沙漠蝗入侵我国西藏边境地区的路线分析

为明确沙漠蝗Schistocerca gregaria入侵我国西藏自治区边境地区的路线,利用基于气象研究与预报模型的昆虫三维轨迹分析程序,结合沙漠蝗的飞行行为参数和气象资料,对其入侵时的迁飞路径及低空气流特征进行分析。结果表明,2020年6月,西南季风和热带气旋所产生的西南低空急流持续贯穿我国藏南边境,为沙漠蝗迁飞提供了便利条件,其中6月27日以后的气流适合邻国沙漠蝗虫源入侵我国,且与沙漠蝗入侵我国西藏自治区边境地区的实际时间一致。进一步对虫源地进行分析,发现入侵我国的沙漠蝗种群有效虫源地主要分布在尼泊尔中西部。     

警惕沙漠蝗种群持续增加和入侵我国边境地区的风险

沙漠蝗Schistocerca gregaria是非洲大陆重要的成灾性害虫,寄主广泛,对非洲农业生产和生态安全都有严重威胁.1900年以来,沙漠蝗种群有多次暴发的历史记载,甚至经过阿拉伯半岛扩散至亚洲西南部、中东以及欧洲南部,是全世界为害最严重的害虫之一.沙漠蝗种群具有极强的迁移性、多食性、聚集性以及密度依赖性,开阔的...     

沙漠蝗防控技术的综述

沙漠蝗Schistocerca gregaria为重大农业害虫,2020年初至今,沙漠蝗大面积暴发,导致多国进入紧急状态,联合国粮食及农业组织(Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations,FAO)号召全球共同应对沙漠蝗灾害.为有效防控沙漠蝗,本研究对沙...     

沙漠蝗温度和食物适应性分析

沙漠蝗Schistocerca gregaria是世界性重大害虫,分布于非洲、亚洲和欧洲的65个国家和地区.食物和温度是造成沙漠蝗暴发的重要因素.本文综述了沙漠蝗重点为害区域的植被特征,证实沙漠蝗可取食8科11属300余种植物;对温度与沙漠蝗种群动态的关系进行分析,发现沙漠蝗可在18.5℃以上、46℃以下生活,温度适应...     

沙漠蝗在中国的潜在地理分布

为明确世界性害虫沙漠蝗Schistocerca gregaria入侵我国的风险性,根据沙漠蝗已知的全球最新分布数据,利用MaxEnt模型结合ArcGIS软件对其在我国的潜在地理分布进行预测,并对19个相关环境因子的贡献率进行分析.结果 显示:陕西、宁夏、西藏、云南、新疆、青海、甘肃、河北、河南、山东、内蒙古、山西、四川...     

椰心叶甲生物学特性及其防治研究进展

介绍了椰心叶甲的生物学特性、检疫及对其化学、生物防治的研究进展。加强植物检疫是控制其传播的有效手段,综合防治才能控制椰心叶甲的危害。     

五爪金龙的生物学特性、入侵机制及防治技术研究进展

五爪金龙原产于美洲热带地区,是一种攀爬型的多年生草质藤本植物。目前,在我国华南地区已成为入侵危害较严重的外来植物之一。20世纪70年代,作为观赏植物在各地庭院进行栽培,后慢慢逸为野生,在广东、广西、福建、云南等地区迅速蔓延,大量侵入茶园、果园等地,对农林业生产造成极大的危害。而目前对五爪金龙还未形成有效的防治技术体系。鉴于此,文章综述了五爪金龙的形态识别、生活习性、危害、入侵机制和综合防治技术,并探讨了五爪金龙开发利用的可能性及今后可能的研究方向,以期为五爪金龙的综合治理提供参考。     

丝棉木金星尺蠖的生物学特性及防治技术

丝棉木金星尺蠖是冬青卫茅上的一种重要害虫 ,严重危害时将冬青卫茅的叶片全部吃光。该虫在重庆市郊区1年发生3代 ,以第1代危害最重。1年有2个发生高峰 ,第1个高峰在3月上旬至4月上旬 ,第2个高峰在9月中旬至10月上旬。以蛹在植株下面地表1～3cm处越夏 ,以蛹和4～5龄幼虫越冬。防治的理想药剂为菊酯类农药 ,采用溴氰菊酯1500倍液喷雾 ,7d后防效可达92% ,植物性杀虫剂苦皮藤乳油对该虫也有较好的防治效果     

一字笋象的生物学特性与防治技术

经过3a对不同竹林区一字笋象的调查,明确了该虫的生物学特性,试验推广了适当推迟留种苗,切断一代成虫寄主,按照防治指标,适时开展化学防治的综合防治措施。     

猕猴桃蝙蝠蛾生物学特性及综合防治研究

蝙蝠蛾为栽培猕猴桃重要害虫，据调查，该虫在湖北省危害率已达１４．１４％。本文系统报道了其形态特征、生物学习性和生活史，并根据其生物学特性，提出了相应的综合防治措施。     

Barrier treatment with fipronil to control desert locust Schistocerca gregaria (Forskal, 1775) hopper bands infesting a large area in Mauritania

