Not All Phosphate Fertilizers Immobilize Lead in Soils

The effects of six phosphate (P) fertilizers in mobilizing and immobilizing water-soluble lead (Pb) were determined in a contaminated soil (Alfisol from Shaoxing) from China and four Australian soils (an Oxisol from Twonsville Queensland and three South Australian soils from Cooke Plains (Typic Palexeralf)), Inman Valley (Vertisol), and Two Wells (Natric Palexeralf). The fertilizers tested were single superphosphate (SSP), triple superphosphate (TSP), monoammonium phosphate (MAP), diammonium phosphate (DAP), monocalcium phosphate (MCP), and dicalcium phosphate (DCP) to produce an initial P concentration of 1,000 mg/L. The Chinese soil contained 16,397 mg/kg total Pb, but the Australian soils were uncontaminated. The four Australian soils were each spiked with 1,000 mg Pb/kg soil (as Pb(NO₃)₂) and incubated for a month. Single superphosphate treatments decreased total soluble Pb in soil solution to 2–14 % of those of the nil-P (0P) treatment in the four Pb-spiked soils and to 48 % in the Chinese Pb-contaminated soil. The DAP treatment followed by the MAP treatment greatly increased the total soluble Pb in soil solution up to 135–500 % of the 0P treatment, except in the Two Wells soil. MCP could decrease the total soluble Pb in Cooke Plains, Inman Valley, Shaoxing, and Two Wells soils while increase it in the Queensland soil; DCP decreased the total soluble Pb in Cooke Plains and Queensland soils while increased it in the Shaoxing and Inman Valley soils. There were close relationships between the total soluble Pb, total soluble Al, and total soluble Fe in the water extracts of each. Soluble Al and Fe ions in soil solution increased soluble Pb concentrations. We conclude that not all phosphate fertilizers immobilize Pb in soils equally well. SSP and TSP are excellent Pb-immobilizing fertilizers, while MAP and DAP are strong Pb-mobilizing fertilizers. MCP and DCP are either Pb-immobilizing fertilizers or Pb-mobilizing fertilizers depending on their reactions with individual soils.     

Enhancement Effect of Water-Soluble Phosphorus on Agronomic Effectiveness of Phosphate Rocks

ABSTRACT

Direct application of phosphate rocks (PRs) with low/medium in reactivity has shown to be low in agronomic effectiveness for cereal crops. Presence of water-soluble P (WSP) in the vicinity of PR can significantly enhance the rooting system at the early stage of plant growth. This, in turn, can enable the plant to utilize the associated PR more effectively than the use of PR alone at planting. This report presents the results of several greenhouse experiments that show the granulated (WSP+PR) products by dry compaction process using different low-reactive PR sources were as effective as WSP fertilizers viz triple superphosphate (TSP) and monoammonium phosphate (MAP). The test plants were maize (30 days) and soybean and upland rice were grown to maturity on acid or neutral soils. Based on the results obtained a P ratio of 50:50 between WSP and PR is recommended for the granulated (WSP+PR) products that can achieve crop yields at the same levels as that with the WSP fertilizers.

Abbreviations: phosphate rock, PR; water-soluble P, WSP; dry-matter yield, DMY     

Metal contents of phosphate rocks

Abstract

Significant amounts of phosphate rocks (PRs) are mined around the world annually. The rocks are either applied directly to soils or manufactured to produce water‐soluble phosphorus (P) fertilizers. In this study, we analyzed 12 PRs obtained from various deposits in Africa, United States, and Peru for total P, ten trace metals [cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), lithium (Li), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), rubidium (Rb), and zinc (Zn)] and eight nontrace metals [aluminum (Al), barium (Ba), calcium (Ca), iron (Fe), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), and strontium (Sr)]. The empirical formulae and the unit‐cell a dimension of the apatite contents were also determined. Results showed that the values of the unit‐cell a dimension ranged from 9.324 Å for North Carolina PR to 9.365 Å for Tahoua PR. The total P contents ranged from 109 g/kg for Kodjari PR to 176 g/kg for Parc W PR. The concentration of the trace metals in the PRs varied considerably. Expressed in mg/kg PR, the ranges and median values were: Cd (5–47, 10), Co (6–104, 22), Cu (5–41, 8), Cr (18–331, 46), Li (2–9, 2), Mn (11–6553, 263) , Ni (1–61, 10) , Pb (7–43, 14), Rb (3–18, 6), and Zn (54–576, 124). The corresponding values of the nontrace metals expressed in g/kg were: Al (1.7–20.0, 5.6), Ba (0–4.4, 0.4), Ca (211–330, 298), Fe (1.4–45.7, 6.8), K (0.3–10.9, 1.4), Mg (0.6–16.9, 2.2), Na (1.0‐ 22 .8, 10.4), and Sr (0.3–6.7, 1.0). At the detection limit of 5 ng/mL, no cesium (Cs) was found in the PR analyzed.     

