干旱胁迫对‘青燕1号’燕麦产量及干物质积累与分配的影响

为探究‘青燕1号’燕麦对不同干旱胁迫方式的响应变化，在盆栽试验条件下，采用不同干旱胁迫程度和胁迫次数处理，研究燕麦各器官干物质积累与分配及产量和产量因子的变化规律。结果显示：燕麦穗长、小穗粒数、单序籽粒重、百粒重和产量下降明显，小穗数、穗粒数有增有减，而空铃数无明显变化；干旱胁迫抑制了器官干物质积累，其中分配比例以茎和根部转移相对较多，穗部较少。从整体水平来看，不同胁迫程度和胁迫次数影响大小表现为：3次、中度和重度胁迫影响较大；不同胁迫时期变化下以苗期-拔节期、孕穗-抽穗期、开花-乳熟期干旱（SM）时期和苗期-拔节期、孕穗-抽穗期干旱（SH）影响最大。不同干旱胁迫下各指标相关性分析及通径分析得出，燕麦小穗数、穗粒数、小穗粒数、单序籽粒重、百粒重、穗长、穗干重、茎干重、根干重、叶干重、穗分配指数与产量呈显著正相关关系，相关系数在0.368~0.922，而茎分配指数、根分配指数、叶分配指数与产量呈负相关关系，相关系数在-0.673~-0.299，空铃数与产量为负相关关系，但未达到显著水平，为-0.021；通径分析发现，单序籽粒重、百粒重、穗粒数对燕麦产量增产具有重要作用。     

施氮量对燕麦种子产量及其构成因子的影响

为了探讨宁夏中部干旱带施氮量对燕麦种子产量及其构成因子的影响,试验采用双因素裂区试验设计,氮肥施用量为主区,分别为对照(不施氮肥,N_0)和施氮肥112.2 kg/hm~2(N_1)、143.25 kg/hm~2(N_2)、174.3 kg/hm~2(N_3);燕麦品种为副区,分别为青牧燕麦(C_1)、科纳燕麦(C_2)。在燕麦成熟期,测定2个燕麦品种种子产量,计算种子增产量、相对产量和每千克氮增产量;测定燕麦种子产量构成因子指标(全穗粒重、单穗重、百粒重、每穗小穗数、每小穗粒数、每穗节数、穗长、分蘖数),并对燕麦种子产量和各个构成因子指标进行相关性分析。结果表明:施氮处理对燕麦种子产量有影响。在施氮量为143.25 kg/hm~2时,青牧和科纳燕麦的种子产量均显著或极显著高于其他处理(P0.05或P0.01),分别为1 588.22 kg/hm~2和2 204.88 kg/hm~2;在施氮量为143.25 kg/hm~2时,单穗重、每穗小穗数、每小穗粒数、每穗节数、穗长和分蘖数均为最大值;燕麦品种种子产量与全穗粒重、单穗重、每小穗粒数呈显著正相关(P0.05),与每穗小穗数呈极显著正相关(P0.01)。说明在生产中,可以通过燕麦穗部性状优劣来提前预测燕麦种子产量高低,施氮量为143.25 kg/hm~2水平是燕麦种子高产最佳施氮量。     

燕麦种子产量构成因子与产量的关联性分析

通过对10份燕麦(Avena sativa L.)材料种子产量及其产量构成因子进行研究,明确影响燕麦种子产量的主要因子,并找出提高种子产量的途径。结果表明:10份燕麦材料种子产量构成因子间差异显著(P<0.05)。单株生殖枝数、穗长、小穗数、种子粒数/花序和千粒重与种子产量均成极显著正相关(P<0.01);小穗数对种子产量的间接作用最大,且主要是通过种子粒数/花序、穗长和单株生殖枝数产生。单株生殖枝数、小穗数和千粒重是影响种子产量的主要因素,其回归模型为:Y=-8.359+0.172 X₁+0.112 X₄+1.393 X₆。在注重种子粒数/花序和穗长的同时,应把单株生殖枝数和小穗数作为重要的选择指标。     

