Soil tests for predicting plant available phosphorus in newly reclaimed alkaline minespoil

Abstract

Four selected soil tests (Olson's bicarbonate, Bray P‐l, Bray P‐2, and a modified Bray P‐l test) were compared over a four year period as methods for predicting plant available‐P in a slightly alkaline (pH 7.25) minespoil from a west‐central coal field in Illinois. Phosphorus recovery by hybrid corn, measured under both greenhouse and field conditions, showed that the minespoil was extremely P deficient. Extractable Olson's bicarbonate P and standard Bray P‐l phosphorus were highly correlated with total‐P recovery by corn, with respective coefficients of r =0.973 and r =0.957 in the greenhouse; and r =0.998 and r =0.983 respectively, under field conditions. Consistent Mitscherlich‐Bray proportionality constants were calculated from corn grain yields under field conditions in three of four years, after adjustments for annual differences in plant population density. Minespoil was found to require about twice as much extractable‐P (about 40 mg/kg Olson‐bicarbonate or Bray P‐l) as topsoil to support maxiumum corn productivity. It was estimated that more than 500 kg/ha fertilizer‐P will be required to achieve maximum corn grain production in spoil.     

Comparison of phosphate‐phosphorus and total phosphorus in DTPA extracts for assessing plant‐available phosphorus in soilless potting media

Abstract

Hakea francisiana and H. laurina were grown in soilless media based on pine bark, to which had been added one of the following phosphorus (P) sources: crushed bone, rock phosphate, calcined rock phosphate, sewage sludge, or sludge compost. Available P was assessed through extraction with unbuffered 2 mM DTPA. Similar regression equations between shoot P content and P in 2 mM DTPA extracts of the media at potting were obtained for both total P in the extract (determined by inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry) and PO₄‐P. The difference between them was small compared with the variation caused by different rates of dissolution of P the various sources during the growing period. Extractants give only an approximate guide to plant P uptake when the medium contains sources that slowly dissolve during the growing period. Nevertheless, the data indicate that, irrespective of P source, the maximum P concentration in a 2 mM DTPA extract (1:1.5 v/v) of the medium that is tolerated by P‐sensitive plants is 3–4 mg/L. This is similar to the concentration found previously for superphosphate as the source of P.     

施磷对玉米吸磷量、产量和土壤磷含量的影响及其相关性

为了给玉米磷高效利用提供理论依据, 在低磷土壤(Olsen-P 4.9 mg·kg^-1)上, 通过田间试验, 研究了施磷0(T₀)、50 kg(P₂O₅)·hm^-2(T₁)、100 kg(P₂O₅)·hm^-2(T₂)、200 kg(P₂O₅)·hm^-2(T₃)、1 000 kg(P₂O₅)·hm^-2(T₄)对两个玉米品种"鲁单9002" (LD9002)、"先玉335"(XY335)的产量、磷素吸收利用及根际磷动态变化的影响。结果表明: 两玉米品种根际土、非根际土速效磷含量在不同生育时期都表现为T12O₅)·hm^-2的T₃处理非根际土转化为根际土土壤磷的量最大, 同时玉米生物量、产量、磷转移量也达到最高, 而施磷1 000 kg(P₂O₅)·hm^-2处理玉米生物量、产量与中磷水平相比没有显著增加, 但植株吸磷量较高。XY335的花后磷转移量小于LD9002。相关分析表明, LD9002根际土、非根际土速效磷含量与茎、叶吸磷量之间显著相关, 以播种后79 d与茎、叶磷浓度、吸磷量、生物量、产量之间的相关系数最高; 而XY335根际土、非根际土速效磷含量与茎、叶磷浓度之间显著相关, 在播种后47 d期间与茎、叶磷浓度、吸磷量、生物量、产量之间的相关性最好。因此, 在低磷土壤上, LD9002和XY335分别在播种后79 d和47 d时是植株对磷的敏感期, 可以通过测试根际土、非根际土速效磷含量来反映土壤的供磷状况; LD9002在79 d时最大吸磷量需要的根际土、非根际土速效磷含量分别为54.95 mg·kg^-1、32.99 mg·kg^-1, XY335品种在47 d时最大吸磷量需要的根际土、非根际土速效磷含量分别为51.24 mg·kg^-1、35.35 mg·kg^-1; 施磷量1 000 kg(P₂O₅)·hm^-2处理两品种玉米产量、生物量、磷积累量与施磷量100~200 kg(P₂O₅)·hm^-2处理没有显著差异。     