滴施不同水溶性磷肥对石灰性土壤磷分布及玉米磷素吸收利用的影响

  【目的】  磷的形态影响着其施入土壤后的移动分布。研究滴灌施肥中不同水溶性磷肥在石灰性土壤中的分布特征及玉米对磷素的吸收和利用,为滴灌玉米生产中的磷肥选择提供理论依据。  【方法】  于2018—2020年在新疆石河子市实验站开展滴灌玉米田间试验,选用玉米品种‘郑单958’作为试验材料。试验共设磷酸脲(UP)、磷酸二氢钾(MKP)、聚磷酸铵(APP)、磷酸二铵(DAP)、磷酸一铵(MAP)、不施磷肥(CK) 6个处理,除CK不施磷肥外,其余处理灌溉量及氮磷钾投入量均相同。玉米开花期和成熟期,分别在滴头下、根系、宽行3个位点,在垂直方向0—10、10—20、20—40 cm处采集土样,测定pH、速效磷和全磷含量。采集玉米地上部植物样品,测定茎、叶、穗器官磷素含量。在完熟期测产,计算磷肥利用效率等指标。  【结果】  与DAP和CK处理相比,UP处理能显著降低0—40 cm土层土壤pH,开花期UP处理土壤pH较CK和DAP分别降低了0.20和0.32个单位,成熟期分别降低了0.24和0.31个单位,MAP、APP和MKP也不同程度地降低了滴头下0—10 cm土层土壤pH。UP处理土壤有效磷在0—40 cm土层的分布最均匀,APP处理10—20 cm土壤速效磷含量显著高于UP和MAP。玉米开花期APP、UP、MAP处理土壤速效磷含量较DAP分别增加了65.47%、44.18%和23.14%,成熟期分别增加了58.08%、40.13%和127.89%。APP处理的玉米穗、叶和总磷素积累量均最高,开花期较DAP分别显著增加了29.22%、43.97%和22.43%,成熟期较DAP分别增加了65.39%、26.63%和50.60%。APP、UP、MAP处理的玉米产量没有显著差异,较DAP分别增产了18.03%、11.64%和9.46%,磷肥利用率分别较DAP增加了29.62个百分点、13.65个百分点和9.93个百分点。APP处理的磷肥偏生产力和磷肥农学效率分别较DAP增加了18.03%和174.96%。相关分析表明,玉米产量和磷素积累量与0—20 cm土层的土壤有效磷含量正相关,与20—40 cm土层土壤速效磷含量负相关或相关性较弱。  【结论】  速效磷的分布与土壤pH的变化高度一致。酸性水溶性磷肥可不同程度地降低玉米根系周围土壤pH,磷酸脲的影响范围可达滴头周围0—40 cm土层,磷酸二氢钾、聚磷酸铵和磷酸一铵仅在滴头周围0—10 cm土层范围内有影响,而磷酸二铵对土壤pH无显著影响。滴施磷酸脲土壤中速效磷在0—40 cm土层中的分布较均匀,其在10—20 cm土层中的速效磷含量低于聚磷酸铵并高于其他磷肥处理。磷肥利用率与10—20 cm土层速效磷含量极显著相关。因此,滴施聚磷酸铵的玉米产量和磷肥利用率高于其它磷肥处理。综合3年试验结果,在新疆滴灌玉米生产中,水溶性磷肥中以聚磷酸铵最优,其次是磷酸脲和磷酸一铵等酸性磷肥,应减少磷酸二铵等碱性磷肥的施用。     

