犬狂犬病防控的现状和对策

随着人们生活水平的提高,饲养宠物数量日趋增加,因宠物问题导致的人与动物的矛盾和居民间的冲突日益加剧。同时,全国狂犬病疫情日趋严重,犬类管理面临着严峻的形势。为了加强犬类管理和犬狂犬病免疫工作,我市于2003年10月15日实施了《北京市养犬管理规定》,进一步规范了养犬行为。在实施《规定》15年后的今天,犬类管理和免疫方面出现了“办不办证无人管,打不打针无所谓”的窘境,工作过程中存在着清查难、免疫难、监管难、执行难的矛盾。本文通过文献检索、座谈访问、查阅资料以及结合自身基层工作经验,对目前犬狂犬病免疫工作形式以及防控现状进行综合阐述,提出养犬底数难摸清、犬主饲养意识淡薄、现行管理工作的各种阻碍以及强制免疫工作中遇到的实际问题,并加以分析。从增加服务质量、加强监督管理和健全法律制度三个方面,浅谈改善养犬管理工作中的管理策略以及犬狂犬病强制免疫工作的实践思路,以期为养犬管理政策的制定和完善提供参考、杜绝狂犬病等疫病的爆发和传播。     

加强城乡居民养犬管理的建议

1加强领导,提高认识各级政府业务部门应大力宣传狂犬病对人民群众身体健康的危害性和预防控制狂犬病的医学知识。全民动员,共同控制和消灭狂犬病。2尽快制定预防控制狂犬病的统一法规犬作为动物,应按照《动物防疫法》的规定,由动物防疫监督部门管理,尽快制定实施办法,明确执法主体,其他部门积极配合,将狂犬病的管理纳入法制化轨道。对于“野犬”、“流浪犬”和没有进行狂犬病免疫的犬只坚决进行扑杀。3实行养犬许可证和登记建档制度城乡居民养犬时必须到当地动物防疫监督机构进行登记,建立养犬档案,并取得犬类饲养许可证,推广照相、防疫注射…     

合肥市实施狂犬病免疫的几点建议

随着我市经济、社会发展,市民饲养宠物犬的数量会越来越多,加强城区宠物狂犬病等疫病防控,关系到公共卫生安全和城市文明现象。2020年6月1日,合肥市出台了《合肥市养犬管理条例》,划定重点管理区域,发布禁养犬名录,要求养犬人应当在犬只出生满3个月或者免疫间隔期满时,将犬只送至农业农村部门规定的免疫点进行免疫,并取得犬只免疫证明;取得犬只免疫证明后20d内,携带犬只到公安机关规定的地点办理养犬登记。为此,合肥市动物疫病预防控制中心(以下简称中心)全面组织实施宠物狂犬病防控工作,积极探索一条在城区重点管理区内开展犬类狂犬病防控管理工作的新路子。     

狂犬病疫苗强制免疫探讨

在国内犬只总量不断增多的背景下,开展狂犬病疫苗强制免疫工作应得到社会关注和有关部门的大力支持。本文主要对狂犬病免疫率低问题研讨,优化升级犬只管理、增加犬只免疫密度,从而保证犬只免疫工作高效开展,有利于社会稳定发展和国民身心健康。     

浅谈南昌市养犬管理与狂犬病防控

正狂犬病是由狂犬病病毒引起的一种人兽共患病,病死率高达100%。免疫是从源头上控制狂犬病最有效的措施,通过免疫可降低动物对狂犬病的易感性。欧美国家的成功实践表明,动物群体的狂犬病免疫率超过70%,即可控制动物狂犬病的发生和流行。有效预防和控制狂犬病是养犬管理工作的重要组成部分,多年来,南昌市在城市养犬管理与狂犬病防控方面进行了大量、卓有成效的探索,2004年11月10日,《南昌市养犬管理办法》经南昌市人民政府第30次常务会议通过,自2005年2月1日起施行;2015年8月28日,《南昌市养犬管理条例》     

兽药

正河北秦皇岛犬狂犬病强制免疫获成效为进一步推进《秦皇岛市养犬管理办法》深入实施,河北省秦皇岛市政府于2018年4月初发布《集中整治犬患行动通告》,养犬免疫登记、电子标识植入和办理养犬免疫登记证等举措得到广大养犬     

对施甸县狂犬病防控工作的思考

建立和完善狂犬病防控工作机制,落实相关部门责任,加强犬只管理,实施犬狂犬病强制免疫和对“五类犬”实行强制捕杀,是预防和控制狂犬病发生的重要措施。     

对施甸县狂犬病防控工作的思考

建立和完善狂犬病防控工作机制,落实相关部门责任,加强犬只管理,实施犬狂犬病强制免疫和对“五类犬”实行强制捕杀,是预防和控制狂犬病发生的重要措施。     

北京市犬只狂犬病强制免疫工作风险管理体系分析

本文通过对北京市犬只狂犬病强制免疫工作进行全面风险分析,识别相关风险,采用德尔菲法和风险矩阵法,构建了风险指标体系并开展了风险评估。结果显示存在"缺乏免疫点认定的工作机制"等风险30种,其中极高风险2个,分别为"应免疫犬只未实施免疫"和"免疫效果监测结果不合格";存在"监督检查不到位"等风险控制点42个,其中高等级关键控制点5个,分别为"监督检查不到位""责任落实不到位""人员专业知识不足""定点免疫单位内部管理问题"和"实施免疫人员问题";存在"区县兽医行政主管部门"等12个风险事件责任方,其中高关键度方3个,分别为"区县兽医行政主管部门""区县动物卫生监督所"和"定点免疫单位"。根据风险评估结论,运用风险管理策略,提出了犬只狂犬病强制免疫风险管理措施,为动物防疫管理工作所涉及到的"风险防控体系建设"提供了理论依据。     