过磷酸钙对石灰性土壤有效磷及无机磷组分的影响

为研究水溶性磷肥在石灰性土壤中的转化,采用室内土壤培养的方法,在土壤中分别添加过磷酸钙0、6.25、12.5、25、50和100 mg/kg干土(即P0、P6.25、P12.5、P25、P50和P100处理),保持土壤湿度为田间持水量的70%～80%,在25℃恒温培养箱中培养120 d。培养期间在第1、3、7、15、30、60和120 d连续采样,测定土壤Olsen-P、CaCl2-P和各无机磷组分的含量。结果表明,在石灰性土壤中施用过磷酸钙能显著增加土壤Olsen-P和CaCl2-P含量,在一定的培养时间内,过磷酸钙转化为土壤Olsen-P和CaCl2-P的比例不随施肥量的变化而变化。随着培养时间的延长,土壤有效磷含量逐渐下降,尤其是培养前期(前7 d)土壤有效磷含量显著下降,之后下降速率减缓。施入土壤中的过磷酸钙主要转化为Ca2-P和Ca8-P(两者之和约占90%),其次是Al-P和Fe-P(两者之和约占10%),在短期内O-P和Ca10-P相对较为稳定。随着培养时间延长,Ca2-P逐渐向Ca8-P转化,在培养的前30 d转化速率较快,之后速率减缓。随着磷肥施用量的增加,Ca2-P转化为Ca8-P所需的时间逐渐延长。Olsen-P和CaCl2-P含量均与土壤无机磷组分中的Ca2-P、Ca8-P和Al-P含量呈显著正相关,通过逐步回归分析表明,其中Ca2-P是土壤Olsen-P和CaCl2-P的主要来源。     

不同磷水平下间作对红壤团聚体及有效磷特征的影响

间作玉米对红壤团聚体的形成和磷素的有效性提高有重要作用。基于田间小区定位试验,研究不同施磷水平(P0:0 kg/hm²,P60:60 kg/hm²,P90:90 kg/hm²,P120:120 kg/hm²)下玉米大豆间作对土壤团聚体及有效磷特征的影响,为改善红壤团聚体结构和提高磷肥利用提供科学依据。结果表明:施磷和间作种植均有利于水稳性团聚体的形成和增大土壤平均质量直径。与单作玉米相比,间作分别显著提高了玉米土壤水稳性团聚体比例和平均质量直径 10.5%和 10.8%,且土壤中水稳性团聚体比例和平均质量直径在 P120施磷水平下达到最大。玉米大豆间作相比单作玉米促进了土壤 >0.25 mm团聚体含量的增加,特别是 >2 mm团聚体含量增加了 23.2%,同时减少了 <0.053 mm团聚体含量 10.2%。对比单作玉米,间作显著提高了 1～ 2和 0.25～ 1 mm团聚体中有效磷含量     

Isotope methods for assessing plant available phosphorus in acid tropical soils

Use of isotope methods to measure the availability of phosphorus (P) in soils that are well supplied with P is well established. We have evaluated such methods for acid tropical soils with very small P contents, which are less well studied. The isotopically exchangeable P in soil suspensions (E value) and that in plant growth experiments (L value) were measured in soils that had received varying amounts of P fertilizer in two field experiments in Colombia. We determined the E values over 4–5 weeks of equilibration allowing for the kinetics of isotope exchange. The decrease in radioactivity in the soil solution at a particular time, t, divided by that at the start (r_t/R) was described by three parameters (r₁/R, r_∞/R, and a coefficient n) derived from the time course of isotopic exchange over 100 minutes. Values of E_t were calculated either from measured values of r_t/R or those extrapolated until 12 weeks. Agrostis capillaris was grown on the same soils labelled with carrier‐free ³³P‐orthophosphate ions to obtain L values. Agreement between E values derived from measured and extrapolated values of r_t/R was satisfactory, but errors in n and r_∞/R limited the precision with which we could estimate E values. For most soils, the P concentrations in the soil solution were greater than the detection limit of the malachite green method (0.9 µg l^?1) but smaller than its quantification limit (3.6 µg l^?1). In the soils with the least available P, the P content of the seed limited the determination of the L value. The E values were strongly correlated, but not identical, with the L values measured for the same time of isotopic exchange. We conclude that these approaches are not precise enough to detect in these soils the ability of a plant to access slowly exchangeable forms of P or to quantify the mineralization of organic P. However, these isotope techniques can be used to estimate the total fraction of added fertilizer P that remains available to the plants.     