化肥和饲料添加剂生产磷流动特征研究

磷是作物和畜禽生长必需的营养元素,同时也是不可再生资源。为了提高农牧业生产力,80%左右的磷矿石用于生产磷肥与磷饲料添加剂,因此提高磷肥和磷饲料添加剂生产效率至关重要。然而关于磷肥和磷饲料添加剂"采矿—选矿—磷酸—磷肥/磷饲料添加剂"整个链条的磷流动特征和各个环节效率的定量研究却很少。本研究通过企业实地调研,建立企业流动数据库,利用物质流分析的方法扩展了NUFER(NUtrient flows in Food chains,Environment and Resources use)模型的磷肥和饲料磷添加剂生产模块。以我国某大型磷化工企业为例,定量揭示磷化工企业"采矿—选矿—磷酸—磷肥/磷饲料添加剂"整个链条磷流动特征、损失和利用效率;分析各种磷肥和饲料添加剂产品生产磷流动、利用效率和磷足迹;并利用情景分析提出提高磷利用效率的策略和优化潜力。结果表明:2015年该企业利用含3.902?106 t P2O5的自然矿石,生产了2.426?106 t(折纯P2O5,下同)磷复肥和磷饲料添加剂,其中磷酸二铵和磷酸一铵是最主要的产品,分别为156万t和54万t。磷酸二铵、磷酸一铵、重过磷酸钙、磷酸一二钙、普通过磷酸钙、复合肥、硫肥和磷酸二氢钾产品的生产效率分别为98%、98%、93%、95%、91%、99%、98%和91%,整个生产链条的生产效率为80%。大多数的磷资源在矿石加工部门损失掉,占磷损失量的51%;其次是矿石开采部门(25%)和磷酸生产部门(14%)。通过提高生产效率和废弃物利用率,磷资源损失预计可以减少42%。研究企业的磷利用效率在国内已达先进水平,但仍有提升潜力。     

Effectiveness of combined application of Kodjari phosphate rock,water soluble phosphorus fertilizer and manure in a Ferric Lixisol in the centre west of Burkina Faso

Increasing soil phosphorus and organic matter content for crop production while reducing the cost of production are required to facilitate the achievement of green revolution in Africa. Field and pot experiments were laid out during 2012 and 2013 to assess the effects of combined application of Kodjari phosphate rock (PR) and water soluble phosphorus on sorghum yields, P uptake and Lixisol characteristics in the centre west of Burkina Faso. Five P fertilizers treatments (zero P, 100% TSP (triple super phosphate), 100% PR, 50% PR + 50% TSP, 75% PR + 25% TSP) and two cow manure treatments (zero, 5 t ha^?1) were tested. In field experiment, 50% PR + 50% TSP was as effective as 100% TSP in increasing sorghum yield above the control by 30% in 2012 and 50% in 2013 and P uptake by 30% in both years. Manure had an additive effect on phosphorus fertilizers in increasing sorghum yields and P uptake. In pot experiment, increases of Ca uptake, soil pH and microbial P were observed with the application of 50% PR + 50% TSP. Our results suggest that formulation of fertilizer combining phosphate rock and mineral P would improve sorghum yields and income of smallholders.     

EFFECT OF DIFFERENT PHOSPHORUS SOURCES ON THE GROWTH,YIELD, ENERGY CONTENT AND PHOSPHORUS UTILIZATION EFFICIENCY IN MAIZE AT RAWALAKOT AZAD JAMMU AND KASHMIR,PAKISTAN

Effect of poultry manure (PM) and four inorganic phosphorus (P) fertilizers sources, i.e., diammonium phosphate (DAP), single super phosphate (SSP), nitrophos (NP) and triple super phosphate (TSP) on crop production and P utilization efficiency (PUE) of maize was studied. Both inorganic P fertilizers and PM applied alone or combined in 50:50 proportions at equivalent rate of 90 kg P₂O₅ ha^?1. Results indicated that inorganic P sources with PM significantly increased plant height, leaf area and chlorophyll content. Average values showed that combined application of inorganic P with PM increased grain yield by 19 and 41% over inorganic P and PM alone, respectively. Similarly, increase in P-uptake due to the combined application of inorganic P + PM was 17% compared to sole inorganic P. Phosphorus utilization efficiency of inorganic P was increased with PM and the highest PUE was recorded in DAP + PM. Generally, combination of DAP + PM proved superior over the remaining P fertilizers.     