叶面喷施硼肥对燕麦生长发育及种子产量的影响

为明确土壤缺硼地区燕麦种子生产适宜的硼肥用量,试验以‘草燕1号’燕麦为材料,于开花期喷施不同水平硼肥(B₁组：0.50 kg/hm²,B₂组：0.40 kg/hm²,B₃组：0.30 kg/hm²,CK组：0 kg/hm²),系统测定了各硼肥水平下燕麦植株的生长发育、种子产量及其相关性状的变化。结果表明,开花期叶面喷施硼肥对燕麦的植物学性状影响不明显,但提高了燕麦穗长、小穗数、穗粒数、穗粒重,降低了种子空壳数,提高了种子千粒重和种子产量。其中,开花期喷施0.40 kg/hm²硼肥对促进燕麦种子产量的效果最好,种子产量达4 152.72 kg/hm²,较CK组提高了21.97%(P<0.05),千粒重较CK组提高了24.73%(P<0.05)。     

氮、钾不同配比施肥对燕麦产量和品质的影响

以白燕7号燕麦Avena sativa cv. Baiyan No.7为材料,研究了不同配比的氮(N)肥和钾(K)肥对种子产量构成因素（穗数、穗粒数、千粒重、穗粒重）、种子产量、秸秆产量及品质的影响。结果表明,施氮和施钾对穗数、穗粒数、千粒重、穗粒重、种子产量、秸秆产量都有显著的影响（P＜0.05）, 随着施肥量的增加呈先增后降的变化趋势;施氮和施钾与种子和秸秆产量之间呈显著的线性回归关系(R2=0.862,P＜0.05;R2=0.838,P＜0.05);N75K105水平下,燕麦种子产量、秸秆产量均最高,分别为4.90×103和9.86×103 kg/hm2;燕麦籽粒中粗蛋白、粗脂肪和粗纤维含量随着施肥量的不同有规律性的变化。     

高寒地区氮肥运筹对‘青海甜燕麦’农艺性状和种子产量的影响

本研究为探索适宜高寒地区燕麦生产的氮肥运筹模式,以‘青海甜燕麦’(Avena sativa L. cv. Qinghai)品种为试验材料,采用两因素试验设计,设4个施氮水平(N1:187.5 kg·hm^-2,N2:150 kg·hm^-2,N3:112.5 kg·hm^-2,N4:75 kg·hm^-2)和2个施氮时期(D1:氮肥全部基施,D2:30%基肥+70%拔节期),试验以全生育期不施氮(N0)为对照。结果表明：不同施氮量和施氮时期对燕麦产量影响显著,同等施氮量下,与氮肥全部基施相比,按比例分期施氮的种子产量、秸秆产量、小穗数、穗粒数和千粒重均显著增加。在N1水平下,氮肥按比例分期施用,单株小穗数和单株穗粒数的协同提高,获得较高种子产量和干草产量,与氮肥全部基施相比,种子产量和秸秆产量分别提高了4.17%和0.47%。同一施氮时期下,种子产量、小穗数、穗粒数和千粒重表现为N1>N2>N3>N4>N0。相关性和通径分析表明,种子产量与单株小穗数、单株穗粒数和千粒重显著相关。综上...     

施肥对青藏高原燕麦产量和品质的影响

以白燕7号燕麦为材料,研究了不同配比的N肥和P肥对种子产量构成因素(穗数、穗粒数、千粒重、穗粒重)、种子产量、秸秆产量及品质的影响。结果表明,施N和施P均能提高穗数、穗粒数、千粒重、穗粒重、种子产量和秸秆产量,与种子产量和秸秆产量之间呈显著的线性回归关系(R2=0.768,P0.05;R2=0.751,P0.05);在N75P105水平下,燕麦种子产量最高(5190kg/hm2);在N75P138水平下,燕麦秸秆产量最高(10260kg/hm2);在相同P水平不同N水平下,随着施N量的增加燕麦籽粒中粗蛋白质含量递增,粗脂肪含量降低,粗纤维含量呈先升后降的变化趋势;在相同N水平不同P水平下,随着施P量的增加燕麦籽粒中粗纤维含量呈先升后降的变化趋势,粗蛋白质和粗脂肪的含量变化没有规律可循。     