上海市犬只狂犬病认定免疫点主要管理做法分析

强化犬只狂犬病免疫工作是从源头控制狂犬病的最有效措施.近年来,上海市按照《上海市养犬管理条例》的要求,通过严把免疫资质准入、规范内部管理、落实疫情报告责任、推进免疫质量考核等举措,使犬只狂犬病认定免疫点的布局日趋合理,文明服务更加规范,这已成为上海市民犬只狂犬病免疫的主渠道,免疫数量和质量逐年提升,构筑了良好的免疫屏障...     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1984

In late December 1984, 1853 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1984 and 35% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 97,794 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 1417 dogs (1.45% of those tested) were found with heartworm. Another 34 dogs were amicrofilaremic, but were diagnosed as having heartworm disease, to give the total number diagnosed in 1984 as 1451 (1.48%). Heartworm was reported from all provinces except Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland but most (1310) of the cases were in Ontario. In Quebec, 126 cases were reported mostly from west of Montreal.

Heartworm was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 27% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 72% had a history of not having left Canada. Southwestern Ontario continued to be the primary focus of the infection.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1983

In late December 1983, 2 800 veterinarians across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of heartworm disease in Canada in 1983 and 26% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 59 504 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 771 dogs (1.30% of those tested) were found with Dirofilaria immitis. Heartworm disease was diagnosed in all provinces except New Brunswick and Newfoundland but most (733) of the cases were in Ontario.

Heartworm disease was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 31% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 64% had a history of not having left Canada. Southwestern Ontario continues to be the focus of the infection and most of the dogs there had not left the province previously.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1991

In late November 1991, 1883 clinics in Canada were sent a questionnaire to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in dogs in 1991 and there was a 60.0% response. There were 344,031 dogs tested for heart-worm (HW), 627 were found infected and the prevalence of HW infection was 0.18%. There were 417 dogs with HW in Ontario, 116 in Manitoba, 38 in Quebec, 53 in British Columbia, three in Alberta, and one in Nova Scotia. In British Columbia, all of the infected dogs but one were from the Okanagan valley which, as from 1991, is a new focus of infection in Canada. Most dogs with HW had not been on preventive medication in 1990, and the prevalence among dogs tested and unprotected was 0.59%. That prevalence was considerably higher in endemic areas. Companion dogs, over three years of age and maintained primarily outdoors in rural areas, were most frequently infected. One cat was diagnosed with D. immitis and 33 dogs had Dipetalonema reconditium.     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1985

In late December 1985, 1485 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1985 and 44% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 137,300 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 1210 dogs were found with heartworm. Another 36 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease to give the total number diagnosed in 1985 as 1247 (0.91%).

Heartworm was reported from all provinces except Prince Edward Island, Newfoundland and Saskatchewan but most (1126) of the cases were in Ontario. Southwestern Ontario continued to be the primary focus of the infection in Canada. From Quebec, 91 cases were reported mostly from and around Montreal. From Manitoba, 19 cases were reported from Winnipeg and surrounding areas. Heartworm was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 28% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 78% had a history of not having left Canada.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1988

In late November 1988, 1581 small and mixed animal clinics and institutional veterinarians across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1988, and 46% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 181,577 dogs were blood-tested for heartworm disease and 367 dogs were found with D. immitis microfilariae. Another 60 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease to give the total number of cases diagnosed in 1988 as 441 (0.24%).     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1989

In late November 1989, 1732 clinics and institutional veterinarians were sent a questionnaire to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis, and 51.7% responded. Of 247,716 dogs tested, 394 had D. immitis microfilariae and 51 were amicrofilaremic for a total of 445 cases and heartworm prevalence of 0.17%. Most (408) of these dogs had no preventive medication and the prevalence among dogs tested and unprotected was 1.01%. That prevalence was considerably higher in endemic areas. Thirty-seven dogs with heartworm had preventive medication. Heartworm was most frequent in companion dogs over three years of age maintained outdoors in rural areas. About 75% of the cases had never left Canada, 26% had clinical signs and 125 were not treated.

Heartworm was reported from British Columbia, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia and Newfoundland, but 383 cases were in Ontario. South-western Ontario was the primary focus of infection. There were 33 cases in Quebec and 24 in Manitoba, mainly found in and around Metropolitan Montreal and Winnipeg respectively.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1987

In late November 1987, 1246 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1987, and 50% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 165,428 dogs were blood tested for heartworm disease and 511 dogs were found with D. immitis microfilariae. Another 78 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease to give the total number of cases diagnosed in 1987 as 589 (0.35%).     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1986

In late December 1986, 1224 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1986; 46% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 150,989 dogs were blood-tested for microfilariae and 869 dogs were found with heartworm. Another 65 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease and one was found with heartworm at necropsy to give the total number diagnosed in 1986 as 935 (0.62%).

Heartworm was reported from Manitoba, New Brunswick, Ontario and Quebec, but most (810) of the cases were from Ontario. South-western Ontario continued to be the primary focus of the infection in Canada. There were 103 cases reported from Quebec, mostly from and around Montreal, and 21 cases from Manitoba, from Winnipeg and surrounding areas. Heartworm was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 33% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 81% had a history of not having left Canada.