Evaluation of agronomic effectiveness of phosphate rocks for aluminum‐tolerant soybean cultivar

Abstract

The effect of liming on the agronomic effectiveness of three phosphate rocks (PRs) Pesca and Huila from Colombia and Sechura from Peru as compared with TSP was evaluated in a greenhouse experiment for an Al‐tolerant soybean cultivar grown on an acid Ultisol. On both unlimed (pH 4.4) and limed (pH 5.0) soils, the agronomic effectiveness of P sources in terms of increasing seed yield followed the order of TSP > Sechura PR > Huila PR > Pesca PR > check, an order similar to that of solubility of P sources. Liming slightly decreased the effectiveness of Pesca PR, whereas liming had no effect on Huila PR. A significant increase in agronomic effectiveness was observed upon liming for Sechura PR and TSP. Soil‐available P as extracted by the Pi method was closely related to the amount of N fixed by soybean crop that, in turn, was related to the soybean seed yield. Values of relative agronomic effectiveness (RAE) of PRs with respect to TSP were calculated by assuming the check = 0% and TSP = 100%. On unlimed soil, the RAE values of PRs were: Pesca PR = 31%, Huila PR = 42%, Sechura PR = 84%. On the limed soil, the RAE values were: Pesca PR = 8%, Huila PR = 24%, Sechura PR = 66%. It can be concluded that the use of PR with respect to that of TSP for soybean crop is more favorable in the unlimed soil than in the limed soil, provided that the soybean plant is relatively Al‐tolerant.     

Residual effects of organic acid-treated phosphate rocks on some soil properties and phosphate availability

The effects of the application of organic acid-treated phosphate rocks on the growth and nutrient uptake of Italian rye grass (Lolium multiflorum Lam. cv. Tachiwase) and some properties of the soil were evaluated in a greenhouse pot experiment. Phosphate rocks (PRs) collected from six countries; China, Florida (USA), Jordan, Sri Lanka, Togo, and Tanzania, were treated with 1 M oxalic or tartaric acid at the ratio of 2.5 mL g^-1 PR. The organic acid-treated PRs, containing 12–31% water soluble P, were applied to a granitic regosol (pH 5.8) at 200 mg P pot^-1 (4 kg soil). Untreated PRs and single superphosphate (SSP) were included in the treatments. Italian ryegrass was grown for 175 dafter planting (DAP) with ample supply of other nutrients and water. Shoots were harvested at 56, 119, and 175 DAP and the soils were analyzed for pH and Olsen-P after the experiment. Application of organic acid-treated PRs consistently increased the dry matter yield and P uptake of the plants compared with the application of untreated PRs at each harvest, but they were less effective than SSP. A larger amount of P (calculated per unit water-soluble P applied) was recovered from the organic acid-treated PRs than from SSP. The amount of residual extractable P in the soils with the organic acid-treated PRs was about the same as or significantly larger than that in the soil treated with SSP. Soil pH was also significantly higher than in the control and SSP soils. The results suggest that organic acids could be used to improve the P availability of PRs to plants with favorable residual effects in terms of available P and soil pH, without exerting any adverse effects on plant growth or nutrient acquisition.     

