饥饿和恢复投喂不同时间对西伯利亚鲟消化酶活性的影响

在水温18.2～21.3℃下,将初体质量(64.43±1.06)g的西伯利亚鲟Acipenser baerii饲养在室内500L流水水族箱中,对照组(S0)持续投喂35d,试验组S5、S10、S15分别饥饿5d、10d、15d后均恢复投喂20d。每个处理设3个重复,每个重复50尾鱼,研究饥饿和恢复投喂不同时间对肝和中肠淀粉酶、脂肪酶和蛋白酶活性的影响。结果表明,幼鲟饥饿5d后恢复投喂20d时,体质量接近对照组水平(P0.05);饥饿10d或15d恢复投喂20d时,体质量显著低于对照组水平(P0.05)。饥饿5d、10d、15d后,肠道和肝蛋白酶和脂肪酶活性降低。饥饿5d时,肠道和肝淀粉酶活性最大,随着饥饿时间的延长,活性降低。恢复投喂结束时,S15组肝蛋白酶、脂肪酶和肠道脂肪酶显著低于对照组(P0.05),其余各组逐渐恢复至对照组水平。本试验条件下,西伯利亚鲟幼鱼消化系统消化酶活性具有部分补偿效应,随着饥饿时间的延长补偿效应逐渐降低。     

不同底质环境对眼斑猛虾蛄产卵孵化的影响

根据虾蛄自然生态特性,在室内小水泥池设计六种底质环境,试验不同底质、虾蛄自身挖掘与人造洞穴对眼斑猛虾蛄(Harpiosquilla annandalei)产卵与孵化的影响。结果表明:眼斑猛虾蛄的产卵与孵化对底质、洞穴等条件要求严格,没有合适的条件便不产卵,即使产卵也不孵化或孵化率很低,在几种底质条件中以泥沙底质最好,明显优于沙底质,水泥底质不孵化,泥沙底质是眼斑猛虾蛄产卵、孵化成功重要条件之一。虾蛄自身挖掘的洞穴优于人造洞穴,而对泥沙的比例也有一定要求,要有利于虾蛄筑成洞穴。     

体重、温度和饥饿对口虾蛄呼吸和排泄的影响

在室内实验条件下,测定了体重、温度和饥饿对口虾蛄耗氧率和排氨率的影响。实验结果表明,随个体重量的增加,口虾蛄单位体重的耗氧率和排氨率均减小,呈负相关的幂指数,均符合Ｙ＝ａＷ＾ｂ模式。随温度增加,口虾蛄的耗氧率、排氮率均增加。饥饿对口虾蛄的代谢有明显的影响。随饥饿天数增加口虾蛄的耗氧率和排氮率明显下降。１６ｄ后分别下降４７％和５０％,且大个体下降幅度较大。     

渤海口虾蛄消化酶活性与酶学性质初步研究

探讨了渤海口虾蛄的消化酶活性及部分酶学性质。结果表明：口虾蛄的蛋白酶、淀粉酶和脂肪酶活性均以肝胰腺最高,胃最低;口虾蛄胃的蛋白酶、淀粉酶和脂肪酶的最适pH均为6,肝胰腺和肠道淀粉酶和脂肪酶的最适pH均为7,肝胰腺和肠道蛋白酶的最适pH均为8;口虾蛄肝胰腺淀粉酶最适温度为30℃,胃的蛋白酶和淀粉酶及肠道淀粉酶的最适温度均为35℃,胃脂肪酶、肝胰腺蛋白酶和脂肪酶及肠道蛋白酶和脂肪酶的最适温度均为40℃。     

