施用有机肥对土壤有机磷转化的影响研究

采用室内淹水灭菌培养方法,研究施用有机肥后,水稻土有机磷含量动态变化特征,并分析有机肥对水稻土有机磷各组分转化的影响。结果表明,水稻土施用有机肥后有机磷含量呈上升趋势,平均增加43.65 mg.kg-1,且随着施肥量的增加而显著增加;有机肥施用对水稻土有机磷不同组分影响强度不同,依次为高稳态有机磷>活性有机磷>中稳态有机磷>中活性有机磷;有机肥施用量与活性有机磷增加量(r=0.486**)、高稳态有机磷增加量(r=0.713**)均呈极显著正相关关系,有机肥磷素可以直接转化为活性有机磷和高稳态有机磷;无机磷降低幅度与中稳态有机磷增幅(r=0.381*)、高稳态有机磷增幅(r=0.300*)均呈显著正相关关系,施用有机肥可间接促进土壤无机磷向中稳态有机磷和高稳态有机磷转化。     

猪粪和稻草对铬污染黄泥土生物活性的影响

通过培养试验研究了猪粪和稻草对Cr污染黄泥土生物活性的影响。结果表明,Cr污染土壤的生物活性下降。施用有机肥料后,土壤有效态Cr含量降低,降幅约为30%,而微生物量C、N、P含量和脲酶、过氧化氢酶的活性增高,增幅为15%～273%。微生物量C、N与土壤有效态Cr之间有显著的负相关关系,可作为污染土壤的生物指标。     

Effect of organic manure on organic phosphorus fractions in two paddy soils

We investigated the transformation of the organic P fractions from organic manure in two paddy soils (Ultisol, Entisol) and the influence of organic manure or cellulose on organic P under anaerobic conditions. The results obtained from the P fractionation experiment indicated that during the incubation labile and moderately labile organic P fractions increased in the Ultisol and decreased in the Entisol, which might be related to the difference in the organic matter content of both soils. Immediately after the application of organic manure, a large part of labile and moderately labile organic P supplied with the manure was transformed into moderately resistant organic P, possibly Ca- or Mg-inositol P were transformed into Fe-inositol P. During anaerobic incubation, the labile forms of organic P in the soils treated with organic manure were increased along with the incubation period in the first 4 weeks. The change in the moderately labile fraction was dramatic. It increased sharply in the first 2 weeks, then decreased, which was more pronounced in the soils treated with pig faeces. The moderately resistant fraction decreased during the whole incubation period. This indicated that under anaerobic conditions, the moderately resistant fraction can be transformed into labile and moderately labile organic P fractions, perhaps as Fe³⁺-inositol P is reduced to Fe⁺²-inositol P. Cellulose as an organic substrate had an increasing effect on organic P, especially when it was combined with inorganic P. Therefore, it is suggested that the application of inorganic P fertilizer combined with organic manure may be an effective way of protecting inorganic P against intensive sorption in soils.     

有机肥对磷的吸附-解吸的影响及在红壤发育成的水稻土上的有效性

A field test with the traditional rotation of paddy rice/upland crop (wheat) was carried out on a paddy soil derived from red earth to elucidate the effect of organic manure on the phosphorus adsorption-desorption by soil and its P availability. Soil samples were taken from different treatments at rice harvesting stage and analysed. The isothermal adsorption of P by the samples fitted very well with Langmuir equation, and hence, the parameters in the equation, i.e., maximum adsorption (qm), constant related to bonding energy (k) and their product (k × qm) could be used as a comprehensive index to characterize the potential P adsorptivity of the soil. Organo-inorganic fertilization and organic manuring could decrease qm and k, while mineral P application had little effect on them. The isothermal desorption of P was significantly correlated with initially added and isothermally adsorbed P. Part of P added was fixed, which represented the P fixation capacity of soil, and organic manuring could obviously lower the P fixation. The content of soil available P had a significant negative correlation with qm, k and fixed P. It is concluded that organic manure could increase the P availability of paddy soil derived from red earth by decreasing qm, k, maximum buffering capacity (MBC=k × qm) and fixation capacity.     

