Evaluation of universal extractants for determining plant available potassium in intensively cultivated soils

Abstract

Eighteen soils from northwestern Switzerland were used to study the value of seven universal extractants (CaCl₂; DB‐DTPA; Mehlich 1, 2, and 3; Morgan‐Wolf; and NH₄OAc‐EDTA) for predicting plant available potassium (K) as compared to a bioassay (a modified Neubauer test with winter rye). These extractants were evaluated on the basis of K uptake by the bioassay test and the soil K status. In order to create the sufficiency level of exchangeable K for plant growth, soils were treated with 0, 20, 40, 80, and 160 mg K/kg of soil. The range of K uptake by the bioassay tests was between 89.2 and 403.0 mg/kg of soil for the control pots, and 136.6 to 495.8 for the K treatments with optimal conditions for plant growth. The average amounts of K extracted by the seven universal extractants, in ascending order, were: CaCl₂ < Morgan‐Wolf < Mehlich 1 < Mehlich 2 < NH₄OAc‐EDTA < Mehlich 3 < DB‐DTPA. The highest simple correlation with K uptake versus the bioassay test was obtained with the DB‐DTPA (r = 0.89) extractant and the lowest with the Mehlich 1 (r = 0.53) extractant. The DP‐DTPA, NH₄OAc‐EDTA and Mehlich 3‐K procedures showed an advantage over K procedures based on water soluble and exchangeable K pools in the investigated soils in order to predict the amount of plant‐available K. A simple regression and the Cate‐Nelson graphic method offer the possibility of assessing the soil‐K status using K values obtained by these universal extractants and to calibrate them against K forms as follows: exchangeable, water soluble, and non‐exchangeable.     

Comparison of several methods for determining free iron in soils

In the previous paper (1), for determining free iron in paddy soils the writers proposed a new method in which free iron was removed by reduction with sodium hydrosulfite in disodium ethylendiamine tetraacetate solution. As described in that paper, many methods have been proposed up to the present time. In this paper the writers are to compare their method with some of those methods, especially with both methods using sodium hydrosulfite and dilute hydrochloric acid and using hydrogen sulfide and dilute hydrochloric acid. The latter method has generally been employed for free iron determination of paddy soils in Japan.     

土壤钾素空间变异性和空间插值方法的比较研究

通过研究土壤养分的空间变异性和空间插值方法 ,获取田间土壤养分的连续分布图是当前精确施肥技术的工作基础。本研究以英国Hillsborough农业研究所附近的一块 7.9hm2 的牧草田为研究区 ,区内以 25m×25m网格点采样 ,共 125个采样点。以土样的钾素含量为研究对象 ,采用移动平均、趋势面拟合、样条插值、点状克立格、逆距离加权等各种空间插值方法对一部分离散的采样点进行连续插值而获取土壤钾素空间分布图。同时以另一部分的采样点数据来对各种插值方法的结果进行均差和均方差的比较分析。研究结果表明 ,克立格、逆距离加权两种方法总体效果最好 ,其中克立格方法中又以指数模型为佳 ,逆距离加权插值法以二次方为佳     

土壤钾素空间变异性和空间插值方法的比较研究

通过研究土壤养分的空间变异性和空间插值方法 ,获取田间土壤养分的连续分布图是当前精确施肥技术的工作基础。本研究以英国Hillsborough农业研究所附近的一块 7.9hm2 的牧草田为研究区 ,区内以 25m25m网格点采样 ,共 125个采样点。以土样的钾素含量为研究对象 ,采用移动平均、趋势面拟合、样条插值、点状克立格、逆距离加权等各种空间插值方法对一部分离散的采样点进行连续插值而获取土壤钾素空间分布图。同时以另一部分的采样点数据来对各种插值方法的结果进行均差和均方差的比较分析。研究结果表明 ,克立格、逆距离加权两种方法总体效果最好 ,其中克立格方法中又以指数模型为佳 ,逆距离加权插值法以二次方为佳     