“Modified Kelowna” test for available phosphorus and potassium in soil

Abstract

A recently described soil testing procedure for simultaneous estimation of plant‐available phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) in soil uses an aqueous solution containing ammonium fluoride, ammonium acetate, and acetic acid (the “modified Kelowna”; or KM extract). Before adopting a KM method at our laboratory (in 1988) for routine soil testing, we compared its ability to predict crop response to phosphate fertilizer using data from field sites on a wide range of soils in Alberta and Saskatchewan with that of the Olsen and the Miller‐Axley (Bray‐type) soil testing methods. All three methods were unable to predict with great accuracy actual optimum rates of phosphate fertilizer in these trials, but they predicted the likely crop yield response to phosphate reasonably well. The main advantages of the KM test over the others are its analytical convenience and its applicability to calcareous soils.     

Potato yield response to foliar application of phosphorus as affected by soil moisture and available soil phosphorus

Abstract

Foliar application of phosphorus (P) may be a supplementary treatment to sustain adequate P-status of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). However, the prediction of the potential benefits of foliar P supply is difficult, since several factors, such as weather conditions and plant P-status influence the effects. We determined the impact of soil moisture and soil P-supply on the responsiveness to foliar P-application under controlled environmental conditions. Plant dry matter yields, P-accumulation and phosphorus use efficiency (PUE) with or without foliar application were determined at five soil P-levels in combination with two soil moisture levels. The results suggest that water status is of importance for the responsiveness to foliar P-application and may be related to diffusion of P through the leaf cells, which require a good water status. The PUE was significantly improved with irrigation while adding P to the soil decreased the PUE.     

Comparison of effects of phosphorus sources on soil acidity,available phosphorus and maize yields at two sites in western Kenya

The effects of farmyard manure (FYM), Tithonia diversifolia (tithonia) and urea when applied alone or in combination with Minjingu phosphate rock (MPR), Busumbu phosphate rock (BPR) or triple superphosphate (TSP) on soil acidity, P availability, maize yields and financial benefits were evaluated at Bukura and Kakamega in western Kenya. A reduction in exchangeable acidity and Al was observed in most tithonia- and FYM-treated soils, but not with inorganic P sources when applied in combination with urea. The effectiveness in increasing available soil P followed the order; TSP > MPR > BPR among inorganic P sources, and FYM > tithonia among organic materials at both sites. At Bukura, a site higher in both available P and Al saturation compared with Kakamega, maize did not respond to inorganic P sources applied in combination with urea. Maize, however, responded when inorganic P sources were applied in combination with FYM or tithonia at this site. At Kakamega, maize responded to TSP but not to MPR or BPR when applied with urea. Application of TSP in combination with tithonia gave the highest maize yields at both sites. Of the tested technologies, only FYM when applied alone at Bukura was economically attractive.     

施磷水平与冬小麦产量和土壤有效磷含量的关系

[目的]研究施磷水平对冬小麦分蘖成穗、产量、磷素吸收利用的影响及其与土壤有效磷含量的关系,明确维持冬小麦持续高产的最佳土壤有效磷含量及施磷量,为冬小麦高效磷肥管理提供理论依据。[方法]于2018—2021年在河南科技大学农场进行了连续3年小麦田间试验,试验设P₂O₅ 0、90、180和270 kg/hm² 4个磷水平,分别记为P₀、P₉₀、P₁₈₀、P₂₇₀处理,研究了施磷水平对冬小麦分蘖成穗率、干物质积累与分配、产量、磷素吸收与分配及利用效率的影响,并分析了施磷水平、土壤有效磷含量与产量之间的关系。[结果](1)随着施磷水平的提高,冬小麦单位面积最大分蘖数、有效分蘖数和干物质积累量处理间均呈P₂₇₀>P₁₈₀>P₉₀>P₀,而穗粒数、干物质向籽粒中分配率和产量呈先增加后降低的趋势;P₁₈₀处理的冬小麦产量高...     

The potential for soil phosphorus tests to predict phosphorus losses in overland flow

Soil phosphorus tests offer a potentially powerful tool for land managers trying to predict the areas which will contribute diffuse losses of phosphorus (P) to surface water bodies through the overland flow vector – but do they work? We address this question at a range of scales, from patch (< 1 m²), through plot (several m²) to small watershed (several hectares). Our hypothesis is that as we increase the scale, and therefore the complexity of the system, soil P tests will predict P concentrations and losses associated with overland flow less well, and that this is partly due to a shift from dissolved P losses to P losses associated with eroded soil material. At the patch scale soil P tests were used to predict the P concentration and load from 24 European soils exposed to simulated rainfall under controlled conditions in the laboratory. Results showed that soil P tests were generally good predictors of reactive P <0.45 μm, but did less well at predicting total P > 0.45 μm. By combining the soil P test with measured sediment concentrations predictions of total P concentrations improved. Outdoor rainfall simulation experiments on bare soil plots (10 m²) revealed the overwhelming influence of particle bound P losses compared with P losses in the water phase. Soil P tests, which relate primarily to the dissolved P fractions in soil, were not able to predict total P losses, but were related to reactive P < 0.45 μm losses. At the watershed scale soil P tests were able to predict reactive P < 0.45 μm losses, but with considerable uncertainty. We conclude that soil P tests, in combination with sediment concentration provide a useful means of assessing the mobilization of P in overland flow, but should not be expected to provide watershed scale predictions of the movement of P into overland flow.     