Phosphorus Uptake from Green Manures and Phosphate Fertilizers Applied in an Acid Tropical Soil

Abstract

Quantifying the relative contribution of different phosphorus (P) sources to P uptake can lead to greater understanding of the mechanisms that increase available P in integrated P management systems. The ³²P–³³P double isotope labeling technique was used to determine the relative contribution of green manures (GMs) and P fertilizers to P uptake by Setaria grass (Setaria sphacelata) grown in an amended tropical acid soil (Bungor series) in a glasshouse study. The amendments were factorial combinations of GMs (Calopogonium caeruleum, Gliricidia sepium and Imperata cylindrica) and P fertilizers [phosphate rocks (PRs) from North Carolina (NCPR), China (CPR) and Algeria (APR), and triple superphosphate (TSP)]. Dry matter yield, P uptake, and P utilization from the amendments were monitored at 4, 8, and 15 weeks after establishment (WAE). The GMs alone or in combination with P fertilizers contributed less than 5% to total P uptake in this soil, but total P uptake into Setaria plants in the GM treatments was three to four times that of the P fertilizers because the GMs mobilized more soil P. Also, the GMs markedly increased fertilizer P utilization in the combined treatments, from 3% to 39% with CPR, from 6–9% to 19–48% with reactive PRs, and from 6% to 37% with TSP in this soil. Both P_GM and the other decomposition products were probably involved in reducing soil P‐retention capacity. Mobilization of soil P was most likely the result of the action of the other decomposition products. These results demonstrate the high potential of integrating GMs and PRs for managing P in tropical soils and the importance of the soil P mobilization capacity of the organic components. Even the low‐quality Imperata GM enhanced the effectiveness of the reactive APR more than fourfold.     

Ecotoxicological Assessment of Phosphate Recyclates from Sewage Sludges

Sewage sludge contains valuable plant nutrients, especially phosphorus. But unfortunately, it also contains pollutants which are hazardous for the environment. Phosphorus recovery from sewage sludge and its agricultural valorisation in recycling fertilisers based or containing recovered phosphate provides opportunities to minimise negative environmental effects caused by direct sludge application or conventional fertilisation. For validation, crystallised (struvite) and thermally treated phosphate recyclates (PRs) were chemically analysed, ecotoxicologically assessed and compared with a conventional phosphate fertiliser (triple superphosphate (TSP)). Three test species covering the environmental compartments water, sediment and soil were applied to evaluate the acute toxic effects of the phosphate fertiliser samples in laboratory tests (Lemna minor, Gammarus fossarum, Eisenia fetida). The assessment and comparison showed that TSP was more toxic than the PRs at the higher tested concentrations, probably due to a higher water solubility and not to chemical composition. Higher concentrations of the crystallised PRs caused mostly a slightly higher negative effect on tested parameters of the duckweed and the freshwater amphipod than the thermally treated PRs. Agronomical relevant application amounts of all PRs and TSP (worst-case scenario) might not have an acute toxic effect on the soil invertebrates. The PRs might have minor effects on the growth of L. minor, and TSP might negatively affect the survival of the freshwater amphipods. Recovered phosphate-containing materials (PRs), in particular struvite, proved to be of high quality and low hazard in a relative risk ranking; thus, it could be one of the future alternatives of phosphorus fertilisation in agriculture.     

Solubility and application effects of African low-grade phosphate rock calcinated with potassium carbonate

This article indicates solubility improvement of African low-grade phosphate rock (PR) through calcination with potassium carbonate. We showed calcination with potassium carbonate made its citric acid solubility up to 100%, and reinforcement of its application effect. In sub-Saharan Africa, although many phosphate deposits have been found, farmers are facing high prices of P fertilizers because of the low solubility of the African PRs. We previously reported PR calcination with Na carbonate improves the solubility, but their application produced limited crop growth, especially in upland conditions. It was speculated soil Na accumulation caused plant growth inhibition. Therefore, we tried to elucidate the effect of calcination with potassium carbonate on PR solubility and its application effects for lowland rice and maize through pot experiments. We used Kodjari PR produced in Burkina Faso for the calcination. Powdered PRs were mixed with K₂CO₃ in five doses to achieve the target K₂O compositions of 200, 250, 300, 350, and 400 g kg^-1. The pelletized PR-K₂CO₃ mixtures were calcined at 900, 1000, 1050, and 1100 °C for 10 min. The pot experiments were conducted for 56 days, monitoring the growth of rice and maize under several application rates. Calcination with K carbonate generated K-rhenanite (KCaPO₄) and kaliophilite (KAlSiO₄), and the solubility reached about 100% in 20 g L^-1 citric acid and about 40% in water. This shows that K carbonates behave like Na carbonate in the solubilization of Kodjari PRs. Although the calcinated Burkina PR (CB) application significantly reduced plant growth when it was applied at an excessive rate, reduced application rates yielded comparable plant growth to that of triple super phosphate (TSP). K carbonate calcination deterred Na accumulation in the soil, and it was effective for plant growth. However, CB easily causes plant damage in excessive application, and it may contain phytotoxicant substances.     

