橡胶树白粉菌侵染过程转录组学分析

为明确橡胶树白粉菌Erysiphe quercicola参与致病过程相关基因的表达情况，基于RNA-Seq测序技术对橡胶树白粉菌侵染过程进行转录调控研究，通过对病原菌孢子（0 h）及3个侵染时期（接种1、3和30 d）的转录组进行比较，筛选差异表达基因并对其进行功能注释分析，同时对不同侵染阶段的基因表达趋势进行聚类分析。结果表明，相比于病原菌孢子，3个侵染时期（接种后1、3和30 d）分别有198、458和27个差异表达基因。基因功能富集分析发现氧化还原酶相关基因在侵染1 d阶段显著富集，可能参与病原菌侵染前期对活性氧的防御。基因表达趋势聚类分析显示不同侵染阶段的基因共分为51种表达类型，其中编码候选效应蛋白基因集中分布在侵染1 d后上调表达的6个类型当中。表明橡胶树白粉菌侵染过程相关基因具有明显的功能倾向性和表达趋势特征。     

草莓胶孢炭疽菌CFEM候选效应子的生物信息学鉴定及其侵染过程中的转录分析

病原真菌通常分泌效应子到寄主组织中调控寄主的生理过程,从而有利于其侵染。CFEM(common in several fungal extracellular membrane)蛋白是真菌所独有的,且与致病性密切相关。本研究利用Pfam数据库对草莓胶孢炭疽菌全基因组进行搜索,鉴定获得22个CFEM蛋白。对CFEM蛋白的信号肽、跨膜结构域和亚细胞定位进行分析,结果表明仅有8个CFEM蛋白为分泌蛋白。对CFEM分泌蛋白在不同侵染阶段的转录情况进行转录组学及RT-PCR分析,结果显示8个CFEM蛋白在侵染后不同时期均有表达。其中,1个CFEM分泌蛋白于附着胞形成期特异表达,2个于活体寄生阶段特异表达,2个于死体寄生阶段特异表达。综合上述分析结果,预测这8个分泌蛋白可能为草莓胶孢炭疽菌的效应子。本研究为深入解析植物病原真菌CFEM效应子提供了理论依据。     

椰心叶甲啮小蜂转录组分析及基因功能注释

椰心叶甲啮小蜂Tetrastichus brontispae Ferrière可以有效地防治椰心叶甲Brontispa longissima(Gestro)危害,但是由于缺乏相关的遗传信息,其分子生物学的相关研究仍然较少.本研究通过Illumina测序平台,对椰心叶甲啮小蜂进行转录组测序.经De Novo拼接后,共获得...     

基于转录组分析的哈茨木霉thga3基因功能研究

哈茨木霉Trichoderma harzianum Th-33的Ⅲ型Gα亚基Thga3可能参与调控木霉菌的生长、产孢、几丁质酶活性、疏水性等生物学过程。为进一步明确其功能,本研究采用Hiseq2500（Illumina）测序平台,对野生菌Th-33和thga3基因敲除突变株△thga3进行转录组测序,分析其G蛋白信号系统、细胞壁降解酶类和产孢相关基因的差异表达。与野生菌相比,△thga3有3个G蛋白偶联受体基因发生下调表达,3个几丁质酶基因以及产孢调控基因brlA下调表达,1个G蛋白信号调控蛋白RGS1上调表达。推测thga3可能通过调控brlA的表达正调控产孢;通过调控疏水蛋白基因Tha_09745的表达调控菌丝疏水性。此外,通过调控几丁质酶基因的表达、G蛋白信号网络中其他蛋白的表达,影响菌株的拮抗和重寄生能力以及其他生物学特性。本研究为进一步探索G蛋白信号途径调控木霉菌生防特性及其机制奠定了基础。     