半干旱地区燕麦种子产量及其相关农艺性状

本研究选取19个燕麦(Avena sativa)品种(系)的产量相关性状指标,采用相关性分析、通径分析、灰色关联度分析以及聚类分析,探讨甘肃中部半干旱地区燕麦种子产量影响因素并筛选综合性状优良的燕麦种质。结果表明：燕麦种子产量为3 283.33～5 833.33 kg·hm^-2,其中‘Cinskinaly’的产量最高。种子产量与千粒重、成穗数极显著正相关(P <0.01),与单株穗粒重显著正相关(P <0.05),而与株高显著负相关(P <0.05);通径分析结果表明,单株穗粒数、单株穗粒重、千粒重是决定种子产量的重要因素。聚类分析将19份燕麦材料析划分为4个类群：第Ⅰ类可作饲草资源加以筛选利用;第Ⅱ类适合作高产抗倒伏产籽型品种;第Ⅲ类为优选裸燕麦材料;而第Ⅳ类生产适应性和田间表现差,可直接淘汰。筛选出综合表现较佳的两个裸燕麦品系‘201006-01-01-9’‘201003-06-5’和1个皮燕麦品系‘201113-03-05’,可提升到甘肃省区域试验。     

11个燕麦品种种子产量与主要农艺性状的通径分析

为探讨宁夏引黄灌区高产燕麦品种的影响因素,研究选取11个燕麦(Avena sativa)品种的9个主要农艺性状与种子产量进行相关和通径分析。结果表明:9个农艺性状与单株种子产量相关系数大小依次为有效分蘖数每小穗小花数单穗重株高枝梗数每穗节数穗长每小穗粒数每节穗数;逐步回归筛选出的7个性状与单株种子产量做通径分析,其直接效应大小顺序为:有效分蘖数每小穗粒数单穗重每穗节数株高每小穗小花数穗长,而株高则表现为负效应;综合考虑,‘牧马人’应为当地首推燕麦品种。     

小黑麦种质在兰州地区的种子产量及构成因素分析

以甘肃农业大学培育的5个小黑麦种质(C6、C10、C16、C23、C25)和引自乌克兰的3个小黑麦种质(W33、W34、W35)为试验材料,通过研究不同种质间种子产量以及产量构成因素(株高、有效穗数、小穗数、穗粒数、穗粒重、千粒重)的差异,以筛选种子产量较高的种质,并探寻影响小黑麦种质种子产量的因素,为饲料型小黑麦新品...     

Evaluation of the safety of daily administration of capromorelin in cats

Capromorelin is a ghrelin receptor agonist that is FDA approved for appetite stimulation in dogs. The objective of this study was to evaluate the safety of daily oral administration of capromorelin to cats over a range of doses and for an extended period. Two randomized, controlled studies were conducted: in Study 1, cats (n = 6 per group) received placebo or capromorelin at a dose of 9, 15, 30 or 60 mg/kg once daily for 14 days; and in Study 2, cats received capromorelin at 6 mg/kg (n = 8) or placebo (n = 4) once daily for 91 days. Cats were evaluated using clinical observations and clinical pathology test results for both studies, with the addition of postmortem examination in Study 1 and measurements of growth hormone and insulin‐like growth factor 1 in Study 2. Abnormal clinical observations were limited to emesis, hypersalivation, lethargy/depression, head shaking and lip smacking, which occurred more frequently in the capromorelin‐treated groups than in the placebo group. There were no clinically relevant differences in clinical pathology test results between the capromorelin and placebo groups in either study.     

In Vitro Evaluation of the Effects of Selected Plants on the Growth of the Mycelial Form of Histoplasma capsulatum Variety farciminosum in Ethiopia

