Nitrogen mineralization in soil amended with sewage sludge and fly ash

Summary The effect of fly ash on N mineralization in sewage sludge was studied during a 5-week aerobic incubation of soil-waste mixtures at different loading rates under controlled conditions. Periodically, the mixtures were leached with distilled water and the inorganic N released was determined in the percolates. The data were tested by an analysis of variance with repeated measures. Significant differences were found among different incubation periods and also between different treatments. The net N mineralization, expressed as a percentage of organic N added in the sludge, was drastically reduced when higher rates (500 Mg ha^-1) of fly ash were added.     

Reduction in CO2 emission from normal and saline soils amended with coal fly ash

Purpose

Fly ash can reduce CO₂ emission from soils via biochemical (i.e., inhibition of microbial activity) and physicochemical (i.e., carbonation) mechanisms. This study investigated the effects of fly ash amendment on biochemical and physicochemical reduction in CO₂ emission from normal and saline soils.

Materials and methods

The physicochemical mechanisms of reduction in CO₂ emission by fly ash were estimated in a batch experiment with carbonate solution as a CO₂ source by the scanning electron microscope (SEM) and inductively coupled plasma analyses. Biochemical mechanisms of reduction in CO₂ emission by fly ash were investigated in a 3-day laboratory incubation experiment with normal and saline soils in the absence and presence of fly ash. Finally, the effects of fly ash amendment at a variety rate from 2 to 15?% (w/w) on CO₂ emission from normal and saline soils in the presence of additional organic carbon source (glucose) were investigated through a 15-day laboratory incubation study.

Results and discussion

In the batch experiment with carbonate solution, both the SEM image of fly ash and changes in soluble Ca and Mg concentrations during reaction with carbonate suggested that the formation of CaCO₃ and MgCO₃ via carbonation was the principal physicochemical mechanism of carbonate removal by fly ash. In the 3-day incubation study conducted to examine biochemical mechanisms of reduction in CO₂ emission by fly ash, microbial respiration of saline soil was inhibited (P?<?0.05) by fly ash due to high pH, salinity, and boron concentration of fly ash; meanwhile, for normal soil, there was no inhibitory effect of fly ash on microbial respiration. In the 15-day incubation with glucose, fly ash application at a variety rates from 2 to 15?% (w/w) reduced CO₂ emission by 3.6 to 21.4?% for normal and by 19.8 to 30.3?% for saline soil compared to the control without fly ash. For saline soil, the reduction in CO₂ emission was attributed primarily to inhibition of microbial respiration by fly ash; however, for normal soil in which suppression of microbial respiration by fly ash was not apparent, carbonation was believed to play an important role in reduction of CO₂ emission.

Conclusions

Therefore, fly ash may be helpful in reducing CO₂ emission from normal soils via carbonation. For saline soil, however, fly ash needs to be carefully considered as a soil amendment to reduce CO₂ emission as it can inhibit soil microbial activities and thus degrade soil quality.     

砒砂岩改良风沙土对磷的吸附特性影响研究

【目的】适量砒砂岩能有效改良风沙土的吸水和保水特性,但对于砒砂岩改良风沙土的养分有效性尚不清楚。本文研究了不同用量的砒砂岩改良风沙土对磷吸附特性的影响,以期为评价改良土壤对磷的吸附特性,揭示改良土壤对磷的吸附机理和指导磷肥合理施用提供依据。【方法】本试验设计了砒砂岩和风沙土0∶100(L)、10∶90(LS1)、25∶75(LS2)、50∶50(LS3)、75∶25(LS4)、90∶10(LS5)和100∶0(S)(烘干质量比)7个不同比例的改良模式。研究了在25℃下砒砂岩不同添加量改良风沙土的磷吸附动力学和等温吸附特征,并应用吸附动力学模型和等温吸附模型进行参数拟合,以揭示改良土壤对磷的吸附机理,同时分析了砒砂岩添加比例与改良土壤中磷的最大吸附量的关系。【结果】1)同一初始浓度下,随着吸附时间的延长,改良土壤对磷的吸附量呈增大趋势,24 h后逐渐达到平衡。2)吸附时间一定的情况下,随着磷初始浓度的增大,改良土壤对磷的吸附量逐渐增大,直到接近或达到吸附最大值。3)风沙土对磷的吸附量大于砒砂岩的吸附量,改良土壤中随着砒砂岩添加比例的增加,土壤对磷的吸附量呈减小趋势。4)风沙土、砒砂岩和改良土壤对磷的吸附动力学曲线符合准二级动力学模型。等温吸附曲线以Langmuir模型的拟合效果最优。5)风沙土、砒砂岩和改良土壤对磷的吸附属于均质的单层吸附,由膜扩散和颗粒内扩散共同控制吸附反应速率,吸附机理主要是化学吸附和离子交换。6)改良土壤对磷的最大吸附量随砒砂岩添加比例的增加呈线性减小关系。在生产实践中,可通过测定砒砂岩和风沙土对磷的最大吸附量及风沙土中砒砂岩的添加比例来对改良土壤中磷的最大吸附量进行预测。【结论】砒砂岩可显著减小风沙土对磷的吸附固定,增加施入磷肥的有效性。所以当改良土壤恢复植被以后,磷肥施用初期,砒砂岩添加比例较大的改良土壤中,磷素的肥效较好。但随着植物的生长利用,各改良土壤中吸附磷素的释放效果以及磷肥肥效的持续性有待进一步研究。     