Tillage effect on organic carbon in a purple paddy soil

The distribution and storage of soil organic carbon （SOC） based on a long-term experiment with various tillage systems were studied in a paddy soil derived from purple soil in Chongqing, China. Organic carbon storage in the 0-20 and 0-40 cm soil layers under different tillage systems were in an order： ridge tillage with rice-rape rotation （RT-rr） 〉 conventional tillage with rice only （CT-r） 〉 ridge tillage with rice only （RT-r） 〉 conventional tillage with rice-rape rotation （CT-rr）. The RT-rr system had significantly higher levels of soil organic carbon in the 0-40 cm topsoil, while the proportion of the total remaining organic carbon in the total soil organic carbon in the 0-10 cm layer was greatest in the RT-rr system. This was the reason why the RT-rr system enhanced soil organic carbon storage. These showed that tillage system type was crucial for carbon storage. Carbon levels in soil humus and crop-yield results showed that the RT-rr system enhanced soil fertility and crop productivity. Adoption of this tillage system would be beneficial both for environmental protection and economic development.     

有机肥绿肥配施对水稻土有机碳组分和水稻产量的影响

该研究以两年稻田定位试验为基础,设置有机肥(OF)、有机肥+绿肥2 000 kg·hm~(-2)(OF+GM1)、有机肥+绿肥3 000 kg·hm~(-2)(OF+GM2)和有机肥+绿肥4 000 kg·hm~(-2)(OF+GM3)4个处理,探讨不同处理对土壤有机碳组分和水稻产量的影响。结果表明,与OF处理相比,有机肥绿肥配施未提高土壤及团聚体有机碳含量,却显著提高水稻产量(OFOF+GM1OF+GM2和OF+GM3);把0.25～2 mm团聚体直接分成3个组分后发现,有机碳含量随各组分粒径增大而提高,与OF处理相比,绿肥还田能显著提高0.05～0.25和0.05 mm两个组分有机碳含量,通过密度分组实验对比,发现这两个组分有机碳变化主要由游离轻组有机碳引起;相关分析表明,水稻产量与0.25～2 mm团聚体和0.05～0.25 mm组分有机碳含量显著正相关,由于0.25～2 mm团聚体有机碳在处理间无显著差异,绿肥还田可能主要通过0.05～0.25 mm组分有机碳含量变化间接影响水稻产量。综上所述,水稻生产中,提倡有机肥配施绿肥以提高水稻产量和进行土壤培肥,配施绿肥量可根据田间绿肥实际产草量选择3 000～4 000 kg·hm~(-2)较为适宜。     

紫色水稻土轻组有机质的季节动态研究

以位于重庆市北碚区西南大学试验农场(30°26′N,106°26′E)的紫色水稻土为研究对象,利用重液(NaI,密度1.8 g·cm-3)对土壤中轻组组分进行提取,对土壤中轻组有机质在整个油菜生长季的季节变化情况进行分析与讨论。结果表明:表层(0~30 cm)土壤轻组物质(LF)的含量为2.95%~5.51%,平均值为4.38%;土壤轻组有机碳含量(LFOC)和轻组氮含量(LFN)的变化范围分别为1.44~3.72 g·kg-1和0.08~0.17 g·kg-1,其平均值分别为2.79 g·kg-1和0.14 g·kg-1。LFOC具有明显的季节变化(P<0.05),其含量在油菜生长中期最高,其次是生长后期,而在生长初期最低;LFN的季节变化趋势与LFOC一致,但季节差异性不显著(P>0.05)。轻组有机碳分配比例(LFOC/SOC)的变化范围为9.21%~24.47%,具有明显的季节变化(P<0.05),其变化趋势与LFOC的季节变化一致;而轻组氮的分配比例(LFN/TN)变化范围为4.55%~12.58%,无明显的季节变化。轻组C/N比值季节变化范围为18.52~25.04,平均值为20.66,全土C/N比值的变化范围为9.04~14.36,平均值为11.66,说明轻组有机质的生物可利用性较土壤总有机质高。相关分析表明,轻组有机碳、氮含量分别与根系生物量、根系碳含量、根系氮含量呈极显著(P<0.01)或显著(P<0.05)正相关;回归分析表明,土壤轻组有机碳、氮含量变化的40%~60%可由根系生物量、根系碳氮含量决定,说明根系是调控紫色水稻土轻组有机碳、氮季节变化的主要生态因子。     