Epizootic lymphangitis is prevalent in equines in Ethiopia, causing remarkable economic and welfare impacts but often neglected. Lack of effective treatment contributed to its continued occurrence, and hence, search for an effective treatment should be considered a priority area to minimize its impacts. Previous ethnobotanical studies have reported that Curcuma longa, Phytolacca dodecandra, and Datura stramonium were used to treat cutaneous fungal infections and reduce their incidence. The treatment effects of these plants against epizootic lymphangitis should be studied. The in vitro growth inhibitory effects of methanol extracts of the root of C. longa, berry of P. dodecandra, and leaf of D. stramonium were evaluated. Histoplasma capsulatum var farciminosum was isolated from clinical cases of epizootic lymphangitis in carthorses in central Ethiopia. The nested polymerase chain reaction was used to confirm the identity of the isolates. Serial twofold dilutions of the extract of berries of P. dodecandra and leaves of D. stramonium were done in sterile water, whereas dilution of the extract of roots of C. longa was done in dimethylsulphoxide. The effects of the plants on the growth of Histoplasma capsulatum var farciminosum were assessed by agar dilution assay. Culture media with no antifungal agent and media containing ketoconazole served as negative and positive control, respectively. The methanol extract of C. longa showed inhibitory effects at concentrations ranging from 0.07 to 5 mg/mL. Similarly, the methanol extract of P. dodecandra showed growth inhibitory effects at concentrations ranging from 0.156 to 5 mg/mL. That is, the growth inhibitory concentration of C. longa was 0.07 mg/mL, whereas that of P. dodecandra was 0.156 mg/mL. In contrast, D. stramonium showed no inhibitory effect. This preliminary observation showed that methanol extracts of C. longa and P. dodecandra showed inhibitory effects on the growth of Histoplasma capsulatum var farciminosum requiring further repeated in vitro evaluation so as to generate adequate evidence, which would justify in vivo trials.     

Evaluation of Oxygen-dependent Immunodefences of the Polymorphonuclear Cells of Some Tropical Ruminants

Activation of polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs) leads to the formation of superoxide, which is in turn dismutated to H₂O₂ by superoxide dismutase (SOD) and is partly responsible for oxygen-dependent microbicidal activity. However, no comparative information is available on the effect of SOD inhibition before PMN activation to allow simulation of the SOD defects that are known to occur in some ruminants. This paper attempts to examine the degranulative and phagocytic responses in buffalo, cattle and goat PMNs exposed to diethyldithiocarbamate, a known SOD inhibitor. The activity of glutathione peroxidase and reductase was increased in the presence of SOD inhibitor. On activation, H₂O₂ production increased significantly (p<0.01), while SOD inhibition before the activation of PMNs caused a significant decline in the production of H₂O₂ (p<0.05) in all the species studied. There was a significant increase (p<0.05) in the phagocytosis of Candida albicans spores by buffalo PMNs activated with opsonized zymosan. Activation of bovine PMNs after exposure to the SOD inhibitor resulted in a significant decline (p<0.05) in phagocytic activity; in the other species, the two values only approached significance. Among the activators, opsonized zymosan caused a significant increase in phagocytic activity as compared to lipopolysaccharide, particularly in the PMNs of buffaloes (p<0.05). Increased fungicidal activity (p<0.05) occurred with opsonized zymosan-activated PMNs of all the species studied. The fungicidal activity was found to decline in PMNs exposed to SOD inhibitor before activation (p<0.05). Interestingly, the phagocytic activity of caprine PMNs was found to be lower than that of PMNs from cattle (p<0.05).     

氮对千日红试管苗生长和开花诱导的影响

本文以千日红组培苗为试验材料,研究培养基中氮形态及含量对千日红试管苗生长和开花诱导的影响。结果表明,1)相对于铵态氮(NH₄⁺),硝态氮(No₃^-)作为唯一氮源更有利于千日红试管苗生长和开花诱导,但千日红在NH₄⁺和NO₃^-同时存在的培养基中表现最佳。2)在20 mmol/LNH₄⁺(NO₃^-)和5 mg/L PP₃₃₃存在的条件下,试管苗生长基本随着培养基中NO₃^-(NH₄⁺)含量的增加而增加,并在含40 mmol/L NO₃^-+20 mmol/L NH₄⁺(即MS培养基中氮含量)的培养基中株高达到最大值5.91 cm;而叶片数和开花率则随着培养基中NH₄⁺和NO₃^-含量的增加呈现先增加后下降的趋势,并在20 mmol/L NO₃^-+5 mmol/LNH₄⁺培养基中达到最大值,分别为10.7片/株和38.89%。3)氮含量及形态配比结果表明,千日红试管苗开花率在培养基中氮总量为5 mmol/L、NO₃^-/NH₄⁺为4/1时达到最大值39.95%,而株高和叶片数在氮总量为35 mmol/L,NO₃^-/NH₄⁺为4/1时达到最大值8.52 cm和13.38片/株。千日红试管苗开花率与培养基中NO₃^-/NH₄⁺显著正相关,而与氮总量及株高之间显著负相关。此外,培养基中氮含量及形态配比还显著影响无菌苗根系生长。     