饥饿与再投喂对中华倒刺鲃幼鱼生长和消化酶活性的影响

在室内水温23～26℃的条件下,将中华倒刺鲃(Spinibarbus sinensis)幼鱼分装于6个饲养桶中,试验设计分为两组,每组3个平行,并依次编号为A、B、C、D、E、F,将两组同时饥饿20 d,分别在饥饿0、3、5、10、15、20 d对A、B、C取样。而D、E、F饥饿20 d后进行16 d的恢复投喂,并在再投喂3、7、12、16 d进行取样,分别测定其体质量、肥满度、肝脏指数以及肝胰脏、前后肠消化酶(胰蛋白酶、脂肪酶、淀粉酶)活性的变化。结果表明:(1)在饥饿过程中,中华倒刺鲃幼鱼体质量、肥满度、肝脏指数均呈下降趋势;恢复投喂后,三者均有不同程度的恢复。(2)肝胰脏蛋白酶活性在饥饿过程中呈下降趋势,并在20 d降到最低,恢复投喂后其活性逐步回升到正常水平;而肠蛋白酶活性饥饿过程中先升高,并在5 d达到最高值而后呈下降趋势,恢复投喂后达到正常水平。(3)饥饿过程中,肝胰脏和前后肠脂肪酶活性迅速升高,在10 d达到最值,并显著高于饥饿前的水平,而后逐步下降,恢复投喂后脂肪酶活性仍持续维持在较高的水平。(4)肝胰脏和前后肠淀粉酶活性在饥饿过程中逐步下降,恢复投喂后其活性恢复至正常水平。     

饥饿胁迫对杂交鳢血液指标的影响

探索杂交鳢在饥饿不同时间状态下5项血液指标的变化情况。测定并比较饥饿处理7、14、21、28、35和42d实验组和对照组杂交鳢血液指标。结果显示,经过42d的饥饿处理,对照组与6个实验组相比,随着饥饿时间的延长,红细胞数量在0~42d内呈现下降的趋势,但在28d时测得红细胞数量突然增多,几乎达到了对照组水平,为(2.29±0.46)×1012/L。血红蛋白0~14d内呈现升高的趋势,第14d达到最高,为(82.36±7.26)g/L,在14~42d内整体上呈现降低的趋势,但在28d时测得血红蛋白含量突然升高,与14d测得的结果相当。沉降率在0~28d呈下降的趋势,28~42d内又明显上升。渗透脆性呈下降趋势。白细胞数量在0~42d内一直增加。     

拥挤胁迫对银鲳幼鱼生长及消化酶活性的影响

为探究不同养殖密度对银鲳(Pampus argenteus)幼鱼生长及消化酶活性的影响,将平均初始体质量为3.88±0.72 g的银鲳幼鱼分别在30、60 ind/m³和90 ind/m³的密度条件下饲养40 d,测定幼鱼四种消化酶的时空变化,并比较了40 d后幼鱼的生长特性。结果表明：(1)中密度组幼鱼的增重率与特定生长率分别为(235.19±10.23)%和(4.03±0.10)%,显著高于低密度组(P<0.05),而与高密度组无显著差异(P>0.05)。饲养20 d后低、高密度组增重幅度均低于中密度组。(2)40 d后,低密度组幼鱼胰蛋白酶活性下降到了116.32 U/mg,仅为初始水平的36.7%。但胃蛋白酶的活性显著升高,达到18.65 U/mg,是初始水平的2.5倍,显著高于其他两组;中密度组的胃蛋白酶、胰蛋白酶、淀粉酶活性在40 d后均出现一定程度的下降;高密度组银鲳消化酶活性受到了明显的胁迫影响,养殖过程中出现了明显的波动变化。综上所述,过高的养殖密度会对银鲳产生胁迫作用,影响银鲳消化酶活性;过低的养殖密度也会对银...     

猛虾蛄卵巢发育特征及其纳精囊内容物超显微观察

该研究收集了168尾雌性猛虾蛄(Harpiosquilla harpax)并逐一解剖,比较了不同个体猛虾蛄卵巢和纳精结构的发育特征,对乳白色纳精结构内容物进行了超显微观察。结果显示,猛虾蛄具成对的卵巢,位于围心窦和消化道之间,从头胸甲后部延伸至尾节。卵巢发育颜色变化为无色-灰黄色-土黄色-浅黄色-橘黄色,成熟的卵巢呈橘黄色或粉红色。性腺指数分别为1.62±0.53、2.73±0.44、3.82±0.48、6.84±1.04和11.63±2.11;雌性虾蛄第6、第7、第8胸节腹部有3条平行带,为储存精子的器官,其表观颜色也有变化(无色透明-浅白色浑浊-乳白色),性腺成熟度越高,纳精结构乳白色越明显。其内容物具集群状态的精子,群外被包膜,精子间充满丝状间质,精子近球形,无鞭毛,无顶体,大小为1～3μm。研究结果可为猛虾蛄的繁殖生物学和人工育苗研究提供参考依据。     