长期施肥对红壤性水稻土有机磷组分的影响

以19年肥料长期定位试验为背景,应用Bowman和Cole的有机磷分组方法,对红壤性水稻土有机磷组分及其变化进行了研究。结果表明:红壤性水稻土耕层有机磷含量较高,为225.93～322.47mgkg-1,占土壤全磷的28.59%～42.34%。土壤有机磷各组分中以中度活性有机磷含量最高,平均为134.80mgkg-1,占有机磷总量的51 58%;中度稳定性有机磷(92.46mgkg-1)占35.38%;高度稳定性有机磷(20.35mgkg-1)占7.79%;活性有机磷含量最低(13.67mgkg-1),占5.23%;长期施肥对土壤各组分有机磷量产生影响,耗磷处理,主要是中度活性有机磷和活性有机磷下降,降低量以CKNK处理。施磷主要促进中度稳定性有机磷和高度稳定性有机磷的增加,增加幅度以NPK+OMPNPK处理。不同施肥措施对土壤有机磷和无机磷库的耗竭或积累速度是不同的,耗磷条件,土壤有机磷/无机磷的比值上升,施磷使有机磷/无机磷比值下降.土壤供磷强度与有机磷/无机磷的比值呈显著负相关(r=-0.9497* ,r0.05=0.878)。     

低分子量有机酸对土壤磷活化影响的研究

研究两种低分子量有机酸（柠檬酸和苹果酸）对土壤磷活化影响,并用修正的Hedley法测定土壤磷活化前后磷组分的变化。结果表明,低分子量有机酸能持续活化土壤磷,活化强度随低分子量有机酸浓度的增大而增强,并且柠檬酸活化土壤磷的能力强于苹果酸。低分子量有机酸能促进作物有效态无机磷组分（H2O-P和NaHCO3-Pi）的释放;同时还促进有机磷组分（NaHCO3-Po和NaOH-Po）的矿化。在低分子量有机酸浓度达到0.5 mmol/L以上时,其对土壤磷组分的活化量的顺序为:NaOH-Pi HCl-P NaHCO3-Pi H2O-P,即铁铝结合态磷 钙结合态磷 作物有效态磷。低分子量有机酸活化土壤磷的过程中伴有大量铁、铝释放,且铁或铝的释放量与磷活化量之间显著正相关（P0.05）。说明铁、铝结合态磷是低分子量有机酸活化土壤磷的主要磷源,并且其活化机制可能与铁、铝结合态磷的螯合溶解有关。     

有机肥对旱地红壤供磷效应的研究

研究了施用有机肥对土壤磷形态的影响 ,分析了不同有机肥施用量下土壤各种磷组分变化。结果表明 ,施用有机肥能显著增加旱地红壤的速效磷含量。有机肥对土壤速效磷的影响随其 C/P比不同而不同。有机肥能提高土壤中等活性有机磷的含量。中等活性有机磷是土壤速效磷主要的有机磷源。施用有机肥 ,能增加土壤磷的供应和贮备 ,并能增加作物的吸磷量及产量     