稻曲病菌有性生殖中光诱导基因的转录组分析

稻曲病菌(Villosiclava virens)能够以菌核的形式安全越冬并在来年萌发产生子囊孢子,成为稻曲病菌的重要初侵染源;而菌核产生子实体的过程需要光的诱导。为了探索光诱导的分子机制,本文对不同光照处理条件下稻曲病菌菌核萌发过程的转录组学进行了比较分析。结果发现,与黑暗条件下菌核的萌发相比,光照处理后542个基因显著差异表达,其中上调359个,下调183个。GO富集分析发现,DEGs显著富集于糖基水解酶活性、细胞壁生物合成、氧化还原酶活性等。KEGG分析发现,DEGs显著富集于脂质代谢、氨基酸代谢、次生代谢产物合成等代谢通路。DEGs中子实体独有基因组氨酸激酶为光感受器,其响应光信号引起下游基因的表达,同时,与有性生殖过程相关的水通道蛋白和甲基转移酶蛋白编码基因表达活跃,共同调控了菌核萌发产生子实体过程。     

Argonaute1敲除前后尖孢镰刀菌转录组分析比较

 Argonaute蛋白(AGO)介导的沉默复合体在RNA干扰(RNAi)中起着至关重要的作用。为了探究AGO1在尖孢镰刀菌RNAi中的作用机制,本文以粘团专化型尖孢镰刀菌生理1号小种FOX-A8野生型和其AGO1缺失突变体(FOX-A8-△Ago1)的菌丝和孢子为材料,分别进行了RNA提取、Illumina HiSeq 2000高通量转录组测序、差异表达基因(DEGs)的显著富集分析;选择菌丝和孢子中的DEGs 进行实时荧光定量PCR(Quantitative real-time PCR, qRT-PCR)验证。GO通路注释结果显示,相对于野生型菌株,AGO1缺失突变体菌丝中的醇脱氢酶(NADP⁺)、孢子中的CAMK / CAMKL / CHK 1蛋白激酶均显著上调;KEGG通路注释结果显示,相对于野生型菌株,AGO1缺失突变体菌丝中与 MAPK信号通路相关的基因、孢子中与PLD信号通路相关的基因均显著下调;另外,相对于野生型菌株,编码AGO2的基因下调,但是下调不显著。qRT-PCR检测DEGs的表达模式与RNA-Seq分析结果一致,证实了RNA-Seq结果的可靠性。     

Argonaute1敲除前后尖孢镰刀菌转录组分析比较

 Argonaute蛋白(AGO)介导的沉默复合体在RNA干扰(RNAi)中起着至关重要的作用。为了探究AGO1在尖孢镰刀菌RNAi中的作用机制,本文以粘团专化型尖孢镰刀菌生理1号小种FOX-A8野生型和其AGO1缺失突变体(FOX-A8-△Ago1)的菌丝和孢子为材料,分别进行了RNA提取、Illumina HiSeq 2000高通量转录组测序、差异表达基因(DEGs)的显著富集分析;选择菌丝和孢子中的DEGs 进行实时荧光定量PCR(Quantitative real-time PCR, qRT-PCR)验证。GO通路注释结果显示,相对于野生型菌株,AGO1缺失突变体菌丝中的醇脱氢酶(NADP⁺)、孢子中的CAMK / CAMKL / CHK 1蛋白激酶均显著上调;KEGG通路注释结果显示,相对于野生型菌株,AGO1缺失突变体菌丝中与 MAPK信号通路相关的基因、孢子中与PLD信号通路相关的基因均显著下调;另外,相对于野生型菌株,编码AGO2的基因下调,但是下调不显著。qRT-PCR检测DEGs的表达模式与RNA-Seq分析结果一致,证实了RNA-Seq结果的可靠性。     

草莓果生炭疽菌LysM效应子CfLysM2的致病功能分析

果生炭疽菌Colletotrichum fructicola侵染引起的草莓炭疽病是草莓生产中的重要病害。前期研究发现一个在果生炭疽菌侵染阶段高表达的含LysM结构域的候选效应子CfLysM2。为进一步研究CfLysM2的致病功能,运用同源重组方法构建CfLysM2缺失突变株ΔCfLysM2和回补菌株CfLysM2c。致病力测定结果表明,接种后15 d,ΔCfLysM2接种的草莓叶片病情指数显著下降。荧光定量PCR分析表明CfLysM2基因在果生炭疽菌接种草莓叶片后24 h相对表达量最高。利用转录组技术对野生型菌株(wild-type strain, WT)和ΔCfLysM2接种后24 h的草莓叶片样品进行比较分析,获得差异表达基因109个。CfLysM2的缺失导致宿主代谢途径尤其是次生代谢物生物合成通路的激活,说明CfLysM2可能在果生炭疽菌侵染草莓过程中通过靶向黄酮醇合成酶等代谢相关基因,抑制植物次生代谢产物合成及其介导的抗真菌免疫,保证其顺利侵染。该研究为揭示CfLysM2机理及对果生炭疽菌和草莓互作研究奠定了理论基础。     