杜马斯燃烧法和凯氏定氮法在土壤全氮检测中的比较研究

选用 6组不同全氮含量的土壤样品(梯度为 0%～0.06%、0.06%～0.1%、0.1%～0.2%、0.2%～0.3%、0.3%～ 0.4%和 0.4%～ 0.5%)和 4份土壤有效态成分分析标准物质为试验材料,分别采用杜马斯燃烧法和凯氏定氮法测定其全氮含量,并对两种方法测定结果的精密度、准确度和相关性及检测成本进行了比较分析。对土壤有效态成分分析标准物质全氮含量的检测,两种方法测定结果都接近于真实值,比较两种方法的相对标准偏差(RSD)和相对误差(RE)值,可确定杜马斯燃烧法精密度更高,且准确度更好;对于含氮量范围为 0%～ 0.06%的样品,两种方法的测定值之比(D/K)为 0.692～ 0.965,杜马斯燃烧法测定结果的变异系数为 0.00%～ 9.96%,测定结果不稳定,两种方法的测定值间存在显著的线性相关,但 R2仅为 0.9049;而含氮量大于 0.06%的样品,两种方法的测定值之比(D/K)为 0.940～ 1.104,变异系数均小于 5%,测定结果间存在显著的线性相关(R2=0.9979)。在检测成本方面,完成相同数量样品检测,杜马斯燃烧法所需时间和人力都约是凯氏定氮法的1/2。因而,杜马斯燃烧法是一种环保、高效的土壤全氮检测方法,对于含氮量范围为 0%～ 0.06%的土壤样品,凯氏定氮法的测定结果更接近于真实值,而对于含氮量大于 0.06%的土壤样品,杜马斯燃烧法更加适用。     

几种基于温度的参考作物蒸散量计算方法的评价

根据华北地区6个气象站的长系列资料,利用FAO56-PM公式对3种基于温度的ET₀计算方法(Hargreaves、McCloud、Thornthwaite)进行评价。依据平均偏差、相关系数和t统计量3种指标分别对年和月序列的吻合程度做出评价。结果表明：Hargreaves与FAO56-PM吻合最好,其次为McCloud,吻合最差的为Thornthwaite。就年值而言,温度法在华北多数站点比FAO56-PM显著偏低。其中Hargreaves偏低53.2～200.2 mm或4.6%～15.1%,Thornthwaite偏低269.7～468.1 mm或24.8%～35.8%,McCloud偏低90.5～435.7 mm或8.2%～40.5%。温度法与FAO56-PM吻合程度随月份而变,在夏季月份比后者偏高,其他季节尤其是冬季月份显著偏低。从峰值到达时间看,Hargreaves与FAO56-PM的峰值相一致,二者均在6月份。Thornthwaite和McCloud的峰值则明显滞后,二者在7月份达到最大,与最高温度出现的月份相一致。在仅有气温的条件下,建议在华北优先选用Hargreaves方法。     

Effects of salt stress on plant growth characteristics and mineral content in diverse rice genotypes

ABSTRACT

When rice is grown under moderate salinity (6?dS m^?1), yields are reduced by up to 50%. The development of salt-tolerant varieties is a key strategy for increasing yields. We conducted an experiment using a hydroponic system with ion components similar to seawater to determine useful parameters for assessing salt tolerance. Two-week-old seedlings were grown for 7 days on Yoshida hydroponic solution. The treatment group then additionally received an artificial seawater solution (electrical conductivity, 12 dS m^?1). After a 2-week period of salt stress, standard evaluation scores (SES) of visual salt injuries were assessed. The K, Na, Mg, and Ca contents were then determined in the roots, sheaths, and leaves of each plant. Following the SES results, we divided the 37 genotypes into four groups: salt-tolerant groups (STGs), moderately salt-tolerant groups, salt-sensitive groups (HSSGs), and highly salt-sensitive groups (HSSGs). In the control, STGs had the highest sheath K content (30.1 mg g^?1 dried weight [DW]), whereas HSSGs had the lowest (21.4 mg g^?1 DW). Sheath K was also highly and negatively correlated with SES. This suggests that sheath K may be useful for identifying salt-tolerant varieties under non-saline conditions. Plant growth was significantly affected under salt stress, but STGs had the smallest decrease in sheath DW. SES was significantly correlated with sheath and leaf Na, sheath K and Mg, and sheath and leaf Na/K and Na/Mg ratios. The results suggested that sheath K, Na/K, and Na/Mg may be useful indicators for genetic analyses of salt-tolerant varieties under salt-stress conditions. The salt-tolerant cultivars, KCR20, KCR124, and KCR136, are possible candidates for such studies because they had high sheath K content (31.19, 31.21, 29.44 mg g^?1 DW, respectively) under non-saline conditions and low SES (3.3, 3.6, 3.9, respectively), and low sheath Na/K (0.64, 0.52, 0.92, respectively) and Na/Mg ratios (2.96, 2.27, 3.03, respectively) under salt-stress conditions.     