The use of coal fly ash in sodic soil reclamation

An experiment was conducted for two years in northwest India to explore the feasibility of using coal fly ash for reclamation of waterlogged sodic soils and its resultant effects on plant growth in padi–wheat rotation. The initial pH, electrical conductivity, exchangeable sodium percentage and sodium adsorption ratio of the experimental soil were 9.07, 3.87 dS m⁻¹, 26.0 and 4.77 (me l)^−1/2, respectively. The fly ash obtained from electrostatic precipitators of thermal power plant had a pH of 5.89 and electrical conductivity of 0.88 dS m⁻¹. The treatments comprised of fly ash levels of 0.0, 1.5, 3.0, 4.5, 6.0 and 7.5 per cent, used alone as well as in combination with 100, 80, 60, 40, 20 and 10 per cent gypsum requirement of the soil, respectively. There was a slight reduction in soil pH while electrical conductivity of the soil decreased significantly with fly ash as measured after padi and wheat crops. The sodium adsorption ratio of the soil decreased with increasing fly ash levels, while gypsum treatments considerably added to its favourable effects. Fly ash application increased the available elemental status of N, K, Ca, Mg, S, Fe, Mn, B, Mo, Al, Pb, Ni, Co, but decreased Na, P and Zn in the soil. An application of fly ash to the soil also increased the concentrations of above elements except Na, P and Zn in the seeds and straw of padi and wheat crops. The available as well as elemental concentrations in the plants was maximum in the 0 per cent fly ash + 100 per cent gypsum requirement treatment except Na and heavy elements like Ni, Co, Cr. The treatment effects were greater in the fly ash + gypsum requirement combinations as compared to fly ash alone. Saturated hydraulic conductivity and soil water retention generally improved with the addition of fly ash while bulk density decreased. Application of fly ash up to 4.5 per cent level increased the straw and grain yield of padi and wheat crops significantly in both years. The results indicated that for reclaiming sodic soils of the southwest Punjab, gypsum could possibly be substituted up to 40 per cent of the gypsum requirement with 3.0 per cent acidic fly ash. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Lead contents of coal,coal ash and fly ash

Flameless atomic absorption spectrometry is applied for the determination of Pb in coal, coal ash and fly ash. Lead concentrations in coal and coal ash ranging from respectively 7 to 110 µg g^?1 and 120 to 450 µg g^?1 are found. A mean concentration of 1520 µg g^?1 in fly ash corresponding to a concentration of 117 µg m^?3 in the effluent gas suggests the importance of coal combustion as an atmospheric source of Ph. The contribution of coal combustion to the total Pb emissions is conservatively estimated at 6%.     

长期施肥条件下灰漠土磷的吸附与解吸特征

通过等温吸附与解吸试验,研究了长期施肥条件下不同磷素含量水平的灰漠土耕层0~20 cm土壤磷素吸附与解吸特征。结果表明,在实验浓度范围内,不同Olsen-P水平的灰漠土土壤,随外源磷量的增加,磷的吸附量、解吸量及解吸率均逐渐增大,吸附率逐渐减小。土壤Olsen-P含量水平与土壤磷素吸附饱和度（DPS）的大小呈正相关关系。处理间比较,土壤最大吸附量（Xm）值为CK>NPK≈NPKM>PK≈NPKS、且处理间达到极显著差异水平;NPK处理的吸附常数（K）值与土壤最大缓冲容量（MBC）值均极显著地大于CK、PK、NPKM和NPKS处理。该4个处理间比较：K值无显著差异,MBC值CK极显著大于PK和NPKS处理、CK与NPKM、PK与NPKS处理间差异不显著。化肥配施有机肥或秸秆的处理土壤易解吸磷（RDP）值极显著大于单施化肥的处理,释磷效果以化肥有机肥配施为最优。     

