我国现代珍珠养殖产业的发展对策

2、我国海水珠养殖的分布 海水珍珠母贝是热带，亚热带软体动态，养殖范围主要在我国广东、广西以及海南岛地区，统属南珠家族，以马氏珠母贝产量最大。1998年山东地区曾经有3000千克产量，目前基本没有生产（见图2）。由于产地相对集中，我国海水珍珠产量重复统计的现象较少。     

中国珍珠研究概论

目前,中国是世界上最大的珍珠生产国,珍珠产量占世界珍珠总产量的95%以上。2007年中国珍珠产量达到1600吨,创历史最高水平。2008年受金融危机影响及各地出台禁养限养的有关政策,珍珠产量开始大幅下降,出现拐点。我国淡水珍珠主要分布在长江中下游、五大淡水湖区域,形成了浙江诸暨、苏州渭塘等珍珠加工、批零集散地和湖南、江苏、浙江、安徽、湖北、江西、福建7大淡水珍珠养殖基地。淡水珍珠与海水珍珠均实现了人工养殖。淡水珍珠用的     

海水珍珠养殖技术

湛江市年产海水珍珠10多吨，约占全国的2/3。主要是利用马氏珠母贝来生产珍珠。现根据前人的经验和本人的体会，撰写本文，仅供参考。     

不同海区养殖的马氏珠母贝珍珠质颜色比较

为探讨不同环境对珍珠质颜色的影响,本研究将遗传背景相同的马氏珠母贝分布于海南黎安、广东流沙、广西北海和广西防城4个不同的海区养殖.一年后,用CSE-1型成像色度仪测量4个区域贝壳珍珠质的颜色,记录相应的颜色参数Lab值.结果显示,不同海域养殖的贝壳珍珠质颜色显示了不同的特征,其中广西北海、广西防城和海南黎安这3组贝壳珍珠质颜色较为接近,均表现为明度高、偏黄绿;而广东流沙与这3个地区的色差较大,表现为明度低、黄绿杂色浅、偏白色的特征.     

提高培育海水珍珠的产量与质量

<正> 珍珠玲珑雅致,光泽夺目,人人喜爱。它既是贵重的饰物,又是名贵的药材,国内外的需要量与日俱增。我国广东用海水珠母贝养殖珍珠有着悠久的历史,也早具规模。只是近几年发展不快,产量有限,质量也不高,只有50～60%的珍珠达到商品珠规格。如何提高产量、质量,就成为当务之急。根据广东海康县流沙大队珍珠场的实践经验,1970年捞起天然母贝进行插核,因母珠健壮,成活率达74.8%,收获珍珠80斤,平均每一万只珠母     

广东省海水珍珠养殖生产现状、存在问题及对策

广东省自1958年取得海水珍珠养殖试验成功以来，其生产规模逐年壮大，尤其是近十年，发展迅猛，已成了沿海渔民发财致富和出口创汇的产业之一。但由于管理和技术等原因，使海水珍珠的质量出现明显下降，严重影响了海水珍珠的声誉。现将广东省海水珍珠养殖的现状、存在问题及对策扼要论述如下。     

薛家岛海水网箱养殖海域贝藻综合养殖效果及其影响因素分析

本研究于2018年9—11月在山东省青岛市薛家岛海域构建了包含鱼类网箱、马氏珠母贝(Pinctada martensi)和异枝麒麟菜(Eucheuma striatum)的多营养层次综合养殖(IMTA)模式,开展现场实验的同时,在室内测定了马氏珠母贝的摄食生理指标和异枝麒麟菜的营养盐吸收速率,对比分析了贝藻综合养殖对网箱养殖区的水质改善效果。结果显示,实验点马氏珠母贝壳高及特定生长率(SGR)均显著高于对照点,水层为0.50~0.62 m的马氏珠母贝平均壳高显著高于其他水层。实验点异枝麒麟菜的净增重显著高于对照点,水深为0.60~0.90 m的生长速率最高;在24.45℃条件下,马氏珠母贝对颗粒有机物(POM)的摄食率、吸收率和吸收效率均值分别为(4.13±0.77) mg/(h·ind.)、(1.04±0.24) mg/(h·ind.)和(25.00±2.51)%,均显著高于20.74℃实验组;在实验温度范围内,异枝麒麟菜对N、P、Si营养盐的吸收速率均随着温度升高呈先升高再降低的趋势,最高值出现在30℃。实验期间,马氏珠母贝摄食和吸收的POM分别为778.08和144.47 g,异枝麒麟菜吸收的N、P、Si总量分别为8.55、1.11和9.18 g,均高于对照点。研究表明,温度、养殖深度、POM及营养盐浓度是影响马氏珠母贝和异枝麒麟菜生长及生理代谢的主要因素。     