饥饿胁迫对鲤肠道与肝脏蛋白酶和淀粉酶活性的影响

The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of starvation on digestive enzymes activity of the carp （Cyprinus carpio） at the water temperature 18 -20℃ in the cycle and flow water aquarium. The experiment was designed for four groups with three replication,which were 0 day（control） , 10 days, 20 days, 30days group. The results showed That there was a trend to drop first and keep stabilization for Cyprinus carpio body weight and Meat Content with the prolongatin of starvation, and that Effect of starvation stress on the the activity of protease in intestine and hepatopancreas of Cyprinus carpio was significant, with the prolongatin of starvation, there was a trend to increase then drop for the activity of protease in fore-gut, mid-gut hind-gut and hepatopancreas of Cyprinus carpio. And that the variatin for activityof amylase in fore-gut was significant butthat of the others was no significant.     

饥饿胁迫对杂交鳢生长及生化组成的影响

水温25.8 ～ 30.0℃,将初始体重91.6～ 125.1g、体长18.6～23.2 cm的杂交鳢(Hybrid snakehead)置于玻璃缸水槽中饥饿处理9周,探索饥饿胁迫对其生长(饥饿9周)和生化组成(饥饿7周)的影响.结果表明,饥饿处理9周后,各组的存活率均为100％;其体重的损失率随饥饿时间的延长显著上升(P＜0.05),饥饿至第9周时达(20.32±2.16)％;肥满度、脏体比、肝体比和脂体比随饥饿时间的延长呈下降趋势,各试验组与对照组相比均差异显著(P＜0.05);饥饿0～7周,杂交鳢全鱼水分含量逐步上升,饥饿开始时为68.26％,至第7周时达72.51％;灰分含量有所增加,但增幅不明显;脂肪、蛋白质和比能值均呈下降趋势;其中,脂肪含量和比能值下降较为明显,饥饿至第7周时,与对照组相比,分别下降了32.46％和22.56％;蛋白质含量在饥饿前期下降不明显,饥饿5～7周内显著下降(P＜0.05).判断杂交鳢在整个饥饿过程中,主要是利用自身的脂肪作为能源物质,同时也会消耗少量的蛋白质.     

氨氮胁迫对方斑东风螺溶菌酶及3种常见消化酶活力的影响

为揭示方斑东风螺(Babylonia areolata)应对氨氮(NH4-N)急性胁迫时的生理变化,分别于不同NH4-N浓度和时间下测定其体内溶菌酶及3种消化酶的活力。结果表明,实验剂量和实验时间均显著影响这4种酶的活力(P<0.05)。与对照组比较,方斑东风螺经NH4-N胁迫后:1)溶菌酶活力随着胁迫时间的延长总体呈现"抑制–诱导"趋势;2)低质量浓度NH4-N (22 mg·L^–1)对胃蛋白酶活力随时间的延长表现出"诱导–抑制"趋势,而其他质量浓度总体表现为"抑制–诱导"趋势;3)脂肪酶活力随着NH4-N处理时间的延长,总体上呈现抑制作用或与对照组呈相似水平;4) NH4-N处理时间显著影响方斑东风螺淀粉酶的活力,但各处理组的淀粉酶活力相比对照组在处理时间较短的情况下并无太大的诱导或抑制作用。综上,水体中的NH4-N会影响方斑东风螺这4种消化酶的活力。     

