列当属是重要的根寄生杂草,在全世界广泛分布,并对农业生产造成严重危害.本文综述了我国主要列当的寄主及其危害,并阐述了列当的生活史及其防治对策.     

向日葵列当综合防控措施

向日葵Heliantus annuus L.属菊科一年生草本植物,以花序托(花盘)及种子入药,具养肝补肾、降压、止痛之功效。向日葵列当直接影响向日葵的正常生长,造成向日葵产量下降,品质降低,影响农民的收入。笔者介绍向日葵列当在田间发生的症状,并提出综合防治措施。     

向日葵新品种对列当的抗性鉴定

通过田间自然寄生试验,鉴定了2个向日葵新品种对列当的抗性。结果表明,向日葵新品种TP3313列当寄生率为0%,抗寄生指数为1,为免疫品种,其他病虫害发生为害较轻,产量为261.1 kg/667m~2,具有较高的推广应用价值;TP3314向日葵列当的寄生率为0.4%,寄生指数为0.99,为高抗品种。但向日葵菌核病发生较重,产量为219.6 kg/667m~2,在生产应用过程中,应注意向日葵菌核病的防控。     

向日葵抗列当品种的田间鉴定与筛选

寄生性植物向日葵列当Orobanche cumana Wallr.已经成为我国向日葵产业发展的重要限制因素。种植抗性品种是目前控制向日葵列当最经济有效的途径。本研究在2012年－2017年以田间自然鉴定的方式对124个品种(食葵85个, 油葵39个)进行了188批次的抗列当田间鉴定试验, 参试品种包括了近10年来向日葵产区内的绝大部分市场销售品种以及部分新杂交组合。本项研究明确了上述品种的抗列当等级。筛选出免疫或高抗列当的向日葵食葵品种26个, 油葵品种25个, 其中部分商品性较好的免疫品种在向日葵列当综合防治技术集成中发挥了重要作用。结合田间试验鉴定的结果, 本文还对田间自然鉴定法存在的问题以及抗性等级的划分标准进行了讨论。     

我国向日葵列当生理小种的组成与分布

为明确我国向日葵列当(Orobanche cumana Wallr.)生理小种的种类与分布,通过盆栽鉴定的方法,对我国内蒙古、新疆、河北、山西、陕西、黑龙江、吉林、甘肃等8个地区62个样点的向日葵列当生理小种构成进行鉴定,鉴定结果显示,内蒙古、新疆、河北等地区的生理小种种类比较丰富,分别为7、6、5种.内蒙古以高毒力的...     

向日葵抗列当品种(系)筛选及其应用评价

为了全面评价不同向日葵品种(系)对列当的抗寄生性和其在生产中的应用价值,对‘TP3313’等50个食葵品种(系)、‘内蒙杂4号’等6个油葵品种(系)进行了田间自然寄生试验,结果表明:食葵‘TP3313’为对列当免疫的品种,且病虫害发生较轻,产量相对较高(261.11kg/667m~2),因而具有极高的推广应用价值;‘TP3314’为高抗列当品种,但是受向日葵菌核病危害较重,产量为219.64kg/667m~2;‘SH361-L’、‘SH338-M’等8个品种表现为中感,属耐列当品种(系),并且产量相对较高,在生产中具有一定的应用价值。     

一种检疫性寄生杂草——小列当

小列当为检疫性寄生杂草,原产欧洲和中东地区,已在世界各地造成了严重的经济损失,本文阐述了其分类学历史、形态特征、生物学特性、地理分布、传播途径、传播历史及危害性,描述了小列当与其近似种在形态特征上的区别及其防治方法,为小列当的检疫鉴定和综合防治提供理论依据。     

向日葵新品种抗列当水平的田间鉴定

向日葵列当是一种寄生性杂草,严重危害向日葵产业的发展。为有效鉴定向日葵登记品种列当抗性、加快优良品种推广应用,本研究选取国内具有代表性的36个食用向日葵登记品种,在内蒙古向日葵主产区乌拉特前旗芦管壕村和四子王旗高油房村进行了品种列当抗性田间鉴定。结果表明,乌拉特前旗芦管壕村试验点列当生理小种为F小种,‘同欣2号’‘诚牌C93’等20份品种在该点表现为免疫水平;‘三瑞3号’‘天葵16’等11份品种呈现出高抗水平;其余5份品种田间表现为易感或者高感水平。四子王旗高油房村试验点列当生理小种为G小种,‘同欣2号’‘圣地壹号’等14份品种在该点表现为免疫;‘诚牌C93’‘三瑞3号’等16份品种表现为高抗;‘龙食葵5号’表现为中抗;其余5份品种表现为易感或者高感。其中,在两个地区均表现为免疫的品种共有13份,分别是‘同欣2号’‘圣地壹号’‘龙葵27’‘圣地777’‘启源6号’‘JR5511’‘益民931’‘益民303’‘益民966’‘益民969’‘金谷葵33’‘S2009’‘新农101’;呈现高抗列当的品种有9份,分别是‘三瑞3号’‘天葵16’‘正博鼎盛’‘双星6号’‘中食葵90’‘益民968’‘...     