Fipronil, a compound belonging to a new chemical family, the phenylpyrazols, was tested as a barrier treatment in Mauritania against bands of hoppers of the desert locust (Schistocerca gregaria, Forskal1775). An ultra-low volume formulation (ADONIS 12.5UL) was applied at 15.7 and 16.6/km. The doses were 1.96 and 1.04 g ai/ protected ha. Two sites of approximately 2800 and 7200 ha were sprayed from a helicopter flying at 20m. There were 12 track spacings, ranging from 330m to 2600m. The effects of fipronil on hopper bands were determined by comparison with the initial locust populations at the two sites. Several hopper bands were monitored in two untreated areas. The hopper bands were controlled within two days in the area up to 500m from the flight path, within 7 days in the area between 1000 and 2000m, and within 12 days in the area between 2000 and 2600m. The speed of mortality was related to the upwind distance from the flight path. When ADONIS 12.5UL (12.5g ai/l of fipronil) is applied at 16 l/km, at 20m height, with track spacings up to 1000m, the efficacy was similar to that obtained with a blanket treatment (11 g ai/ha) performed the previous year in Mauritania.     

Semiochemical modulation of oviposition behaviour in the gregarious desert locust Schistocerca gregaria

Bioassays have shown that sand freshly contaminated by ovipositing females of the gregarious desert locust Schistocerca gregaria (Forskal) is more effective in inducing further oviposition from conspecifics than contaminated sand stored for three or six months, which contrasts with results obtained previously with Locusta migratoria (Reiche & Farmaire). The activity of contaminated sand correlated with the levels of three unsaturated aliphatic ketones, (Z)-6-octen-2-one, (E,E)-3,5-octadien-2-one and its geometric isomer (E,Z)-3,5-octadien-2-one present in the volatile emissions from the sand.     

Comparative laboratory evaluation of the acute and chronic toxicology of diflubenzuron,hexaflumuron and teflubenzuron against II instar desert locust (Schistocerca gregaria) (Orthoptera: Acrididae)

The acute and chronic toxicities of three benzoylphenyl ureas, diflubenzuron, hexaflumuron and teflubenzuron were assessed under laboratory conditions against two-day-old second (II) instar Desert Locust, Schistocerca gregaria (ForskÅl) nymphs. Following exposure by ingestion of a single precise dose applied to short pieces of spring barley, nymphs were monitored for two moults until the fourth (IV) instar. Analysis of acute response data gave three significantly different LD₅₀ statistics (P < 0·05), 68·0, 26·6 and 0·71 μg per nymph respectively for diflubenzuron, hexaflumuron and teflubenzuron. The probit regression slopes also differed significantly, indicating distinct tolerance distributions for the three compounds, the narrowest response being to diflubenzuron and the widest range of response being to teflubenzuron. The timing of death was found to vary between the compounds; most nymphs died during the first moult following treatment with either hexaflumuron or teflubenzuron. However, the majority of nymphs that died after exposure to diflubenzuron did so after completing the first moult after treatment, but before the second. The mean development times of nymphs during the II and especially third (III) instars were significantly longer (P < 0·05) than those of the controls following exposure to diflubenzuron and hexaflumuron. Teflubenzuron had no significant effect (P < 0·05) on the duration of the II instar. The potential of the three compounds to control S. gregaria populations in the field is discussed with particular reference to the timing and nature of acute and chronic responses.     

Isolation,characterization and insect growth inhibitory activity of major turmeric constituents and their derivatives against Schistocerca gregaria (Forsk) and Dysdercus koenigii (Walk)

Curcuminoids, the major colouring constituents of Curcuma longa (turmeric) rhizome powder, comprise mainly three closely related curcumins (I, II and III). A simple method has been devised for their efficient extraction and separation. Their structures have been confirmed by ¹H NMR spectroscopy and unique mass fragmentation pattern. Curcumin‐I, the major constituent has been converted to five alkyl ether derivatives, which have been tested along with the parent compounds and other extractives for insect growth inhibitory activity against Schistocerca gregaria and Dysdercus koenigii nymphs. At 20 µg per nymph, benzene extract and dibutyl curcumin‐I were the most active (60% inhibition) against S gregaria, whereas at 50 µg per nymph these substances exhibited moderate growth‐inhibitory activity (45%) against D koenigii nymphs. At these concentrations, turmeric oil caused 50–60% nymphal mortality in both test insects. The insect control activity of most of the turmeric products was comparable to or better than that of a commercial neem formulation. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry     

Effects of dieldrin and sumithion on the amino acid nitrogen and proteins in the haemolymph of desert locust Schistocerca gregaria Forsk

The changes in amino acid nitrogen, proline, and proteins in the haemolymph of desert locusts at different stages of dieldrin and sumithion posioning are reported using techniques of colorimetry, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, Sephadex gel chromatography, and electro-gel chromatography.Both the insecticides did not alter amino acid nitrogen and proline titers during the initial stages of poisoning. However, drastic changes were noted at the later stages. In comparison to amino acid nitrogen, the depletion in proline content was of much higher magnitude. Initially the protein content of haemolymph depleted and increased significantly at the acute poisoning stage. Several changes in the electrophoregrams and protein elution profiles were noted in the haemolymph samples of treated insects. Many new proteins were detected in treated insects and their molecular weights, diffusion coefficients, and Stoke's radii are reported.These results are discussed in relation to current ideas of protein metabolism in insects. Further, a possible role of haemolymph proteins as insecticide carriers has been postulated.     