温度和植物残体对紫色母岩发育的水稻土有机碳矿化的影响

培养试验研究了2种温度下紫色水稻土有机碳的矿化特征以及添加不同植物残体对其矿化的影响。结果表明, 62d的培养过程中,有机碳累积矿化量在28℃条件下为C 66.79 mg/g;40℃条件下为C 86.99 mg/g,差异达到极显著水平。用一级动力学方程对植物残体的矿化速率进行拟合表明,28℃条件下,植物残体的分解速率常数（k）为蚕豆秸秆玉米秸秆水稻秸秆,而40℃条件下则为水稻秸秆玉米秸秆蚕豆秸秆。温度状况和植物残体化学组分的差异影响了紫色水稻土中有机碳的动态变化,最终导致了碳累积矿化量的差异。     

长期种植绿肥稻田土壤颗粒有机碳演变特征

【目的】基于长期定位试验探讨长期冬种绿肥稻田颗粒有机碳演变特征与土壤肥力的关系。【方法】以中国农业科学院祁阳红壤实验站水田轮作制度长期定位试验为基础,测定了1982年至2012年每6年一次的历史土壤-样品的颗粒含量、颗粒有机碳含量和稻田土壤养分含量。试验设4个处理:1)稻-稻-冬闲(R-R-WF):2)稻-稻--油菜(R-R-RP):3)稻-稻-紫云英(R-R-MV);4)稻-稻-黑麦草(R-R-RG)。晚稻收获后,采集0-20 cm耕层土壤。土壤颗粒分级采用改进的Anderson离心法得到砂粒(53~2000μm)、粗粉粒(5~53μm)、细粉粒(2~5μm)、粗粘粒(0.2~2μm)和细粘粒(0.2μm)。采用重铬酸钾法测定土壤颗粒有机碳含量。【结果】1)30年试验后三种绿肥处理稻田土壤有机碳在不同土壤颗粒中的分布表现为细粘粒(28.05~28.27 g/kg)粗粘粒(25.76~26.91 g/kg)细粉粒(12.80~14.52 g/kg)、砂粒(13.83~14.92 g/kg)粗粉粒(1.67~2.62g/kg),与冬闲处理(R-R-WF)相比,土壤总有机碳、细粘粒有机碳和粗粘粒有机碳含量分别显著增加34.6%~42.4%、12.3%~13.2%、6.1%~10.9%砂粒有机碳含量显著降低26.2%~31.6%(P0.05)。2)30年试验后,三种绿肥处理稻田土壤总有机碳在不同颗粒中平均分布比例为粗粘粒有机碳(45.0%)细粉粒有机碳(25.8%)细粘粒有机碳(15.1%)砂粒有机碳(11.5%)粗粉粒有机碳(2.7%),与R-R-WF处理相比,总有机碳在粗粘粒中的比例提高8.0%~12.8%在砂粒中的比例降低36.8%~42.9%在细粘粒、细粉粒、粗粉粒中的比例提高5.3%~6.1%、5.5%~6.4%、6.5%~8.1%。3)长期种植绿肥土壤总有机碳、粗粘粒有机碳、细粘粒有机碳含量与时间(年)呈现极显著线性正相关(P0.01),累积速率分别为0.16 g/(kg·a)、0.31 g/(kg·a)、0.22 g/(kg·a);砂粒有机碳、粗粉粒有机碳、细粉粒有机碳含量与时间(年)呈现显著线性负相关(P0.05),消减速率分别为0.59 g/(kg·a)、0.35 g/(kg·a)、0.19 g/(kg·a)。粗粘粒有机碳年均增幅1.5%,是细粘粒有机碳增幅的1.5倍;粗粉粒有机碳年均减幅2.7%,是细粉粒、砂粒有机碳减幅的2.8倍和1.5倍。4)细粘粒、粗粘粒有机碳含量与总有机碳含量呈极显著正相关(P0.01),且与粗粘粒有机碳相关性更为紧密;细粘粒、粗粘粒有机碳含量与土壤全氮、全磷、有效磷、碱解氮、速效钾含量呈(极)显著相关关系(P0.01)且粗粘粒有机碳含量与土壤养分含量相关性更为紧密。【结论】粗粘粒有机碳含量高、分布比例大,是稻田土壤有机碳最重要的组成部分;粗粘粒对有机碳的固持能力强,对土壤总有机碳含量变化的响应最敏感,是土壤有机碳最稳定的组分;粗粘粒有机碳与土壤养分相关性显著与土壤肥力关系最紧密,因此粗粘粒有机碳可以作为指示稻田土壤肥力水平的一个重要指标。     