烟草及向日葵上列当Orobanche cumana的发生及其生物防治

 近年,在河北省部分烟草和向日葵种植地发现大量寄生性杂草列当发生并造成严重为害。经鉴定为向日葵列当Orobanche cumana Wallr.。向日葵、烟草、番茄和黄瓜等作物的根分泌物能够刺激向日葵列当O. cumana种子萌发,而油葵根的分泌物则不能刺激向日葵列当种子萌发。利用列当致病镰刀菌L2菌株进行田间生物防治,防治效果达到92.4%。L2菌株对小麦、玉米、棉花、烟草和向日葵等作物生长无影响,L2菌株粗毒素能够抑制列当种子萌发,并造成列当种子萌芽管损伤。     

水溶性氟乐灵纳米制剂对向日葵列当的毒力及田间药效

向日葵列当Orobanche cumana是一种检疫性恶性寄生杂草。本研究采用透析法制备了一种水溶性氟乐灵纳米制剂(Tf-OR-CC),评价其对向日葵列当的室内毒力和田间药效。种子发芽毒力测定结果表明:在独脚金内酯类似物GR24的诱导下,用5μg/mL Tf-OR-CC处理向日葵列当种子,7 d后表现出良好的抑制发芽活性,列当种子发芽率为28.5%,与对照相比差异显著。消解动态试验表明,Tf-OR-CC消解半衰期比48%氟乐灵乳油延长6.56 d,说明Tf-OR-CC具有一定的缓释作用。田间药效试验结果表明,滴灌施用有效成分含量为75 g/667 m~2Tf-OR-CC 45 d后,向日葵列当寄生率为32.1%,寄生强度为5.3,Tf-OR-CC制剂对向日葵列当的田间防效为36.3%。该方法可为向日葵滴灌施药技术防治向日葵列当提供科学依据。     

A dominant avirulence gene in Orobanche cumana triggers Or5 resistance in sunflower

Orobanche cumana is a weed that grows as a root parasite on sunflower. In general, the O. cumana–sunflower parasitic system is regarded to follow the gene‐for‐gene model, although this has never been demonstrated at the genetic level in O. cumana. The Or5 dominant gene in sunflower confers resistance to O. cumana race E, but not to race F. The objective of this research was to study the inheritance of avirulence/virulence in crosses between plants of O. cumana lines classified as races E and F. Four race E and three race F lines were developed, from which four race E × race F cross‐combinations were made, in three cases including reciprocals. In all cases, F₁ seeds did not have the ability to parasitise sunflower line P‐1380 carrying the Or5 gene, indicating dominance of race E avirulence allele(s). Five F₂ populations comprising a total of 387 F_2:3 families were evaluated on sunflower line P‐1380. In all cases, one‐fourth of the F_2:3 families did not possess the ability to parasitise P‐1380 plants, suggesting that race E avirulence and race F virulence on P‐1380 are allelic and controlled by a single locus. This study demonstrated the gene‐for‐gene interaction in the O. cumana–sunflower parasite system and provided useful information to identify genes involved in O. cumana virulence. The approach followed in this research can contribute to define precisely races of the parasite on the basis of the presence of avirulence genes.     

Investigation of wheat as a trap crop for control of Orobanche minor

Orobanche minor is a parasitic weed that attaches to the roots of red clover (Trifolium pratense) and a number of other broad‐leaved plant species in the Pacific Northwest USA. Orobanche minor seed must be stimulated by host plant exudates for germination and attachment to occur. However, plant species called false‐hosts can stimulate parasitic seed germination without attachment. These species could be utilized as trap crops to reduce the amount of parasitic seed in infested soil. Wheat (Triticum aestivum), was found to be a false‐host of O. minor; therefore, growth chamber, glasshouse and field soil experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of six soft white winter wheats (T. aestivum), one durum wheat (Triticum turgidum), and one triticale (Triticale hexaploide) on O. minor germination. In growth chamber experiments, wheat and triticale induced 20–70% of O. minor seeds to germinate. In glasshouse studies, O. minor attachment was minimal on red clover plants grown in pots previously planted to wheat or triticale. In pots that did not receive a false‐host treatment, red clover plants averaged 4.2 O. minor attachments per plant. Red clover plants also had fewer O. minor attachments when grown in field soil taken from the plots where wheat or triticale were grown compared with plants grown in soil where no wheat or triticale were previously grown. Our results demonstrate that wheat may have the potential to be effectively integrated into an O. minor management system.     

我国新疆焉耆垦区作物轮作种植模式防除列当的有效性研究

本研究以新疆地区危害最严重的向日葵列当和瓜列当为研究对象,通过室内水培试验和室外盆栽模拟轮作试验来探究焉耆垦区轮作模式对两种列当的防除效果。结果表明,室内水培试验中各轮作作物的根系分泌物及萃取相刺激瓜列当种子的萌发率均在20.0%以下,但刺激向日葵列当种子产生的萌发率达到了50.0%以上;室外盆栽模拟轮作试验中,甜菜、小麦、辣椒与加工番茄轮作后,瓜列当的寄生数量未显著降低;但与向日葵轮作后,向日葵列当的寄生数量显著减少了60.0%以上。不同品种甜菜、辣椒和小麦地上部甲醇提取液刺激瓜列当种子的萌发率均低于10.0%,但是刺激向日葵列当种子的萌发率均达70.0%以上。本研究表明新疆焉耆垦区轮作种植模式不能有效防除瓜列当,但模式中的轮作作物均能够有效防除向日葵列当。本研究结果为防除新疆焉耆垦区向日葵列当和瓜列当提供理论依据。