哈茨木霉Th-33厚垣孢子形成过程的转录组变化分析

应用高通量转录组测序技术对哈茨木霉产厚垣孢子前期和中期两个不同转录本进行测序,获得12186个unigenes,平均长度为1483 bp。被注释到GO(gene ontology)数据库的unigenes有6042个。通过与KEGG(kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes pathway database)数据库比对,有5151个unigenes被注释到239条KEGG代谢途径中。比较两个样本,共有差异表达基因(DEG)6329个,包括3602个上调基因,2727个下调基因。其中几丁质酶基因16个,13个上调、3个下调;几丁质合成酶基因4个,均上调;葡聚糖酶基因21个,11个上调、10个下调。KEGG富集分析显示,氨基糖和核苷酸的糖代谢途径涉及的差异表达基因最多,有23个;其次是淀粉和糖代谢途径,有14个差异表达基因参与。推测这两条代谢途径以及相关的差异表达基因可能与厚垣孢子形成有关。本研究为深入研究哈茨木霉Th-33厚垣孢子的形成机制奠定了基础。     

基于RNA-seq的香蕉枯萎病菌转录因子FoSwi6敲除突变体的转录组分析

丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase,MAPK)信号通路转录因子FoSwi6在调控香蕉枯萎病菌4号生理小种(Fusarium oxysporumf.sp.cubense race 4,Foc4)的生理特性和致病性方面发挥着重要作用.为解析转录因子FoSwi6的转录调控机制...     

促进草莓炭疽病菌大量产孢的方法

为了促进草莓炭疽病菌在人工培养基上快速、大量地产生分生孢子,本研究在PDA培养基中添加不同量的酵母提取物,并结合涂断气生菌丝的方法,测定了不同处理对草莓炭疽病菌分生孢子产生的影响。结果发现,在PDA培养基中添加0.1%酵母提取物最适合草莓炭疽病菌（Colletotrichumtheobromicola）的产孢。将培养3 d菌落上的气生菌丝涂断,2 d后可产生大量分生孢子。因此,PDA培养基中添加0.1%酵母提取物,结合菌丝涂断的方法,可显著提高草莓炭疽病菌的产孢量。该方法所用营养成分简单,用时短,操作简便。     

基于RNA高通量测序分析灰葡萄孢侵染垫形成相关基因

 灰葡萄孢产生功能上类似附着胞的侵染垫来侵染寄主植物,但目前对于侵染垫形成的分子机制尚不明确。本文利用高通量测序技术对菌株CanBC-1(弱毒,不形成侵染垫)和CanBC-1c-66(强毒,正常形成侵染垫)进行了转录水平比较。结果表明:在菌株CanBC-1中共检测到2 333个差异表达基因(与菌株CanBC-1c-66相比较),其中1 425个基因表达上调,908个基因表达下调。对差异表达基因进行功能注释(GO)分析发现,在细胞组分(Cellular component)中细胞(Cell)和细胞部分(Cell part)这2个亚类所占比例较大, 在分子功能(Molecular function)中结合活性(Binding)和催化活性(Catalytic)这2个亚类所占比例较大。这些结果暗示差异基因主要参与细胞、代谢和发育等生物学过程。筛选得到12个与真菌致病相关的基因,其中BC1G_03994和BC1G_01012与稻瘟病菌侵染相关的classⅡ疏水蛋白基因Mhp1同源。RT-PCR检测发现这2个基因在弱毒菌株CanBC-1中表达下调,同时该菌株疏水性降低,推测它们可能参与灰葡萄孢侵染垫形成。这些差异基因的获得为揭示灰葡萄孢侵染形成的分子机制奠定了基础。     