Effects of oral supplementation of probiotic strains of Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Enterococcus faecium on diarrhoea events of foals in their first weeks of life

Foal first diarrhoea is one of the most prominent problems in the early life of horses. Probiotics might have the potency to prevent or at least diminish neonatal diarrhoea. We hypothesised that the treatment of foals with probiotic strains of Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Enterococcus faecium starting early after birth and then daily over 2 weeks would prevent or mitigate foal heat diarrhoea. The influence of this probiotic treatment on diarrhoea incidence and growth and health performance of young foals was investigated. Thirty‐four foals were randomly allocated to two groups. From day 1 to 14 of life, the foals received either placebo (PG, n = 16) or the probiotic treatment (TG, n = 18). Clinical examination was performed, and the faeces consistency score (FCS, 1–5; with diarrhoea defined by ≤3) was recorded once per day in weeks 1 and 2 and once weekly in weeks 3–8 of life (WL). The body height was measured at birth and after two and eight WL. Diarrhoea occurred in the 1st WL in 19% and 61% of PG and TG foals respectively. In the 1st WL, diarrhoea lasted 0.3 ± 0.8 and 1.6 ± 1.4 days in PG and TG foals respectively. In the 2nd WL, diarrhoea occurred in 94% and 84% of PG and TG foals, respectively, and lasted for 3.0 ± 1.5 and 3.7 ± 1.6 days respectively. At least two periods of diarrhoea developed in 33% and 65% of PG and TG foals respectively. The TG foals grew slightly slower than the PG foals. The results indicated that the probiotic treatment of neonatal foals as performed in this study was not suitable to reduce diarrhoea within the first two WL, because contrary to the hypothesis, the TG foals suffered more frequently and for longer periods from diarrhoea than the PG foals.     

Influence of a flooding dose of valine on key indicators of metabolic status in the growing pig

A key concern with the flooding dose technique for measuring protein synthesis is that a large dose of amino acid (AA) can potentially change the animals’ hormonal and nutritional status, which in turn can influence protein synthesis. Among stable isotope tracers, 1‐[¹³C]‐valine is the preferred AA for measuring protein synthesis in gut tissue and mucins. A study was conducted to determine the impact of a flooding dose of valine on the metabolic status of pigs. Six barrows [16.5 kg body weight (BW)] were randomly assigned to intravenous infusions of either 150 mm valine (1.5 mmol/kg BW) or physiological saline, following a crossover design. Blood samples were taken 10 min prior to infusion, at the end of infusion, at 10‐min intervals for 60 min post‐infusion, and at 90 and 120 min post‐infusion. Plasma concentrations of insulin, glucose, AA, urea nitrogen and packed cell volume (PCV) were measured. Infusion of valine increased plasma valine concentrations (4129 vs. 582 μm ; P < 0.05) but had no influence on PCV (26.4% vs. 27.2%) and plasma concentrations of glucose (6.0 vs. 5.8 mm ) and insulin (8.2 vs. 8.5 μU/ml; P > 0.10). Plasma urea nitrogen concentration was reduced with valine infusion (8.5 vs. 7.8 mg/dl; P < 0.05). A flooding dose of valine had no impact on plasma concentrations of AA, and specifically branched‐chain AA such as leucine (240 vs. 231 μm ) and isoleucine (310 vs. 331 μm ; P > 0.10). There was, however, a slight increase in the plasma concentrations of threonine (224 vs. 263 μm ; P < 0.05) and a tendency towards reduced glycine (1387 vs. 1313 μm ; P < 0.10). The results indicate that a flooding dose of valine does not cause a substantial change in the metabolic status of growing pigs and is therefore suitable for measuring protein synthesis rates.     