Biological P cycling is influenced by the form of P fertilizer in an Oxisol

Phosphate rock (PR) is an alternative fertilizer to increase the P content of P-deficient weathered soils. We evaluated the effects of fertilizer form on indicators of biological cycling of P using an on-farm trial on a Rhodic Kandiudox in western Kenya. Treatment plots were sampled after 13 cropping seasons of P applications as Minjingu phosphate rock (PR) or as triple super phosphate (?TSP) (50 kg P ha^?1 season^?1), as well as a P-unfertilized control (0 kg P ha^?1 season^?1). Soils (0–15 and 15–30 cm) were analyzed for microbial biomass P (P_mic), activities of acid phosphomonoesterase, alkaline phosphomonoesterase, and phosphodiesterase, and sequentially extractable P fractions. P additions as Minjingu PR yielded 299% greater P_mic than TSP at 0–15-cm depth despite similar labile P concentrations in the two P fertilization treatments and stimulated activities of acid phosphomonoesterase (+39%). When added in the soluble form of TSP, a greater percentage of total soil P was present in mineral-bound forms (+33% Fe- and Al-associated P). Higher soil pH under Minjingu PR (pH 5.35) versus TSP (pH 5.02) and the P-unfertilized treatment (pH 4.69) at 0–15-cm depth reflected a liming effect of Minjingu PR. The form of P fertilizer can influence biological P cycling in weathered soils, potentially improving P availability under Minjingu PR relative to TSP via enhanced microbial biomass P and enzymatic drivers of P cycling.     

Bone char as phosphorus fertilizer involved in cadmium immobilization in lettuce,wheat, and potato cropping

Bone char is a potential clean and renewable P fertilizer with Cd‐immobilization capabilities, but the P–Cd interactions in cropping of vegetable, grain, and tuber crops are unknown. In the present pot experiment bone char was evaluated on its effect on the growth and P supply of various crops (lettuce, wheat, potatoes) as well as its capability to reduce the uptake of Cd from a moderately Cd‐contaminated and P‐deficient soil (soil 1) and a highly Cd‐contaminated soil with sufficient P supply (soil 2). When averaging the dry‐matter yield over the treatments for each crop for the P‐sufficient soil 1, the following order was obtained: triple superphosphate (TSP) > diammonium phosphate (DAP) > BC, whereas for the soil 2 with sufficient P supply it was inverted with BC > DAP > TSP. The P‐deficiency resulted in a more pronounced effect of TSP and DAP on the plant growth, whereas P sufficiency in the soil promoted a crop‐quality‐enhancing effect of bone char. The Cd concentration in the consumption‐relevant plant parts was mostly insignificantly affected by treatments; however, the total Cd concentration in the whole plants tended to decrease with fertilizer addition for all crops in soil 1 even at very low bone‐char application levels. Similar results were obtained for soil 2 with an exception for the Cd concentration in potatoes, as the total Cd concentration was significantly increased in the TSP and DAP treatments. This most likely results from the introduction of Cd with TSP and DAP as they contained ≈ 27–28 mg Cd kg^–1. Thus, this study demonstrated the potential of bone char as a clean P fertilizer, which can efficiently decrease the Cd contamination of potato on contaminated soils.     