UV-C照射对草莓炭疽病3种致病菌生活力和致病力的影响

炭疽病是草莓种植中普遍发生、危害严重的病害之一,而UV-C对真菌的生长繁殖有极大的影响。为了探究UV-C辐照对引起草莓炭疽病的3种主要病原菌生长和致病力影响的差异,以果生炭疽菌Colletotrichum fructicola、胶孢炭疽菌C.gloeosporioides和暹罗炭疽菌C.siamense为供试菌,分析UV-C辐照对其分生孢子存活、菌丝生长和产孢能力及对草莓叶片致病力的影响。结果显示,在105～420 J/m~2辐照剂量(辐照30～120 s)范围内,3种炭疽菌孢子的相对存活率对UV-C辐照剂量的响应存在显著差异,C.gloeosporioides的耐受性最强,C.fructicola最为敏感,辐照剂量420 J/m~2(辐照120 s)下,3种炭疽菌孢子的相对存活率在4%或以下,接近分生孢子的致死剂量。840～1 260 J/m~2辐照剂量(辐照4～6 min)下,C.fructicola与C.gloeosporioides菌丝生长对UV-C辐照的耐受性相当;1 680～2 520 J/m~2辐照剂量(辐照8～12 min)下,3种炭疽菌对不同时间的UV-C辐照的耐受性...     

上海地区草莓炭疽病病原鉴定

 Seventeen isolates of strawberry anthracnose were obtained from Shanghai suburb. According to the temperature test for mycelial growth, these isolates were divided into two groups:one was strain CMf-04 with optimal temperature of 24℃, the other was including 16 strains with optimal temperature of 28℃, and most of which could produce sexual stage on PSA media, e.g. QPg-961. Conidia of CMf-04 were hyaline, unicellular, straight and fusiform, (12.1-16.4) μm×(3.6-5.4) μm. Conidia of QPg-961 were hyaline, unicellular and ovoid to oblong, (13.0-19.7)μm×(4.1-7.3) μm. On basis of morphologcal, biological characteristics and the sequences of ribosome rDNA ITS, isolate CMf-04 from the strawberry rotten fruits was identified as Colletotrichum acutatum; while all the other isolates from the diseased leaf stalks, runners and root crowns at strawberry plantlet propagation stage were belonged to Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. It proved that C. gloeosporioides was the main pathogen of the strawberry anthracnose in summer strawberry propagation fields in Shanghai and it is of significance for the breeding of resistant strawberry and its control.     

基于转录组测序解析干旱胁迫对祁连山黄参基因表达的调控

以栽培2个月的黄参为试材,设置对照（土壤相对含水量70%~80%）和适度干旱胁迫（土壤相对含水量55%~60%）处理,利用高通量转录组测序BGISEQ-500平台,对测序结果进行基因功能注释、差异表达基因(DEGs, differentially expressed genes)筛选。结果表明：(1)获得的68193条Unigene中,分别有34230(50.20%)、34170(50.11%）、31727(46.53%)、27701(40.62%)、27092(39.73%)和22793(33.42%)个Unigene分别被分配到NCBI非冗余蛋白(NR)、eggNOG(基因的进化谱系, Evolutionary genealogy of genes: Non\|supervised Orthologous Groups)、基因本体(Gene ontology,GO)、Pfam (Protein family)、SwissProt (Reviewed protein sequence database)和KEGG (Kyoto encyelopedia of genes and genomes)六大功能数据库。(2)DEGs分析显示,黄参块状根和叶中分别有10674个和13402个DEGs;GO富集结果表明,根和叶中的DEGs功能部位中的分布基本一致,主要富集在生物过程、DNA的复制和翻译调控、氧化还原过程、蛋白质磷酸化、防御响应等;KEGG富集分析表明,根中DEGs显著富集在苯丙烷类生物合成、半乳糖代谢、半胱氨酸和甲硫氨酸代谢、淀粉和蔗糖代谢、植物-病原菌相互作用、植物激素信号转导等途径,叶中DEGs则主要富集在半乳糖代谢、淀粉和蔗糖代谢、苯丙烷类生物合成、戊糖、葡萄糖醛酸转换、植物激素信号转导等途径,说明淀粉和蔗糖代谢、半乳糖代谢、苯丙烷类生物合成途径、植物激素信号转导途径在黄参应对干旱胁迫中起重要作用。干旱胁迫影响黄参不同器官中差异基因的表达,为解析黄参耐受干旱的生物学途径、黄参药效成分的生物合成和分子机制提供了理论依据。     