我国热带海水大型珍珠贝类的珍珠养殖技术现状及对策建议

为改善马氏珠母贝 (Pinctada martensii) 外套膜组织和细胞体外培养的效果,探究了添加不同浓度的天然提取物茶多酚对外套膜组织和细胞培养液的优化效果。结果显示,当茶多酚的添加量为0.5%~2.0% (体积分数) 时,马氏珠母贝外套膜细胞的生物活性显著高于对照组 (P<0.05);当添加量为1.0%时,相对细胞生物活性最高。5组完全培养液 (0%、0.5%、1.0%、1.5%、2.0%组) 均能较好地促进细胞的生长增殖,且细胞的生长曲线均呈“S”型;当培养液中茶多酚的添加量为1.0%时,外套膜细胞增殖效果最优。研究表明,马氏珠母贝外套膜组织和细胞在最适培养液中均能大量增殖游离细胞,且正常分泌珍珠质,其中培养液中的钙离子 (Ca²⁺) 浓度随着组织和细胞增殖过程呈先减后增的趋势,但始终低于初始浓度。研究结果进一步优化了马氏珠母贝外套膜组织和细胞培养液,为推动马氏珠母贝无核珍珠的培育提供了理论基础。

     

马氏珠母贝室内循环水养殖初探

马氏珠母贝又称合浦珠母贝(Pinctada fucata),是我国养殖海水珍珠的主要贝类。我国自1965年成功地开展马氏珠母贝的人工育苗以来,海水珍珠养殖业发展迅速,特别是20世纪90年代以后,海水珍珠成为广东、广西和海南沿海部分地区出口创汇的重要产品。但2007     

马氏珠母贝池塘育珠试验

目前,海水珍珠人工养殖都在自然海区进行,受各种自然环境因子制约较大,影响了珍珠养殖产量与质量的提高。为探索池塘养殖海水珍珠技术,我们于１９９６年和１９９７年在北海市竹林海水鱼类养殖基地进行了池塘浮筏吊养马氏珠母贝育珠技术试验,获得成功。现将试验情况报告如下:一、试验材料１．池塘条件:面积２２０亩,一口,不规则形,池深３．０ｍ,池底平坦,泥沙底质,池堤为石头水泥勾缝结构,设进排水门各一座,排灌方便。２．水源:靠潮差纳排自然海水。海水比重１．０１５～１．０２２,水深５０～８０ｃｍ,ｐＨ值８．０～８．５,水温年变化范围…     

日本珍珠贝人工繁殖苗在热带海区的养殖生长观察

日本珍珠贝引进海南陵水热带海区养殖,人工繁殖幼贝苗1·5~2·0mm下海养殖。经1年的养殖生长观察,结果为:平均壳长59·2mm、壳高59·7mm、壳宽20·7mm,平均个体重34·8g;养殖90d,生长速度较快,壳长平均增长值为11·9mm,相对增长率为55·4%;壳高平均增长值11·2mm,相对增长率61·2%;壳宽平均增长值5·9mm,相对增长率为190·3%。壳长、壳高和体重增长之间具有非常显著的相关关系。研究表明,该贝在海南热带海区养殖的生长速度快,是适宜引进的养殖对象。     

马氏珠母贝术前处理的研究

实验结果表明:经术前处理后的插核贝休养期存活率为95 2%,育珠期存活率达85 5%,每贝只插1个核,休养期留核率为0 86,育珠期留核率达0 71。珍珠的质量明显提高,优质珍珠的生成率高达34 6%,比对照组高出27 5%。     

微胶囊饲料对马氏珠母贝育珠性能、生长基因和矿化基因表达的影响

本研究分析了自主研发的微胶囊饲料替代微藻对马氏珠母贝(Pinctada fucata martensii)育珠性能、生长相关基因和矿化相关基因表达的影响。共设置了3个实验组,其中,EG1组投喂亚心形扁藻(Platymonas subcordiformis),EG2组投喂微胶囊饲料+亚心形扁藻,EG3组投喂微胶囊饲料。养殖170 d后,比较马氏珠母贝的育珠性能、闭壳肌生长相关基因EGFR、FGF18、GHITM和TβRI以及外套膜的中央膜和边缘膜矿化相关基因pearlin、DPT、pif177和N19的表达。结果表明:(1)各组间马氏珠母贝育珠贝的存活率、留核率不存在显著性差异(P0.05),所采收珍珠的珍珠层厚度及平均质量也不存在显著性差异(P0.05);(2)各实验组间马氏珠母贝闭壳肌中EGFR、FGF18、GHITM和TβR I的相对表达量不存在显著性差异(P0.05);(3)各实验组间马氏珠母贝中央膜中DPT和N19的相对表达量差异不显著(P0.05),EG2和EG3组pearlin的表达量显著性高于EG1组(P0.05),pif177在EG3组中的表达量显著性高于EG1和EG2组(P0.05);(4)各实验组间马氏珠母贝边缘膜中pearlin、DPT和N19的相对表达量差异不显著(P0.05),EG2和EG3组pif177的表达量显著高于EG1组(P0.05)。研究结果说明,该微胶囊饲料可以替代部分微藻进行育珠生产,为进一步研发马氏珠母贝的人工配合饲料及开展工厂化育珠积累了参考资料。     