长期施肥条件下灰漠土磷的吸附与解吸特征

通过等温吸附与解吸试验,研究了长期施肥条件下不同水平的灰漠土耕层0～ 20 cm土壤磷素吸附与解吸特征.结果表明,在实验浓度范围内,不同Olsen-P水平的灰漠土土壤,随外源磷量的增加,磷的吸附量、解吸量及解吸率均逐渐增大,吸附率逐渐减小.土壤Olsen-P含最水平与土壤磷素吸附饱和度(DPS)的大小呈正相关关系.处理间比较,土壤最大吸附量(Xm)值为CK＞ NPK≈NPKM＞ PK≈NPKS、且处理间达到极显著差异水平;NPK处理的吸附常数(K)值与土壤最大缓冲容量(MBC)值均极显著地大于CK、PK、NPKM和NPKS处理.该4个处理间比较:K值无显著差异,MBC值CK极显著大于PK和NPKS处理、CK与NPKM、PK与NPKS处理间差异不显著.化肥配施有机肥或秸秆的处理土壤易解吸磷(RDP)值极显著大于单施化肥的处理,释磷效果以化肥有机肥配施为最优.     

Structural and hydrological alterations of soil due to addition of coal fly ash

Purpose  

We tested the potential of using coal fly ash for improving the physical and hydrological characteristics of coarse and medium-textured agricultural soils.     

Phosphorus solubility changes with time in organically amended soil in a mediterranean environment

Abstract

As in other areas of the world, in the Middle East, phosphorus (P) is also a vital element in agricultural production. Laboratory studies have shown how inorganic P changes with time after application. With increased interest in the use of organic wastes, the extent to which seasonal change, characteristic of the Mediterranean climate, affects transformation of organic P alone and in combination with fertilizer P has been given attention. This preliminary pot experiment, conducted under outdoor conditions, examined changes in sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃)‐extractable P over a 19‐month period in soil amended with organic matter as farmyard manure (5%) and superphosphate (100 mg/kg P). During the initial cool winter season's incubation, there was no change in available P. With the onset of the warmer dry season, NaHCO₃‐extractable P declined rapidly. The rate of decrease was greater, and the onset earlier with inorganic P alone. Organic matter reduced the P Sorption maxima and increased desorption. Thus, organic matter, whether added or as accumulated root biomass, enhances the longevity and potential plant availability of P in soils of a xeric moisture regime. Future field research should focus on monitoring, with time, the various organic and inorganic P fractions as well as detailed moisture and temperature measurements.     

A two-year experience on 15N-urea fertilization of a corn field amended with fly ash

Soybean seedlings (Glycine max) were exposed to simulated acid rain containing sulfate ion only or a mixture of sulfate, nitrate and chloride anions, using a continuous rain generating system in a side opened glasshouse. Plants were subjected to acid rain treatment twice a week, for a 1 or 3 hr period at a rate of 2.2 or 5.0 mm hr^?1, respectively. Dry seed yield in plants treated with simulated acid rain at pH 2.0, in the three of 4 experiments conducted over a 3 yr period, was significantly less than that at pH 3.0 or higher. Simulated acid rain treatment at pH 3.0 or higher did not significantly affect yield compared to pH 5.6; however, plants exposed to simulated acid rain at pH 4.0 tended to yield more than those treated with pH 5.6 rain. Based on the current 3 years of research in which results from 4 experiments were combined, rain acidity at current levels in Japan would not directly affect seed production of selected cultivars of soybean.     