Effects of oral administration of different dosages of carvacrol essential oils on intestinal barrier function in broilers

Essential oils are widely used in the pharmaceutical, food and cosmetic industries, and many plant essential oils have shown that they have positive effects on broilers nutrition. This experiment was conducted to study the effects of orally administered different dosages of carvacrol essential oils on intestinal barrier function in broiler chickens. A total of eighty 28‐day‐old (1.28 ± 0.15 kg) ROSS 308 broilers were randomly allocated to four groups of 20 replicates each, with one chicken per replicate per cage, and all were fed with the same diet. Four experimental groups were orally administered 0, 200, 300 or 400 μl carvacrol essential oils at 18:00 hr every day during the 2‐week experimental period. As a result of which, the gene expression of the occludin, claudin‐1, claudin‐5, ZO‐1 and ZO‐2 in intestinal mucosa of small intestine (p < 0.05) and the goblet cell content in small intestine epithelium (p < 0.05) were significantly increased; test subjects with 300 or 400 μl carvacrol essential oils reduced the microbial counts of Salmonella spp. and Escherichia coli in the intestines (p < 0.05); Essential oils administration also significantly increased activity of the sucrase (p < 0.05) and lactase (p < 0.05) in intestinal mucosa. In conclusion, the carvacrol essential oils have positive effects on growth performance and intestinal barriers function of broilers; those effects may be related to the dosage, as administration of 300 or 400 μl was more effective than that of 200 μl.     

Lack of postexposure analgesic efficacy of low concentrations of eugenol in zebrafish

Objective

To test the postexposure analgesic efficacy of low doses of eugenol in zebrafish.

Effects of the ruminal comminution rate and microbial contamination of particles on accuracy of in situ estimates of ruminal degradability and intestinal digestibility of feedstuffs

Effects of considering the comminution rate (k_c) and the correction of microbial contamination (using ¹⁵N techniques) of particles in the rumen on estimates of ruminally undegraded fractions and their intestinal digestibility were examined generating composite samples (from rumen‐incubated residues) representative of the undegraded feed rumen outflow. The study used sunflower meal (SFM) and Italian ryegrass hay (RGH) and three rumen and duodenum cannulated wethers fed with a 40:60 RGH to concentrate diet (75 g DM/kgBW^0.75). Transit studies up to the duodenum with Yb‐SFM and Eu‐RGH marked samples showed higher k_c values (/h) in SFM than in RGH (0.577 vs. 0.0892, p = 0.034), whereas similar values occurred for the rumen passage rate (k_p). Estimates of ruminally undegraded and intestinal digestibility of all tested fractions decreased when k_c was considered and also applying microbial correction. Thus, microbial uncorrected k_p‐based proportions of intestinal digested undegraded crude protein overestimated those corrected and k_c?k_p‐based by 39% in SFM (0.146 vs. 0.105) and 761% in RGH (0.373 vs. 0.0433). Results show that both k_c and microbial contamination correction should be considered to obtain accurate in situ estimates in grasses, whereas in protein concentrates not considering k_c is an important source of error.     

Pharmacokinetics of tigecycline in turkeys following different routes of administration

The aim of this research had been to determine the pharmacokinetics of tigecycline (TIG) in turkey after intravenous (i.v.), intramuscular (i.m.), subcutaneous (s.c.), and oral (p.o.) administration at a dose of 10 mg/kg. TIG concentrations in plasma were determined using high‐performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. Mean concentrations of TIG in turkey plasma in the i.v. group were significantly higher than concentrations of this drug obtained after using the other administration routes. No significant differences were demonstrated in respect to the concentrations achieved after i.m. and s.c. administration. The bioavailability of TIG after i.m., s.c., and p.o. administration was 32.59 ± 5.99%, 34.91 ± 9.62%, and 0.97 ± 0.57%, respectively. Values of half‐life in the elimination phase were 23.49 ± 6.51 hr, 25.42 ± 4.42 hr, and 26.62 ± 5.19 hr in i.v., i.m., and s.c. groups, respectively, values of mean residence time were 7.92 ± 1.41 hr, 19.62 ± 2.82 hr, and 17.55 ± 2.59 hr in i.v., i.m., and s.c. groups, respectively, whereas the volume of distribution was 14.85 ± 5.71 L/kg, 14.68 ± 2.56 L/kg, and 15.37 ± 3.00 L/kg in i.v., i.m., and s.c. groups, respectively. Because TIG is not absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract in turkeys to a clinically significant degree, this drug given p.o. could find application in commercial turkey farms only to treat gastrointestinal tract infections.