饥饿对凡纳滨对虾仔虾摄食行为和消化酶活力的影响

2004年5月,在中国海洋大学海水养殖教育部重点实验室内营造半精养、精养养殖模式,研究短期饥饿(0(对照组)、1、2、3、4、5、6d)对凡纳滨对虾仔虾摄食行为、摄食率及消化酶的影响。结果表明,两种模式中仔虾的摄食行为和摄食率都随饥饿天数的增加而呈现先上升后下降的趋势;半精养模式中,经饥饿再投喂后仔虾的胃蛋白酶、类胰蛋白酶和淀粉酶活力均随饥饿天数的增加呈现先上升后下降的趋势;精养模式中,胃蛋白酶活力也呈现以上趋势,但类胰蛋白酶和淀粉酶活力则在饥饿初期波动,然后下降。凡纳滨对虾仔虾遭遇饥饿胁迫后,通过提高摄食强度、摄食率及消化酶的分泌量来进行能量补充。但随着饥饿时间的延长,其应对饥饿胁迫的能力下降,各种消化酶活力呈降低趋势。实验表明,在半精养模式中,凡纳滨对虾对饥饿胁迫的承受能力高于精养模式。     

Variation in the Fatty Acid Composition Between and Within Two Mantis Shrimp Species,Harpiosquilla harpax and Miyakea nepa: Impact of Season and Sex

ABSTRACT

Harpiosquilla harpax and Miyakea nepa are two out of 400 marine crustaceans commonly known as mantis shrimp. Mantis shrimp are commercially valuable and can be found in fish markets of some Mediterranean and many Asian countries. This study focused on a comparative analysis of variation throughout the year in regards to proximate and total fatty acid composition in the muscle of male and female H. harpax and M. nepa. The most abundant fatty acids identified in the muscle of both species were C16:0, C18:0, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; C22:6n-3), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; C20:5n-3), and C20:4n-6. Results of this study revealed that the muscle fatty acid profiles of H. harpax and M. nepa were not significantly different (p > 0.05), except for C14:0, C16:0, C22:0, and DHA amounts, and were mostly influenced by sex within each sampling month. Generally, the muscle of H. harpax contained higher (p < 0.05) levels of DHA than the muscle of M. nepa. The male mantis shrimp, within each species and most of the sampling months, appeared to have higher (p < 0.05) DHA, total n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), and PUFA/saturated fatty acid ratio compared to the females. Both species could be considered as a good source of n-3 PUFA in the human diet.     

Ontogenic changes in the digestive enzyme activities and the effect of different starvation duration on the digestive enzyme activities of larval red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii)

This study was performed to determine the effect of starvation and delayed feeding on activities of digestive enzymes and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) of larval red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii), so as to reveal the tolerance to prolonged starvation and the recovery of digestive enzymes after delayed feeding in larval and juvenile P. clarkii. In the control group, activities of trypsin and ALP increased significantly (p < .05) with day‐age and then kept constant at 24 days after hatching (DAH) and 10 DAH, respectively, whereas the activities of amylase and pepsin increased firstly then decreased with day‐age, and the activity of lipase increased firstly then decreased and then increased again during the development period of juvenile P. clarkii (1–31 DAH). In the group with continuous starvation (CS), activities of pepsin and lipase both decreased (p < .05) after fasting, and the activities of pepsin, lipase and trypsin in the groups with delayed feeding all increased (p < .05) and recover to the levels of the control group after food supply. However, the activity of amylase increased (p < .05) in the CS group, and it decreased to normal level after food supply. The ALP activity did not significantly (p > .05) vary after starvation, whereas it decreased in the groups with delayed feeding after 1 day of food supply, and then increased back to the level similar with the control group. Results from this study could provide information for diet preparation and feeding regime in larval and juvenile red swamp crayfish culture.     

芽孢杆菌对凡纳对虾生长和消化酶活性的影响

选用豆粕、鱼粉、植物油、淀粉等原料配制基础料为对照组,在基础饲料中分别添加0.5％、1.0％、3.0％、5.0％芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)制剂为实验组。实验结果显示,凡纳对虾(Pennaus-vannamei)生长的2个阶段,实验组γSGR均大于对照组;生长第1阶段,组1与组2差异显著(P<0.05),与其余3组差异不显著(P>0.05),但各实验组之间差异均不明显(P>0.05);生长第2阶段,组1与组2之间γSGR差异极显著(P<0.01),与其余3组差异不明显(P>0.05),但各实验组间:组2与组4γSGR差异显著(P<0.05),而与组5γSGR差异极显著(P<0.01);对虾生长2个阶段的成活率实验组均略高于对照组,第1阶段的成活率明显高于第2阶段;芽孢杆菌对凡纳对虾2个生长阶段消化酶活性的影响表现出一定的相似性:实验组蛋白酶活性较淀粉酶、脂肪酶和纤维素酶高,且明显高于对照组,但各实验组间变化不明显。表明芽孢杆菌可以提高凡纳对虾消化酶活性和成活率,利于养分的消化吸收,促进生长。     