Production of desert locust feeding deterrents from in vitro cultured neem (Azadirachta indica)

Callus was initiated from cotyledon, hypocotyl and shoot tip explants of neem seedlings (Azadirachta indica A. Juss.) that were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) agar medium supplemented with MS vitamins, casein hydrolysate, indole-3-acetic acid and benzylamino purine. Shoots regenerated from hypocotyl-derived callus only. Mature 10-12-week-old callus regenerated both shoots and somatic embryos (SEm). The antifeedant activity of different types of callus, leaves and SEm was determined with larvae of the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria in a no-choice feeding bioassay. In vitro tissue-cultured neem had antifeedant properties against the desert locust. To the best of our knowledge the antifeedant activity of neem somatic embryos extracts is reported here for the first time.     

Comparative testing of several juvenile hormone analogues in two species of locusts,Locusta migratoria migratorioides and Schistocerca gregaria

Effective treatment with juvenile hormone analogues (JHAs) of early penultimate or early last-instar locust hoppers induces a supernumerary ‘extra’ nymphal instar. These ‘extra’ nymphs, also termed ‘adultoids’, die in the course of, or shortly after, an ‘extra’ moult. Less effective treatment results in imperfect adults with crumpled twisted wings which presumably limit their flight and migratory abilities. Extremely effective treatment leads to death in the next moult. Comparing dose-response relations of (7S)-methoprene, fenoxycarb, pyriproxyfen and a new JHA, R70-1 (ethyl cis-N-{2-[4-(2-hydroxycyclohept-1-ylmethyl)phenoxy]ethyl}carbamate), we revealed that route of administration, instar of the recipient hopper, and species may alter over 1000-fold the ED₅₀ for the same JHA. Locusta migratoria migratorioides is much more susceptible to JHAs than Schistocerca gregaria. The lowest ED₅₀ found to induce adultoids and subsequent death in the ‘extra’ moult was 0·12 μg pyriproxyfen injected in olive oil to early penultimate instar hoppers of L. m. migratorioides (about 0·5 μg g^-1 fresh weight). R70-1 was more active than pyriproxyfen following the more practical topical application to early last-instar hoppers of L. m. migratorioides, 5·9 μg and 46 μg per hopper, respectively (about 10 μg g^-1 and 78 μg g^-1 fresh weight). The high susceptibility of last-instar L. m. migratorioides nymphs to topically applied R70-1 is promising from the practical standpoint. ©1997 SCI     

基于文献计量学的沙漠蝗研究动态分析

为深入了解沙漠蝗在全球范围的研究动态和趋势,该文利用文献计量学方法,以知网、万方、维普、Web of Science和CAB Abstracts为数据源,对1910—2021年国内外发表的3 006篇沙漠蝗文献进行统计分析。结果表明,随着时间的推移有关沙漠蝗的文献数量整体上呈上升趋势,其暴发式增长出现在20世纪70年代。Journal of Experimental Biology和《植物保护学报》是发文量最多的外文期刊和中文期刊,分别为99篇和6篇。在外文发文量方面,英国、德国和美国等国家的研究机构和作者名列前茅;发文量分别为331、270和234篇。在中文发文量方面,中国农业科学院植物保护研究所为发表沙漠蝗相关中文文献最多的研究机构,为6篇。沙漠蝗的研究热点与其可持续防控高度相关,尤其侧重生物防治和有害生物综合治理方面的研究。     

The desert locust,Schistocerca gregaria,and its control in the land of israel and the near east in antiquity,with some reflections on its appearance in Israel in modern times

Locusts and grasshoppers have caused periodic devastations since the very beginning of recorded history and are a threat worldwide until this very day. The most feared of all locusts was (and is) the desert locust,Schistocerca gregaria (Forsk.) (’arbeh’). This review deals with different aspects of man’s interaction with this pest in the Mediterranean and Near East regions as reflected by ancient literature: decorations found in Egyptian tombs (6th Dynasty, 2420-2270 B.C.), in the Har-ra=Hubullu list (Assyria — the Ashurbanipal Royal Library, 669-626 B.C.) and in Biblical, Rabbinical, Greek and Roman literature. The aspects covered herein are those of locust nomenclature, terms used for the development stages (life cycle), outbreaks, plagues and their consequences (famine), locusts as food, etc. Some control measures during Biblical, Grecian, Roman, Mishnaic, Talmudic, Byzantine and modern times (19th and 20th Centuries) are reviewed. Nowadays, the total area invaded during desert locust outbreaks and plagues extends over 29 million square kilometers of desert and subdesert, involving more than 60 nations. Between plagues the ’natural’ locust population occupies an area of approximately 14 million square kilometers of desert and subdesert. An attempt is made to identify various terms for locust in the pre-Biblical, Biblical, Rabbinical, Greek and Roman literature according to modern nomenclature.