中国棉花土壤有效磷丰缺指标与适宜施磷量研究

为了给棉花的磷肥施用提供合理指导,采用"零散实验数据整合法"收集、归纳了近30年来全国各地的棉花测土施磷试验数据,据此建立棉花缺磷处理相对产量与土壤有效磷含量回归方程,根据土壤养分丰缺分级改良方案,并采用"养分平衡-地力差减法"确定适宜施肥量新应用公式,系统研究并确定了中国棉花土壤有效磷丰缺指标和适宜施磷量.结果表明,...     

水稻旱作下土壤水分状况和施用磷肥对红壤有效磷含量的影响

通过盆栽和模拟实验探讨了水分状况和施磷量对红壤有效磷的影响。结果表明,水分状况和施磷量均显著地影响红壤有效磷含量,二者的交互作用达极显著水平;同时也均显著地影响水稻生物量和对磷的吸收量,二者的交互作用达显著和极显著水平。红壤有效磷含量基本上随红壤水分含量和施磷量的增加而提高,随水稻生长时间的延长而降低;水稻的生物量和对磷的吸收量均随施磷量的增加和水稻生长时间的延长而增加,但以中水条件下最高。在保证80%的饱和持水量和常规氮、钾等养分投入条件下,施磷量为67.5 kg hm-2就可以满足水稻旱作的生长需求。     

Soil organic matter effects on plant available and water soluble phosphorus

The degree of phosphorus saturation (DPS) has been shown to be a suitable initial indicator of P loss potential from agricultural soils to surface waters. In addition, several agronomic soil tests have been evaluated as environmental predictive tools. The objectives of this study were: (1) to evaluate the modified Morgan soil test, used on acid, high-aluminum soils of the northeastern United States, as a predictor of water-soluble P and (2) to determine the effect of soil organic matter (SOM) on the ability of both DPS and soil test P to predict water-soluble P. The soils were divided into three SOM classifications depending on their loss-on-ignition contents and analyzed for water-soluble P, modified Morgan soil test P, and oxalate-extractable P, Al, and Fe. The relationship between DPS and water-soluble P showed a change point at about 15% DPS, as did the relationship between DPS and modified Morgan soil test P. A DPS of 15% corresponded to about 14 mg kg⁻¹, a threshold above which water-soluble P could be expected to increase more rapidly with additional P loading. The slopes of the regression lines of water-soluble P as a function of soil test P were 0.050, 0.036, and 0.021 (mg water-soluble P kg⁻¹ soil/mg soil test P kg⁻¹) for the low, medium, and high SOM classification groups, respectively. SOM level had a less significant effect on the relationship between DPS and water-soluble P. Higher levels of SOM were associated with higher levels of oxalate-extractable Fe and Al and, therefore, higher P sorption capacities and lower DPS values, resulting in less P in solution at all soil test levels.     

土壤速效磷含量空问插值方法比较研究

采用土壤空间变异及其插值方法,对上海五四农场现代化农业园区水稻田60m×60m间隔采样,得到280个土壤有机质含量、速效磷、速效钾、全N、全P等采样数据,用逆距离加权、球面多项式、局部多项式、辐射基础函数、简单克立格、通用克立格、平常克立格(指数模型、球形模型、高斯模型、静态模型)等插值方法,对该区土壤速效磷含量的140采样点进行插值,得到各种插值的速效磷连续空间分布,将插值所得拟合值与同期测得的另140个采样点数据进行比较,则局部多项式插值、球面多项式和3种克立格插值方法效果较好,其中局部多项式插值方法效果最佳,平常克立格的静态模型、高斯模型和球形模型插值效果较佳。     