长期有机物循环利用对红壤稻田土壤供磷能力的影响

采用盆栽试验,研究了长期不同施肥处理定位试验土壤供磷能力的差异,并从土壤磷素平衡、全磷、有机磷、Olsen-P和MB-P的含量的变化等方面探索了导致供磷能力差异的原因。结果表明,长期施用磷肥能显著提高土壤的供磷能力,其中以有机物循环利用配合磷肥施用处理土壤的供磷量能力最高,植株平均吸磷量是长期不施磷肥处理的3.5倍,比长期施用磷肥处理平均高出59.8%。长期单施氮肥导致土壤供磷能力衰竭,植株总吸磷量比长期不施肥还低17.2%,单一有机物循环利用和配施N肥植株总吸磷量比长期不施肥分别高80.3%和40.2%。有机物循环利用能明显提高土壤微生物对磷素的固持量,土壤微生物对无机磷的利用可能是其向有效磷转化的关键途径。磷肥配合系统内有机物循环利用,是提高红壤稻田土壤供磷能力的有效施肥模式。     

钙质紫泥田水稻氮磷钾施肥效应研究

研究了钙质紫泥田水稻氮磷钾的施肥效应,分析了肥料的因素效应及合理施用量。结果表明:(1)在试验施肥量范围内,水稻产量与肥料用量呈二次多项式函数关系;(2)磷和氮的效应高,钾肥效应低;(3)棕紫泥夹砂田水稻合理施肥量为每公顷N 125~130 kg、P2O570 kg、K2O 0~30 kg,下湿紫泥田为N 85~90 kg、P2O555 kg、K2O 0~20 kg;(4)地下水位高、湿害严重,是下湿紫泥田生产水平低、施肥效果差的根本原因,改造途径是深沟排水、脱潜治理。     

氮肥对绿洲稻田土壤硝态氮动态的影响及其生物学效应

我国氮肥的利用率一般只有30%左右,氮素损失约占30%～50%[1].其中,土壤硝态氮的淋洗是重要的损失途径,一直受到广泛关注[2-4].硝态氮在土壤中很少被土壤颗粒所吸持,主要以溶质的形式存在于土壤溶液中,从而成为评价地下水水质好坏的重要指标之一.     

Dairy manure treatment effects on manure phosphorus fractionation and changes in soil test phosphorus

In this research, a sequential fractionation procedure coupled with enzyme hydrolysis was used to categorize the phosphorus (P) forms of 18 manure samples collected from in-barn composted bedded pack (beef manure), anaerobic digestion with liquid–solid separation (dairy manure), and liquid–solid separation systems (dairy manure). This research also determined the effects of those P forms on the increase in soil test P (STP) of five soil series. The soils used had initial Bray-1 P ranging from 16 to 43 mg P kg^?1. Total dry-ash P (P_t) of the manures ranged from 1.4 to 15.0 g P kg^?1; total inorganic P (P_it) accounted for 20 to 81 % of P_t; and enzymatically hydrolysable P (P_et) accounted for 5 to 26 % of P_t. Liquid–solid separation tended to concentrate the manure P in the liquid fractions. In contrast, anaerobic digestion did not affect the manure P distribution compared with the undigested raw manure from the same system. No differences in P distribution were found for the compost bedded pack manure. In the soil incubation study, manure and fertilizer were applied at 40 mg total P kg^?1. Separated liquid manure from two systems tended to increase STP more than the separated solid manures from the same systems. Although anaerobic digestion modified some of the physical and chemical properties of the treated manures, it did not clearly impact how digested manure increased STP compared with the raw manures. Overall, the increase in STP after treated manure application was found to be a function of soil clay content and manure P_it?+?P_et applied.     