培养温度和时间对磷肥在黑土中转化的影响

采用室内培养试验研究了培养温度和时间对磷酸二氢钙(MCP)、磷酸二氢铵(MAP)和磷酸氢二铵(DAP)在黑土中转化的影响。结果表明：温度升高增加了黑土对肥料磷的固定,且有利于Al-P的形成;培养50 d后,温度由5℃升至25℃时, We-P在添加MAP和MCP处理的土壤中占外源磷的比例分别降低51%和42%,同时Al-P分别上升110%和45%;在培养初期,温度对Ca8-P和Fe-P形成的影响不显著,但随培养时间的延长,差异显著。25℃时,培养时间对Ca2-P和Ca8-P形成的影响较小;Al-P在培养初期形成速率很快,随培养时间的延长,形成速率下降,而Fe-P的形成速率与之相反;Al-P的增加量与We-P的下降量呈显著线性正相关。与MAP和MCP相比,DAP更适合在黑土中施用。     

培养温度和时间对磷肥在黑土中转化的影响

采用室内培养试验研究了培养温度和时间对磷酸二氢钙(MCP)、磷酸二氢铵(MAP)和磷酸氢二铵(DAP)在黑土中转化的影响。结果表明:温度升高增加了黑土对肥料磷的固定,且有利于Al-P的形成;培养50 d后,温度由5℃升至25℃时,We-P在添加MAP和MCP处理的土壤中占外源磷的比例分别降低51%和42%,同时Al-P分别上升110%和45%;在培养初期,温度对Ca8-P和Fe-P形成的影响不显著,但随培养时间的延长,差异显著。25℃时,培养时间对Ca2-P和Ca8-P形成的影响较小;Al-P在培养初期形成速率很快,随培养时间的延长,形成速率下降,而Fe-P的形成速率与之相反;Al-P的增加量与We-P的下降量呈显著线性正相关。与MAP和MCP相比,DAP更适合在黑土中施用。     

不同施磷水平对土壤中重金属镉的钝化效果评价

通过室内培养试验,以P/Cd摩尔配比分别为0,2∶3,3∶2,2∶1,4∶1进行了不同磷肥钝化修复Cd污染土壤试验。采用毒性淋溶提取法(TCLP)和形态分析法评价了磷酸氢二铵(DAP)、磷酸二氢钾(MPP)、过磷酸钙(SSP)和磷酸钙(TCP)对污染土壤中Cd的钝化效果。结果表明,4种磷肥的钝化效果依次为:MPPDAPSSPTCP,4种磷肥的钝化处理可显著降低土壤中TCLP提取态Cd含量,在磷肥剂量水平P/Cd为4∶1时对土壤中Cd的钝化效果最佳,最大降低幅度为49%;添加磷肥能够大幅度提高土壤中速效磷的含量,相同磷水平下,土壤中速效磷含量高低次序为:MPPDAPSSPTCP,TCLP提取态Cd含量随土壤速效磷含量升高而显著降低(R=-0.903**);DAP,MPP,SSP和TCP处理后交换态Cd的浓度降幅分别为23.75%,39.06%,16.60%和18.36%,而碳酸盐结合态(WSA)、铁锰氧化物结合态(Fe-Mn-OX)、有机结合态(OM)和残渣态(RES)Cd的含量均有所升高,表明磷素是通过改变Cd的存在形态而降低其有效态含量的。     

Soil‐solution speciation by MINEQL+4.6 model and plant uptake of Cd and Zn by barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) after application of different phosphate fertilizers