Contribution of donor and host oysters to the cultured pearl colour in Pinctada martensii

Cultured free round pearls are produced by implanting a spherical nucleus with a small piece of nacre‐secreting mantle graft from a donor oyster into the gonad of a recipient oyster (host). To examine the possible contribution of host and donor oysters to the colouration of the harvested pearls, the CSE‐1 Imaging and Color‐Measuring System were used to quantitatively measure the L*a*b* values of donor and host shells and the produced pearls in Pinctada martensii. Results showed that the colour of pearls had significant positive correlation (r = 0.1–0.22, P = 0.00) with that of donors, but had no correlation with that of host oysters, thus convincingly confirmed the contribution of nacre colour of donor to the realization of pearl quality of colour. To further clarify the relationship between the donor and the pearl colour, the donors from pearls of good and poor colour quality were further compared and the results demonstrated the significant difference in L* values (P < 0.05) and insignificant difference in a* and b* values, suggesting the necessity of selecting donors with bright and lustrous nacre in pearl production.     

Cost–benefit analysis of two culture methods that influence pearl production from the black‐lip pearl oyster,Pinctada margaritifera

The black‐lip pearl oyster, Pinctada margaritifera, used for round pearl production in Polynesia, is generally cultured using “ear‐hanging” where they are attached to a rope to form “chaplets.” In other countries, pearl oysters are cultured using panel (pocket) nets that are more expensive than chaplets but afford more protection to cultured oysters. Prior research has shown panel nets produce pearls of higher quality and value, potentially generating higher profits. This study used cost–benefit analysis to compare pearl production using chaplet‐based and panel net‐based culture methods. Whole farm data, including gross revenues and annual production costs, fixed and variable, were analyzed. Average production cost per pearl using panel net‐based culture was USD 22.47 and for chaplet‐based culture was USD 21.55. However, use of panel nets saved around 3,430 hr (USD 6,860) of labor a year, offsetting the greater capital investment. A chaplet‐based pearl farm generated USD 65,738 in annual profits compared to USD 88,774 for a panel net‐based farm. Positive cash flow was achieved 1 year earlier (Year 7) for the panel net‐based farm. This is the first economic analysis of different pearl culture methods for P. margaritifera and evidence of profitability will support further development of the black‐lip pearl industry in the Indo‐Pacific region.     

合浦珠母贝全同胞家系贝壳珍珠质颜色分析

合浦珠母贝（Pinctada fucata）小片贝的珍珠质颜色直接影响育珠贝所产珍珠的颜色。每个合浦珠母贝的珍珠质颜色都有自己的颜色特征值,即三刺激值和颜色参数。试验选择16个合浦珠母贝全同胞家系,用CSE成像分析色度系统测量并比较各家系左壳内侧外缘珍珠质颜色参数Lab和三刺激值,以筛选适合做插核小片贝的家系。珍珠质的颜色参数明度（L）为98.586～105.234,其中F16家系的明度最大,F3家系的明度最小;a（红绿色品）为-0.967～-6.577,b（黄蓝色品）为5.915～11.237,F14家系色品最偏向于绿色（-a）,F16家系色品最偏向于黄色（b）。F3和F14家系贝壳外缘珍珠质的色差（ΔEab）最大（7.885）,肉眼能明显觉察。16个家系的合浦珠母贝都属于白色系列,其中离白光中心最近（a2＋b2最小）且个体颜色集中的F1家系最适合用作小片贝来选育培养。     

Age‐dependence of cultured pearl grade and colour in the black‐lipped pearl oyster Pinctada margaritifera

Pinctada margaritifera is an economically important marine bivalve species for cultured pearl production in French Polynesian aquaculture. In order to evaluate the influence of donor oyster age on pearl quality traits, experiments were conducted over 6 years using both grafts and surgreffe operations. At harvest, six pearl quality traits were recorded and compared: surface defects, lustre, grade, darkness level and visual colour. Analysing the quality traits of pearls harvested in the initial graft process and those of pearls obtained from surgreffe experiments allowed a comparison of the influence of pearl sac cells originating from the initial mantle graft, which aged together with their recipient oysters. The results demonstrated a significant decrease between these successive grafts in lustre, grade (A‐B‐C), darkness level, and green colour – traits that are of major importance in the pearl market. The duplicated graft experiment allowed the comparison of donor oyster families at 2 and 5 years old, where a mantle graft was inserted into recipient oysters aged 2.5 years. The results showed the same tendencies to a lesser extent, with (i) an improved pearl grade, predominantly through a most important rate of 0 surface defect category, and (ii) a green/grey ratio in favour of the younger donor. A comparison between the graft‐surgreffe and the duplicated graft experiments also highlighted: (i) the indirect role played by the younger recipient oysters, which must be optimized for optimal pearl quality realization, and (ii) the complex interplay between the donor and recipient oysters.