几种常用净辐射计算方法在黄淮海平原应用的评价

Penman修正式和FAO Penman-Monteith公式是利用气象资料计算参考作物蒸散量方法中应用最广泛的。这些公式中净辐射是根据温度、日照时数、湿度以及一些当地的参数来计算的。用实测数据评价净辐射计算方法的研究还很少。该文作者利用中国科学院禹城综合试验站实测数据对两个公式中净辐射计算方法在黄淮海平原的应用进行了评价。在Penman修正式中，别尔良德法、彭曼法、布朗特法和邓根云法是常用的净长波辐射计算方法。结果表明：在Penman修正式净辐射公式中，采用别尔良德净长波计算方法误差最小，而且与FAO Penman-Monteith公式中净辐射计算精度一致，但都存在相对误差在11～1月份比其他月份偏大的现象。进一步建立了适合本地区的用总辐射推算净辐射的经验公式。     

Evaluation of available silicon content and its determining factors of agricultural soils in Japan

To evaluate the available silicon (Si) content in agricultural soils in Japan and to investigate the determining factors of this content, we collected 180 soil samples from the surface layer of paddies and upland fields in Japan and determined their available Si contents. A phosphate buffer (PB; 0.02 M, pH 6.9) or an acetate buffer (AB; 0.1 M, pH 4.0) was used to extract available Si from the soil samples, and the Si concentrations in the extracts were determined by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emissions spectroscopy (ICP-AES). The total Si content and selected physicochemical properties were also determined for the soil samples. The median values of the available Si contents by the PB and AB methods were 48.8 and 79.7 mg kg^?1 and corresponded to 0.017% and 0.027% of the total Si content, respectively. The overall data showed log-normal distributions. The available Si content of the upland soils was significantly higher than that of the paddy soils by both the PB (p < 0.01) and AB methods (p < 0.05). The available Si contents by the PB and AB methods had a significant positive correlation (p < 0.01) and they had significant negative correlation with the total Si content (p < 0.01). The values of the available Si contents by the PB and AB methods correlated positively with the pH, total carbon (C) content, and dithionite-citrate bicarbonate extractable iron (Fed) and aluminum (Ald), acid oxalate extractable iron (Feo) and aluminum (Alo), Fed-Feo and Alo+1/2Feo values (p < 0.01). A multi-regression analysis indicated that pH, amorphous minerals and crystalline iron (Fe) oxides were the dominant determining factors of available Si in the soils, and these three variables explained approximately two thirds of the variation of available Si content in agricultural soils in Japan. In terms of soil type, Terrestrial Regosols, Dark Red soils and Andosols had relatively high available Si contents, whereas Sand-dune Regosols, Red soils and Gray Lowland soils had relatively low contents. In terms of region, the soils in the Kanto and Okinawa regions had relatively high available Si contents and those in the Kinki, Shikoku and Chugoku regions had relatively low contents. In conclusion, the available Si content and its determining factors for agricultural soils in Japan were quantitatively elucidated, and this will contribute to the establishment of rational soil management?—including the application of silicate materials, taking into account the Si-supplying power of the relevant soils—for sustainable and productive agriculture in Japan.     

Handy methods for determining the isoelectric point of soils

Three handy electrochemical methods for measuring the isoelectric point (IEP) of soil are described.     

Evaluation of soil sulfate extractants and methods of analysis for plant available sulfur

Abstract

A steady decline in sulfur additions to Atlantic Canadian soils has prompted the need for an accurate method of determining their plant available sulfur status. Three soils were extracted with five soil extractants ‐ 0.01M Ca(H2PO₄)₂‐H₂O in 2M HOAc, 0.1M CaCl₂, Bray‐1 and de‐ionized water. The soil extracts were analyzed for sulfur or sulfate using inductively coupled argon plasma emission spectrometry (ICAP), AutoAnalyzer (AAN), anion exchange‐high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC‐CD) or atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). Results were compared with plant response of sulfur treatments to red clover, ryegrass, canola and wheat in a growth room. Instrument reproducibility and crop response indicated the ideal method of determining plant available soil sulfur was HPLC‐CD using the extractant Ca(H2PO₄)₂‐H₂O.     