太湖地区稻田绿肥固氮量及绿肥还田对水稻产量和稻田土壤氮素特征的影响

通过田间试验,利用15N自然丰度法,研究了太湖地区水稻土冬季绿肥的固氮量,以及绿肥还田后配施氮肥对水稻产量、稻田土壤供氮能力及土壤氮素淋失特征的影响。试验结果表明,紫云英和蚕豆当季分别能固定氮约32.8和68.8 kg km-2进入稻田生态系统以培肥土壤和供下季水稻利用。蚕豆秸秆还田后基本能满足水稻生长所需的氮,紫云英和蚕豆还田施氮120 kg km-2时,既可保证水稻较高产量,又节约当季化学氮肥45%～55%。紫云英和蚕豆还田不施氮肥处理,整个生长期耕层土壤溶液NH+4-N、NO-3-N和TN浓度均低于配施氮肥的处理;蚕豆还田处理土壤溶液TN浓度高于紫云英还田处理。随氮肥用量增加,NH+4-N、NO-3-N和TN浓度有增加趋势,不同施氮量间差异不显著。绿肥-水稻轮作,紫云英和蚕豆还田土壤氮素淋溶显著降低。配施氮肥增加了土壤氮的淋失量,尤其施氮300 kg km-2处理,土壤淋溶液NH+4-N、TN浓度显著高于施氮0～240 kg km-2的处理。     

长期施肥对红壤性水稻土团聚体稳定性及固碳特征的影响

施用有机肥是提高土壤有机碳(SOC)含量、促进土壤团聚体形成和改善土壤结构的重要措施。本研究旨在探讨长期作物残留和投入有机物料对水稻土团聚体分布及稳定性的影响,分析不同粒级团聚体的固碳特征及其与团聚体形成的相关性,以及土壤和不同粒级团聚体对累积碳投入的响应。长期定位施肥试验始于1986年,设不施肥(CK)、单施化肥(CF)、秸秆化肥混施(RS)、低量粪肥配施化肥(M1)和高量粪肥配施化肥(M2)5个处理。2009年采集0~10 cm土壤样品,测定总土以及大团聚体(LM,2 mm)、较大团聚体(SM,0.25~2 mm)、微团聚体(MA,0.25~0.053 mm)和黏粉粒(SC,0.053 mm)的质量比例及其SOC浓度,并分析闭蓄于SM内部的颗粒有机物(POM)、微团聚体(MA-SM)和黏粉粒(SC-SM)的质量含量和SOC浓度。结果表明,与CK和CF比较,有机肥混施化肥处理(RS、M1和M2)均显著提高了LM和SM的质量比例和平均当量直径(MWD),降低了SC质量含量;两个粪肥配施化肥处理(M1和M2)的效果优于秸秆化肥混施(RS),但是M1和M2间差异不显著;单施化肥则降低了稳定性团聚体的比例。团聚体的SOC浓度没有随粒级增大而增加,各处理均为LM和SM结合的SOC浓度最高,其次为SC,最小为MA。与CK比较,有机肥混施化肥处理均显著提高了各粒级团聚体的SOC浓度。总土SOC的增加主要取决于SM的SOC含量,而MA-SM组分决定了SM固持SOC的能力。总土、LM和SM的SOC含量以及从SM分离出的POM、MA-SM和SC-SM的SOC含量均与累积碳投入量呈显著正相关,但总土分离出的MA和SC的SOC含量对累积碳投入量反应不敏感,表现出碳饱和迹象。因此,尽管长期大量施用有机物料促进了红壤性水稻土大团聚体的形成和团聚体稳定性,增加了其SOC的固持,但有机质可能不是该土壤水稳性团聚体形成的最主要黏结剂。