Development of protocols for detection of Colletotrichum acutatum and monitoring of strawberry anthracnose using real-time PCR

Real-time PCR (TaqMan®) assays were developed for the specific detection and discrimination of Colletotrichum spp., C. acutatum and C. gloeosporioides causing anthracnose in strawberry using the most divergent area of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS1 and ITS2) and 5·8S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene region. The specificity of the new assays was tested using DNA from six species of Colletotrichum and nine fungal species commonly found associated with strawberry material, and additionally by comparing the sequences with those from databases using a blast search. The sequences only showed identity with homologous sequences from the desired target organisms. The new assays were 10–100 times more sensitive than conventional PCR methods previously published for the diagnosis of strawberry anthracnose. When real-time PCR was compared with ELISA methods, PCR improved the sensitivity of the identification by obtaining positive results for samples of strawberry plant material that tested negative with ELISA. The development of C. acutatum was monitored using artificially infected strawberry crowns from two strawberry cultivars (Camarosa and Ventana) and a real-time PCR assay specific for this species between January and June 2006. The amount of C. acutatum detected using real-time PCR varied significantly by month ( P  < 0·001), but not by cultivar ( P  = 0·394). The new assays were shown to be useful tools for rapid detection and identification of these pathogens and to allow rapid and accurate assessment of the casual agents of anthracnose in strawberry.     

Symptomless infection by strawberry virus 1 (StrV-1) leads to losses in strawberry yields

High-throughput sequencing has opened up possibilities of detecting new plant pathogens, especially viruses, with relative ease. However, information about biological characteristics and relevance to plant production is usually lacking. Recently, a new strawberry cytorhabdovirus named strawberry virus 1 (StrV-1) was described and characterized at a molecular level. The virus can be transmitted by aphids and is commonly found in commercial plantations. Here, we studied the impact of a sole StrV-1 infection on production in two strawberry cultivars—Darselect and Karmen. All plants infected with StrV-1 remained symptomless during the experiment. In general, Darselect was more resilient to StrV-1 infection, and the average yield per plant was nonsignificantly lowered by 11.7% over the 2-year experiment. In contrast, StrV-1 infection in cultivar Karmen led to a significant yield loss of 31.8%, indicating that the genetic background plays a role. While the average fruit weight and diameter were relatively unaffected, lower yields in infected plants stemmed from a significantly reduced number of inflorescences, by 23.6% and 29.6% in Darselect and Karmen, respectively, which resulted in a reduction in the average number of flowers per plant (decreased by 16.5% and 27.3%, respectively), and hence the number of fruits per plant (by 14.5% and 27.6%, respectively). The StrV-1 load was higher in spring than in autumn, and generally higher in the second year after infection, which corresponded to higher losses in the second harvest, especially in cultivar Karmen.     

Effects of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and calcium nutrition on strawberry anthracnose

The effects of a range of concentrations of four nutrients – nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and calcium – in fertilizer solutions on the severity of anthracnose on strawberry cv. Nyoho cultivated under a noncirculation hydroponics system were determined after inoculation with Colletotrichum gloeosporioides . Crop growth and tissue nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and calcium contents of the entire above-ground parts of the plant were also investigated. Elevated nitrogen and potassium concentrations in the fertilizer solution increased disease severity in contrast to phosphorus and calcium. Treatment with either NH₄ or NO₃ nitrogen was not significantly different. The dry weight of the strawberry plants increased significantly with elevated concentrations of nitrogen ( R ² = 0·9078) and phosphorus ( R ² = 0·8842), but was not influenced by the elevated amounts of potassium ( R ² = 0·8587) and calcium ( R ² = 0·6526) concentrations.