Enriched stable isotopes for determining the isotopically exchangeable element content in soils

The proportion of metals in soils in equilibrium with soil solution can be determined using isotopic dilution. For this purpose, an isotope dilution mass spectrometric (IDMS) technique has been applied for the elements Cd, Cr, Cu, Mo, Ni, Pb, Tl and Zn. Conventionally, sorbed amounts of heavy metals in soils are analysed by ethylenediamine tetra-acetic acid (EDTA) extraction. The IDMS technique and EDTA extraction were both applied to 115 soil samples and compared. For Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn, the results of the IDMS technique correlated well with the results of EDTA extractions ( r _s(Cd) = 0.965, r _s(Cu) = 0.916, r _s(Ni) = 0.878, r _s(Pb) = 0.922, r _s(Zn) = 0.962; all at P < 0.001). For Cd and Zn, no significant differences between the results of both methods could be observed, which suggests that EDTA and IDMS determined the same pool. EDTA extracted more Cu, Ni and Pb than was determined by IDMS (7, 26 and 13%, respectively). The correlation between EDTA extraction and IDMS for Cr was significant but weak ( r _s(Cr) = 0.361). For Tl and Mo, EDTA extraction and IDMS did not correlate, and IDMS yielded larger concentrations than EDTA. This can be explained by the fact that Tl and Mo do not form stable EDTA complexes, which are essential for the EDTA technique. Recovery experiments demonstrated that added Cd, Cu, Mo, Ni, Pb, Tl and Zn could be recovered successfully by IDMS analysis (mean recovery = 103 ± 9%). Adsorption isotherms for soil samples were determined for Tl, thereby demonstrating that IDMS gave a better estimation of the native content of sorbed Tl in soils than EDTA extraction.     

Re-examination of chromogenic quantitative assays for determining flavonoid content

Flavonoids in plants have gained worldwide attention because of their benefits for human health. This study compared three analytical procedures commonly used for determining flavonoid content in plant samples in terms of chromogenic relationships and the reaction products of different flavonoid structures by means of using flavonoid standards with flavone, flavonol, flavanone, flavanol, and isoflavone and analytes such as phenolic acids commonly found in plant extracts. Procedure A produced a stable color reaction between 3-hydroxy-4-keto-flavonoids (flavonols) and 5-hydroxyflavones and was highly sensitive. Procedure B produced color reactions among most of the flavonoids, but the reaction products had different colors and faded over time. Procedure B also produced a color reaction with caffeic and chlorogenic acid. Procedure C was the most sensitive. It produced a color reaction and, like procedure A, could be used to quantify flavonols and 5-hydroxyflavones, but also showed color reaction toward caffeic and chlorogenic acid. On the basis of the results, the current three procedures are not satisfactory for determining all of the types of flavonoid. Two issues needed to be clarified before a promising determination of flavonoid content could be performed with chromogenic assays. The first is a survey of the literature to screen the possible predominant component of flavonoid in analytes. The other is guided by the predominant flavonoid; a promising calibration curve for flavonoid detection can be established on the basis of the selection of an appropriate method and a chemical standard with an equivalent dose response to the predominant flavonoid.     

