Recovery of Faba Bean (Vicia faba L.) Plants as Affected by Glyphosate

Two field experiments were carried out during 1982/83 and 1983/84 seasons at Experimental Farm of National Research Centre at Shalakan, Kalubia Governorate, Egypt, to study the reversal effect of glyphosate induced phytotoxicity on growth and yield and its components of faba bean by the application of growth factors, i.e., growth regulators, amino acids and nutrient elements at different concentrations. A split plot design with four replications was used in both seasons. The obtained results indicated clearly that: Glyphosate at the two higher doses exhibited varying degrees of phytotoxic symptoms and reduced all the faba bean plant characters except the number of branches/plant. GA₃ alone or in a mixture with cytokinin reversed the phytotoxic effect of the glyphosate herbicide on decreasing the plant height. Cytokinin at 4/1000, phenylalanine and tryptophan at both levels, as well as GA₃ at 50 ppm, reversed the phytotoxic effect of the glyphosate herbicide on decreasing the dry weight/plant cytokinin at 4/1000, tryptophan at both concentrations, as well as, phenylalanine at 500 ppm, reversed the phytotoxic effect of the glyphosate herbicide on decreasing the number and dry weight of pods, seed yield per plant and per ha.     

Effect of CMH on Growth and Enzyme Activity in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) at Different Growth Stages and Light Intensities

Pot experiments were conducted over 3 successive seasons using wheat Giza 155 grown in normal or low (50 % of normal) light intensity. Concentrations of 50, 100, 500, 1000 or 2500 ppm CMH were sprayed at tillering, early stem extension, late stem extension or heading. Grain weight/plant, specific grain weight, grain number/ear and ear number/plant were increased with lower concentrations of CMH treatments only at the first 2 stages under varied light intensity. During both tillering and early stem extension, CMH spraying increased activities of α-amylase and β-fructofuranosidase in leaves leading to more accumulation of total carbohydrates in grains and consequently more grain production/plant. Such effect occurred with 50–500 ppm CMH under normal light intensity as well as with all concentrations of this compound under low intensity. Meanwhile, 1000 and 2500 ppm CMH resulted in growth inhibition.     

Effect of Drought Conditions at Boiling Stage on Some Chemical Constituents of Cotton Plant

The investigation was carried out to study the effect of drought conditions at boiling stage on chloroplast pigments and anthocyanin, in leaves, carbohydrate, phenols and total amino nitrogen content in leaves and roots, oil and protein contents in bolls of different ages. Seeds of cv. Giza 75 cotton were sown during 1987 and 1988 seasons in pots of 30 cm in diameter containing 11 kg of soil; after complete germination, thinning was carried out leaving one plant per pot. Plants were subjected to water stress conditions at boiling stage till the sign of wilting, while the control plants were irrigated regularly at this stage without allowing the plants to reach wilting stage and kept in turgid state. The results obtained can be summarized as follows:
1. Drought conditions decreased reducing sugar, nonreducing sugar, total soluble sugar and total amino nitrogen in leaves, while the reverse was true in roots.
2. Drought conditions reduced total and polyphenols content in leaves while it had no effect on phenols compounds in roots.
3. Drought conditions had no significant effect on pigments except total carotenoid in 1987 season.
4. Oil content in seeds of different boll ages decreased as a result of drought in both seasons.
5. In general drought condition increased protein content in 1987 season while the reverse was true in 1988 season.
6. Leaves and roots of wilted plants had more inhibitors as compared to turgid plants.     

Effect of CCC on the Changes in the Levels of Starch, Protein and Nitrogen in the Source Leaf and Pods of Mung Bean (Vigna radiata [L.] Wilczek var. Guj-2)

Pot experiments were conducted on Mung bean by spraying 500, 1000 and 1500 ppm CCC, 14 days after the emergence of seedling to record the effect of CCC on the changes in the contents of starch, protein and nitrogen in the source leaf and pods of mung bean. Results showed that:
Dry weights of source leaf and pods were considerably increased by 1000 ppm CCC.
CCC at 1000 ppm increased the contents of starch, protein and nitrogen in source leaf and pods.
CCC at 1000 ppm enhanced the rate of depletion of dry matter in the source leaf.     

Effect of CCC on the Growth and Yield of Mung Bean (Vigna radiata [L.] Wilczek var. Guj-2)

Pot experiments were conducted on mung bean by spraying 500, 1000 and 1500 ppm CCC, 14 days after the emergence of seedlings. Results showed that:
CCC application at 1000 and 1500 ppm led to stem shortening.
Dry weight of shoot system, leaf area, leaf thickness and total chlorophyll content were significantly increased by 1000 ppm CCC.
CCC at 1000 ppm increased amylase and invertase activity in the leaf tissue.
CCC at 1000 ppm increased the pod number/plant, seed number/pod, leading to increased seed yield/plant.
CCC had no effect on the 1000 seed weight.     