A greenhouse experiment was conducted to investigate the immediate effect of application of mono‐ammonium phosphate (MAP), single superphosphate (SSP), and triple superphosphate (TSP) fertilizers containing varying concentrations of Cd on (1) chemical speciation of Cd and Zn in soil solution by chemical‐equilibrium calculations (MINEQL+4.6 model), (2) growth of barley plants, (3) concentrations of Cd, P, and Zn in soil solution and plant tissue, as well as total plant accumulation of Cd, P, and Zn, and (4) monitoring pH and element changes during incubation periods following phosphate application. Results show that, in general, the pH of soil solution increased during the first 40 d of incubation, then declined. Also, at the end of incubation period, pH of soil solution was affected by fertilization source and fertilization rate. The concentration of Cd in soil solution changed with time. Phosphate fertilization (p < 0.05) or fertilizer source (p < 0.05) showed consistent effects. Also, the application of phosphate fertilizers with three rates significantly increased Zn concentrations in soil solution during the first half (0–30 d) of incubation period and then decreased but still more than in the control. In general, application of different sources of phosphate at 100 g kg^–1 did not change the dominant forms of Cd in soil solution during all incubation time intervals. Speciation of Zn in the control after 30 d of incubation had changed, in comparison to 10 d of incubation, and the dominant forms were Zn²⁺, ZnOH⁺, ZnHCO₃, ZnCO₃(aq), and Zn(OH)₂(aq). Adding phosphate fertilizer significantly increased both shoot and root dry weight compared to control, indicating P was a growth‐limiting factor in the control plants. The Zn concentrations in shoot and root were lower in the TSP‐ and SSP‐fertilizers treatment than those in the MAP and fertilizer treatments at all rates of fertilization. Adding phosphate increased the Cd : Zn and P : Zn ratios in the shoot and root tissue, with the effect being greater with increasing fertilization rate. Phosphate fertilization greatly increased the total accumulation of Cd of barley compared with the control plants (p < 0.001), with the effect being greater with increasing fertilization rate. Source and rate of fertilizers, and their interactions had significant effect (p < 0.05) on Cd accumulation in the whole plant.     

Sorghum and soybean response to natural and modified phosphate rock on acid soils in Venezuela

Abstract

An agronomic evaluation of phosphate rock (PR) on acid soils of Guarico and Anzoategui States was conducted to measure the effect on soil available phosphorus (P), grain yields of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.], and P absorption by these crops. Field experiments were established using a complete randomized block design with three replications. The treatments used were: triple superphosphate (TSP), North Carolina phosphate rock (NCRPR), compacted NCRPR with TSP at 60–40% and 70–30% (NCRPR 60/40 NCRPR 70/30), compacted Venezuelan Monte Fresco phosphate rock 60–40% and 70–30% (MFPR 60/40, MFPR 70/30), finely ground Monte Fresco phosphate rock (MFPR), finely ground Navay phosphate rock (NPR), and a check plot with no P source added. Five rates were applied, 0, 50,100,150, and 200 P₂O₅/ha, broadcasted and incorporated prior to planting. A basic fertilization of N, K, S, Mg, and Zn was uniformly applied to ensure an adequate supply of these nutrients. Soybean seeds were inoculated with Bradyrhizobium japonicum. Soil samples were taken before planting and at harvest, and plant samples taken at critical growth stage (flowering) for tissue analysis, Crop grain yields were measured at 12% moisture content. The relative agronomic effectiveness (RAE) was calculted by the formula: RAE (%( = Yield of the rock ? Yield of check plot/Yield of TSP ? Yield of check plot × 100 Maximum yields in all cases were obtained with TSP, however, in most cases there were no statistically significant differences between TSP and NCRPR as received or compacted (60/40 and 70/30). The compacted Venezuelan phosphate rocks also gave significantly higher yield and RAE responses showing the potential of these P sources for annual crops in the country. The finely ground Venezuelan phosphate rocks increased yields and RAE as compared to the check plot, but they gave the lowest response of all P sources. Soil available P after harvest had a tendency to increase where any source of P was applied or when the rates increased. The increment in soil available P was more evident when TSP and NCRPR as received and compacted were used. The lowest increments were reached with finely ground Navay phosphate rock. Leaf P concentration values were between the sufficiency range, except for those treatment where Monte Fresco and Navay finely ground phosphate rocks were applied at the rate of 50 kg P₂O₅/ha and for the check plot.     

利用稻壳炭提高复合肥料在土壤中的磷素有效性

[目的]研究稻壳炭添加对复合肥料在土壤中磷素有效性的影响,旨在为养分高效、环境友好型复合肥料的开发提供科学依据.[方法]以磷酸一铵(MAP)、磷酸二铵(DAP)、硝酸磷肥(NP)和聚磷酸铵(APP)为磷源,设置0、5％、10％3个稻壳生物炭加入量,与尿素、氯化钾、石粉以及其他辅料制作N-P2O5-K2O比例为15-10...