应用几种植物物质及化合物抑制土壤脲酶活性和提高植物尿素氮的回收率

Effects of residues of 9 plants, lemon eucalyptus (Eucalyptus citriodora Hook., P1), robust eucalyptus (E. robusta Smith, P2), Nepal camphortree (Cinnamomum glanduliferum (Wall.) Nees, P3), tea (Camellia sinensis (Linn.) O. Ktze. f., P4), oleander (Nerium indicum Mill, P5), rape (Brassica campestris L., P6),Chinese tallow tree (Sapium sebiferum L., P7), tung (Vernicia fordii (Hemsl.), P8), and croton (Croton tiglium L., P9), 7 chemicals, boric acid (C1), borax (C2), oxalic acid (C3), sodium oxalite (C4), sodium dihydrogen phosphate (C6), sodium silicate (C7) and sodium citrate (C8), and a natural organic substance,humic acid (C5), on urease activity of a neutral purple soil and recovery of urea nitrogen by maize were studied through incubation and pot experiments. Hydroquinone (HQ) was applied as the reference inhibitor. After incubation at 37 ℃ for 24 h, 7 inhibitors with higher ability to inhibit urease activity were selected and then incubated for 14 days at 25 ℃. Results of the incubation experiments showed that soil urease activity was greatly inhibited by them, and the inhibition effect followed an order of P2＞P4＞C3＞C2＞P3＞C1＞HQ＞P1.The 7 selected materials reduced the accumulative amounts of N released from urea and the maximum urease activity by 11.7%～28.4% and 26.7%～39.7%, respectively, and postponed the N release peak by 2～4 days in the incubation period of 14 days under constant temperature, as compared to the control (no inhibitor).In the pot experiment with the 7 materials at two levels of addition, low (L) and high (H), the C1 (H), C3(H), C1 (L), P4 (L) and C2 (L) treatments could significantly increase the dry weights of the aboveground parts and the total biomass of the maize plants and the apparent recovery rate of urea-N was increased by 6.3%～32.4% as compared to the control (no hibitor).     

不同提取方法测定的土壤钾的有效性比较研究

以122个油菜钾肥田间试验的籽粒产量和植株吸钾量为标准,分别采用1 mol L-1中性醋酸铵、1 mol L-1沸硝酸和0.2 mol L-1四苯硼钠3种浸提剂测定试验基础土壤的钾素含量,并按浸提剂种类和速效钾、缓效钾将其分类,通过相关性分析探索土壤有效钾的准确测定方法,并建立与之对应的土壤钾素丰缺指标。研究结果表明,不同方法的提取能力有所不同,沸硝酸钾含量四苯硼钠钾含量醋酸铵钾含量。用醋酸铵法和四苯硼钠法测得的土壤钾素的生物有效性均较好,其中又以四苯硼钠法更好。长江流域冬油菜区醋酸铵法浸提的土壤钾素"低"、"中"、"高"和"极高"指标分别为45 mg kg-1、45~115 mg kg-1、115~190mg kg-1和190 mg kg-1;四苯硼钠法浸提的土壤钾素"低"、"中"、"高"和"极高"指标分别为125 mg kg-1、125~415 mg kg-1、415~755 mg kg-1和755 mg kg-1。综合结果表明四苯硼钠法和醋酸铵法测得的土壤钾素含量与油菜相对产量和相对吸钾量间呈极显著相关关系。据此建立的土壤钾素丰缺指标可以用来指导长江流域油菜的测土配方施肥,另外此区域应该重视并合理的施用钾肥。     

土壤速效钾速测方法探讨

在农村测土施肥,快速廉价的还是四苯硼钾混浊比色法,但近年土壤氮、钾养分的增加,已使过去的速测法不能适应。经过本次试验,初步探明关键在于混浊比色液本身的pH,仅仅控制掩蔽剂的pH尚不能解决问题,较好的方法是加入硼砂缓冲液,使混浊液pH达8 8,从而改进了过去的速测方法。     

一种土壤中缓效钾测定的改进方法

土壤缓效钾是土壤有效钾的一部分,通过对NY/T 889-2004《土壤速效钾和缓效钾含量的测定》测定缓效钾含量的前处理方法进行改进,用标准COD消解器消解替代了油浴（或磷酸浴）,改进后的方法在精密度方面平行测定最大相对相差均≤8%,在准确度方面标准物质测定的单次结果均在标准值范围之内。实际样品测定方面,改进前和改进后的方法相对相差均≤8%。改进后的方法有较好的精密度和正确度,操作更加安全,消解效率高。     

鲜香菇中甲醛含量检测的样品前处理方法改进(简报)

鲜香菇分别用传统方法和改进的方法匀浆后再通过蒸馏提取甲醛,再用高效液相色谱测定甲醛含量。在改进的样品前处理方法中,除热处理外的其余操作均在冰水浴下完成,样品匀浆后增加沸水浴5min进行灭酶处理。甲醛含量测定结果显示改进后的方法的测定结果显著低于传统方法,更准确反映鲜香菇中甲醛的真实含量。改进后的方法精密度为93.53%,加标回收率为96.97%～99.00%,符合一般定量检测的要求。