Performance indices for tests of soil nutrient status: Extractable phosphorus

Abstract

Soil phosphorus (P) extractants are often selected according to the correlation or regression between test values and crop performance (e.g., P uptake and/ or yield). Although this criterion is an essential determinant of extractant performance, it is often inadequate for evaluating whether extractants accurately discriminate between P‐deficient and P‐sufficient soils, or whether they produce reliable critical level estimates or repeatable soil P measurements. Four supplementary indices were evaluated that may provide a more direct assessment of extractant performance. The potential use and reliability of the indices were investigated in an evaluation of four soil P extractants, Modified Truog, Mehlich 3, Olsen, and ion‐exchange resin, using data from a greenhouse experiment. Coefficients of determination between relative dry matter yield and extractable P failed to identify differences among the extractants, ranging from 0.95 to 0.97. Coefficients of determination between extractable P and P added ranged from 0.96 to 0.97 except for one method at 0.83. The proposed indices, however, produced a ranking of the extractants related to their performance. The Kappa efficiency (K _EFF) index indicated that Mehlich 3 provided better detection of P‐sufficient and P‐deficient soils than either Olsen or Truog (K _FFF values of 0.92, 0.83, and 0.68, respectively). These index values reflect that the extradants correctly detected P deficiency in 17 of 18, 17 of 18, and 15 of 18 soils. The slight superiority of Mehlich 3 over Olsen was due to its correct detection of 9 of 9 P‐sufficient soils while the Olsen and Truog extradants correctly detected 8 of 9 P‐sufficient soils. Further studies are needed, especially field studies, to determine whether these indices accurately reflect the reliability of the extradants for use in diagnosis and recommendation. Because these indices directly assess success in identifying deficient and sufficient conditions, their use in extractant evaluations should provide more specific, purposeful evaluations than methods based solely on correlation and regression.     

Effect of tillage treatments upon soil tests for soil acidity,soil phosphorus and soil potassium at three soil depths

Abstract

Soil samples were obtained at 0–3, 3–6, 6–9 and 0–9 inch depths from experimental plots receiving five tillage treatments. Each of two samplers composited approximately six one‐inch cores from each plot. Soil samples were analyzed for acidity, P and K using routine analysis procedures in the University of Illinois Soil Testing Laboratory.

Few significant differences were attributed to sampler and it was concluded that samplers using similar sampling techniques were obtaining soil samples from the same population.

No significant differences in soil acidity at different depths were observed. The different tillage methods did significantly affect soil P at the 0–3 inch depth, but had no significant effect on soil P at deeper depths. Different tillage methods also significantly affected soil K values at different depths.     

基于GARBF神经网络的耕地土壤有效磷空间变异分析

为了调整耕地管理措施、合理施用磷肥、减少磷素流失、降低水体非点源污染,该研究以高州市为例,在全市各区镇共采集了664个耕作层(0～20cm)土样,利用遗传算法优化的径向基函数(radial basis function network optimized by geneti calgorithm,GARBF)神经网络和普通克里金法(Ordinary Kriging)等方法,分析了县域耕地土壤有效磷在不同采样尺度下的空间变异特征及其空间分布格局与成因。结果表明,高州市耕地表层土壤有效磷存在半方差结构,半方差函数曲线与指数和球状模型曲线拟合较好;5种采样尺度下(训练样点数分别为100、200、300、400和500)耕地表层土壤有效磷均表现出弱的结构空间相关,在较大范围内空间自相关性较差。GARBF神经网络空间插值能力在整体上要有优于基于邻近点RBF神经网络和普通克里金法。300样本下GARBF神经网络空间插值结果表明,高州市耕地表层土壤有效磷的盈余现象比较严重,并且盈余有效磷的流失对该地区水环境会产生严重的威胁。该研究结果可以为土壤属性空间估测、合理施肥以及降低水体非点源污染提供理论依据和技术支持。     

Comparison of microbiological methods for evaluating quality and fertility of soil

Routine soil testing procedures that are rapid and accurate are needed to evaluate C and N mineralization in agricultural soils in order to determine soil quality and fertility. Laboratory methods were compared for their usefulness in determining soil microbial biomass and potential activity in a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) subjected to long-term tillage, crop sequence, and N-fertilizer management practices. The methods included basal soil respiration, net N mineralization during a 10-day incubation, soil microbial biomass C with the chloroform fumigation-incubation technique with and without subtracting a control value, soil microbial biomass N with the chloroform fumigation-incubation technique, substrate-induced respiration, and arginine ammonification. All methods were highly correlated with each other and, therefore, appear to adequately reflect soil microbial biomass and potential activity under laboratory conditions. The longer incubation times used with the basal soil respiration, N mineralization, and microbial biomass C and N assays resulted in higher correlations and lower variation among replications compared to the shorter incubation times used with substrate-induced respiration and arginine ammonification. The relatively rapid procedural time (3 h) required for the latter two assays could make these methods more attractive for routine soil testing, although multiple assays on the same sample may be necessary because these methods are less precise than the incubation methods that require 10 days.