长期施磷黑土中磷的吸附–解吸特征及其影响因素

  【目的】  比较长期不施磷与施磷黑土对外源磷的吸附–解吸特征,为黑土区磷素管理提供理论基础。  【方法】  供试黑土长期定位试验位于吉林省公主岭市,始于1990年。2018年选择其中不施肥(CK),施氮钾肥(NK),施氮磷钾肥(NPK)和氮磷钾+有机肥(NPK+M) 4个处理小区,采集0—20、20—40和40—60 cm土层的土壤样品,分析了土壤理化性质,采用恒温平衡法测定了土壤磷的吸附–解吸特征,并由此计算得到磷最大吸附量(Q_m)、吸附亲和力常数(K_Q)、最大缓冲容量(MBC)、磷吸附饱和度(DPS)、最大解吸量(D_m)和解吸率(D_r)。  【结果】  随着平衡溶液中磷浓度的增加,磷的吸附量与解吸量均呈先快速增加后逐渐趋于平衡的过程。与不施磷处理(CK和NK)土壤相比,施磷处理(NPK、NPK+M)减少了磷的吸附量,增加了磷的解吸量。与不施磷处理相比,施磷处理在0—60 cm剖面上的Q_m和MBC值分别降低了4.94%～63.46%和15.90%～75.18%,D_r值增加了8.52%～474.0%,以NPK+M处理变化量最大。施磷处理比不施磷处理在0—60 cm土壤剖面上全磷和有机质含量分别增加了34.40%～145.5%和12.77%～50.07%,游离态铁铝氧化物(Fe_d+Al_d)含量降低了5.14%～11.35%。冗余分析表明,不施磷处理土壤的有机质、Fe_d+Al_d和全磷,以及施磷处理中的Fe_d+Al_d、络合态铁铝氧化物(Fe_p+Al_p)、pH和有机质是影响磷吸附解吸特征参数的主要土壤因子,分别解释了不施磷和施磷处理全部变异的77.59%和90.62%。土壤有效磷(Olsen-P)与磷吸附饱和度(DPS)相关关系表明,所研究的黑土DPS环境界限值为8%左右,NPK+M处理中3个土层的DPS_M-P值(由Mehlich-3 浸提的磷、铁和铝计算)为7.77%～25.96%,DPS_O-P值(由Olsen-P和Q_m计算)为17.24%～24.75%,均高于此环境界限值,具有磷素流失的风险。  【结论】  长期施磷降低了黑土对外源磷的吸附量,增加了磷解吸量。长期不施磷肥,土壤对磷的吸附和解吸主要受有机质、游离态铁铝氧化物的影响。而长期施肥,特别是有机肥与化肥配合处理,土壤中游离态和络合态铁铝氧化物、有机质及pH是影响磷吸附解吸特征的主要因素。     

Fenhexamid adsorption behavior on soil amended with wine lees

The adsorption of fenhexamid (FEN) [N-(2,3-dichloro-4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-methylcyclohexanecarboxamide] on vineyard soil amended with wine lees (WL) produced by vinery was studied. The adsorption extent depends on WL fraction. The addition of the centrifuged solid lees (SWL) increases the FEN adsorption on soil. Most likely, the organic insoluble fraction formed mainly by dead fermentation yeasts is responsible for the observed increase. The adsorption measured on some deactivated yeasts of wine fermentation shows that Saccharomyces cerevisiae are the most active in FEN retention. On the other hand, the soil amendment with whole WL decreases considerably the fungicide adsorption. This opposite effect may be the result of FEN hydrophobic bonds with the dissolved organic matter of lees that keeps fungicide in solution. This hypothesis is substantiated by the increased FEN solubility in the supernatant of centrifuged wine lees (LWL). The results of soil column mobility confirm that the elution with LWL increases the mobility of FEN in soil.     

Fractionation and transport of nutrients among coal ash residues and in soil covered with fly ash-amended organic compost

Coal-fired power plants generate different types of ash residues and discharge small particles and vapors to the atmosphere. The ash residues which account for the major part of the byproducts are collected and stored as bottom ash, boiler ash, and fly ash, weathered ash and ash in lagoon. Analysis of water extracts of these residues will reveal how the nutrients are distributed in these residues and transported to aquatic systems. Equally interesting is the study of the downward movement of nutrients in soil treated with fly ash-amended organic compost when used as a manure for agricultural crops. In this work water extracts of different types of ash residues and eluates from descending ports of an experimental column of soil at different depths were also analyzed. Our results showed that there is considerable difference in the efficiency of removal and deposition of nutrients on different residues collected from the power plant and stored outside. Bottom ash was found to accumulate K, N, and S while Ca is enriched in ash from lagoon. Transition metals such as Zn, Mn, and Cu are concentrated in weathered ash. The concentration of most of the nutrients was found to decrease, in column experiments, as a function of depth and level to a depth of 80 cm.     