间歇性饥饿对日本沼虾生长和几种消化酶的影响

在(25.0±1)℃范围条件下,对日本沼虾进行了不同时间的饥饿处理后再投饵的恢复生长实验。对照组连续饱食投喂18d,处理组分别饥饿2、4、8d,再分别饱食投喂16、14、10d。实验结果显示:在恢复生长时期,处理组的特殊生长率、摄食率、食物转化率明显高于对照组,胃蛋白酶、类胰蛋白酶、脂肪酶的活性变化趋势相同,均随着先饥饿再饱食的顺序先下降再上升,但脂肪酶比蛋白酶变化趋势明显;而淀粉酶的变化趋势与之相反是先上升后下降。实验结果表明,日本沼虾继饥饿后再恢复喂食出现完全或部分补偿生长效应不仅由于增加食欲,提高摄食水平,同时改善了食物转化率。因此,补偿生长是这两种生理因素共同作用的结果。     

不同饲料对黄鳝消化酶活性的影响

进行了黄鳝喜食的天然动物性饵料蚯蚓、鲢肌肉和配合饲料对黄鳝消化酶活性影响的比较研究。结果表明：(1)黄鳝各消化组织中蛋白酶活性均以摄食蚯蚓组增加幅度最大，其次为摄食鲢肌肉组，而以摄食配合饲料的蛋白酶活性增加最小；(2)胰蛋白酶的活性变化则以摄食鲢肌肉组的增加幅度最大，以摄食蚯蚓组次之，摄取配合饲料组的增加幅度最小；(3)淀粉酶的活性以摄取配合饲料的黄鳝的增加幅度最大，其次为摄食鲢肌肉组，增加幅度最小的为摄取蚯蚓组个体；(4)脂肪酶的活性变化以摄取鲢肌肉的增加幅度最大，其次为摄食蚯蚓的，摄食配合饲料组增加幅度最小。这表明不同饲料对黄鳝消化器官消化酶的活性影响不同，这可能与不同饲料的营养组成、性质有关，食物中的不同营养物质会刺激黄鳝消化器官分泌相应的消化酶，以便更好地消化所摄取的食物。     

Impact of starvation on digestive enzymes activities and plasma metabolites in Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baerii,Brandt, 1869)

To increase the current knowledge about the relationship between nutritional status and the digestive capacity of Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baerii), we addressed the effect of starvation‐refeeding and macronutrient composition on growth parameters and key digestive enzyme activities in A. baerii. Acipenser baerii juveniles were fed four different diets for 3 weeks, then starved for 2 weeks and allowed to refed for 5 weeks with the same diets. Another group of fish were fed 10 weeks with the corresponding diets. Among 10‐week fed fish, high‐protein diets promoted higher body weight values, while the lowest specific growth rate was observed in fish fed a low‐protein, medium‐carbohydrate, high‐lipid diet (p < .05). At the end of the experiment, in fish refed for 5 weeks following a feeding‐starvation cycle and in 10‐week fed animals, the higher levels of blood glucose, triglycerides and cholesterol were found in fish fed low‐protein diets (p < .05). In all treatments, 2 weeks of starvation decreased α‐amylase activity in the intestine (p < .05), while 4 days of refeeding increased lipase (p > .05) and α‐amylase activity in the intestine as well as pepsin in the stomach (p < .05). Our findings suggest that A. baerii maintains a high capacity to digest proteins and lipids after 2 weeks of starvation and that α‐amylase can be used as an indicator of the nutritional status in fish submitted to starvation‐refeeding cycles. Indeed, refeeding with high‐protein and CHO:L ratio diets after starvation could improve the growth rate of A. baerii in culture.