Effect of an artificial soil mix from coal fly ash and sewage sludge on soil microbial activity

An artificial soil mix was prepared from coal fly ash and sewage sludge and an experiment was performed to evaluate their effects on soil microbial respiration. Coal fly ash at 0%, 5%, 10%, 35% and 50% w/w was mixed with dewatered sewage sludge and then each ash-sludge mixture was incubated with a sandy soil at 1:1 v/v at 28°C for 42 days. All treatments showed the same carbon dioxide production pattern with a peak production at day 7 to day 14. Addition of ash-sludge mixtures to soil resulted in an increase in carbon dioxide production but the production rate decreased according to the ash amendment rate. The high pH of coal fly ash and the dilution effect of the sludge were the major reasons for the decrease. However, the ecological dose 50% values sharply increased from 26% at day 3 to 39% ash at day 14. This indicates the rapid acclimatization of microorganisms to the fly ash-sludge mixtures. Therefore, a brief stabilization period may be required for the establishment of soil microbial populations in soil amended with ash-sludge mixtures.     

粉煤灰堆场附近农田土壤硒环境污染评价

对贞观山煤灰库附近农田土壤、土壤剖面、灌溉水、母岩以及稻米,蔬菜等农作物中Se含量特征及污染现状进行了系统分析与评价.结果显示:煤灰库周围的农田土壤Se含量范围为0.15～6.12mg/kg,受到不同程度污染.土壤Se含量空间分布特征表明.离煤灰库越近的农田土壤Se污染越严重.农田土壤Se污染主要是由Se含量超标地表水灌溉以及煤灰库的长期处置所引起的,受母岩的影响不大.研究区稻米Se含量较高,为0.04～1.12mg/kg,部分稻米样品Se含量超标严重,并且受土壤Se污染影响明显.长期食用Se含量超标大米对人体健康会产生潜在危害.     

Defluoridation of water by adsorption on fly ash

The ability of fly ash to remove fluoride from water and wastewaters has been studied at different concentrations, times, temperatures and pH of the solution. The rate constants of adsorption, intraparticle transport, mass transfer coefficients and thermodynamic parameters have been calculated at 30, 40, and 50 °C. The empirical model has been tested at various concentration for the present system. The removal of fluoride is favorable at low concentration, high temperature and acidic pH.

     

Magnesium deficiency in Douglas-fir and Grand fir growing on a sandy outwash soil amended with sewage sludge

Soil and plant samples were collected from chlorotic plantations of Grand fir (Abies grandis) and Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) in Winter, 1989. The soils had been amended in 1981 with an average of 300 dry Mg ha^?1 of municipal sewage sludge. The sludge amendment resulted in an N application rate of approximately 8000 kg ha^?1. Foliage analysis indicated a severe Mg deficiency (0.25 g kg^?1 in sludge-treated vs. 0.93 g kg^?1 in untreated area) might be the cause of chlorosis. No other nutrient showed concentrations in the deficient or toxic ranges. Trace metal levels in foliage were elevated significantly for Ni, Cd and Cr in sludge-treated sites, but not toxic levels. Soil samples taken to a depth of 1.4 m indicated the potential for soil acidification (up to 0.9 pH unit) in soil surface horizons. In addition, exchangeable Ca, Mg and K may have been depleted in surface horizons. Exchangeable Al and Fe were greater in the surface of sludge-treated sites. These observations and the loss of much of the nitrogen added during the sludge amendment indicated that nitrification and cation leaching was likely the mechanism for acidification and depletion of exchangeable cations. Fertilization of the plantation with MgSO₄ or dolomitic limestone was carried out in Spring 1990. New foliage collected in June, 1990 was non-chlorotic and significantly higher in Mg concentration than unfertilized foliage (1.1. vs. 0.7 g kg^?1, respectively). Results of this study indicate that it is important to assess the potential for initiating a nutrient deficiency due to secondary effects of sludge application in forest systems.     

Plant availability of lead,cadmium, and boron in amended coal ash

Reclamation and revegetation of coal combustion products (ash) are often complicated by high concentrations of metals. The effects of manure and soil additions on the extractability and plant availability of Pb, Cd, and B were examined in ash reclamation plots located in eastern Kansas. Concentrations extracted from the ash by ammonium bicarbonate DTPA were strongly affected by ash type and amendment, but were unaffected by crops. Plant uptake was affected by ash type and plant species and, to a smaller extent, by amendment. Extractable and plant concentrations were very high in some of the material, which was consistent with observed toxicity symptoms. Plant concentrations showed strong, positive correlations with extractable for Cd and B (r values 0.7 to 0.9), but plant Pb was negatively correlated with extractable concentrations (r = –0.66). Correlations were similar for plant uptake vs extractable for Cd and Pb but were much poorer for B.