N2-Fixierung und Ertragsstruktur der Weißen Lupine (Lupinus albus L.) im Vergleich zu Vicia faba L. und Glycine max (L.) Merr. auf verschiedenen Standorten

N₂-Fixation and Yield Structure of White Lupin ( Lupinus albus L.) in Comparison to Vicia faba L. and Glycine max (L.) Merr. on Different Sites
In field studies white lupin ( Lupinus albus L., Eldo ) was compared with faba bean ( Vicia faba L., Herz Freya ) in 1986 and soybean ( Glycine max [L.] Merr., Gambit ) in 1988 on five sites respectively. Total N₂-fixation, which was determined by the extended difference method, and yield components were correlated to weather and soil conditions:
1. While faba bean responded to low pH with delayed nodulation, white lupin showed no decrease in N₂-fixation at pH less than 5.5 as far as soil was not calcareous.
2. The white lupin developed its root system most quickly into further soil depths and produced a root dry weight six times as large as that of faba bean in the soil layer 60-90 cm until the end of July (Bayreuth).
3. Despite on the calcareous sites the white lupin showed the highest total-N₂-fixation (max. 36 g N/m²) throughout, the N-gain for the succeeding crop was up to 8 g N/m² for white lupin and faba bean as well. In contrast the N-balance of soybean was mostly negative.
4. Seed yields of white lupin (48-450 g/m²) ranged between those of faba bean (145-549 g/m²) and of soybean (89-290 g/m²); its raw protein yields were the highest found (max. 158 g/m²) though.     

Shortening the generation cycle in faba bean (Vicia faba) by application of cytokinin and cold stress to assist speed breeding

The aim of this study was to reduce the length of the breeding cycle for faba bean by accelerating seed setting. We examined the mode and time of exogenous 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) (cytokinin) application, and cold treatments and their combinations in two faba bean genotypes. Acropetal node number of pod and seed set and pollen viability were recorded during the experiments. Application of BAP improved pollen germination. The application of 10^–5 M BAP 4 days after flowering increased seed set at the lower nodes. Cold treatment (8/4°C day/night for 2 days) after the onset of flowering induced the formation of more pods and faster pod set compared to the non-cold treatment. The time to first seed was significantly reduced, and pollen viability was increased in plants exposed to cold treatment. Increased pollen viability also showed a significant positive correlation with seed setting. The combinations of 10^–5 BAP and cold treatment together had similar and independent effects. These results will accelerate plant breeding in faba bean by providing additional tools for reducing generation time.     

不同基因型蚕豆的蛋白质含量差异分析

蚕豆是青海重要的商品作物之一,随着青海蚕豆蛋白产业发展,对高蛋白蚕豆的需求增长比较快,研究不同基因型蚕豆在不同生态区的蚕豆蛋白质含量的差异,有利于按不同基因型蚕豆优势区域进行合理布局,保障青海蚕豆的有效供给和需求。采用紫外分光光度法分析结果表明：同一生态区同一类型大粒组不同基因型蚕豆的蛋白质含量差异不显著,而小粒组不同基因型蚕豆之间FE3、FE5、FE2和尕大豆与FE6、马牙的蛋白质含量差异极显著,但小粒蚕豆较大粒蚕豆的蛋白质含量高18.49％,不同生态区蚕豆蛋白质含量在品种间、环境间和品种与环境的交互效应差异极显著,蚕豆蛋白质含量随着海拔升高而降低,呈近似线性下降趋势。     

Simulation of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) growth and development under Mediterranean conditions: Model adaptation and evaluation

This study reports the adaptation of a simple and mechanistic crop growth model for faba bean (FAGS) to growing conditions in the Mediterranean region. The FAGS model was originally developed for small-seeded cultivars grown in the temperate zone under non-limiting water and nutrient conditions. In order to account for the effect of drought stress on faba bean growth, a submodel for the simulation of soil water balance has been included in the FAGS model. The enhanced FAGS model was calibrated using data from field experiments with a large-seeded faba bean genotype (ILB 1814) conducted in 1993–1994 and 1994–1995 at ICARDA's Tel Hadya research station in northern Syria. In both seasons, crops were sown on two dates under different water supply levels. The model was capable of predicting the faba bean phenology, leaf area development, biomass production, and grain yield as well as the soil water extraction using daily climatic data, genotype-specific parameters, and soil physical properties. The calibrated faba bean model was tested against independent experimental data from the 1991–1992 and 1992–1993 growing seasons at Tel Hadya and was able to satisfactorily predict grain yield of crops grown under different drought intensities. Limitations of the model and aspects requiring better understanding to improve model predictions are discussed.     

Simulation of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) root system development under Mediterranean conditions

Root growth of faba bean genotype ILB 1814 grown under both limited and sufficient moisture supply was studied in 1993–1994 and 1994–1995 at ICARDA's Tel Hadya research station. Crops were sown on two dates in both growing seasons. Root-length density (RLD) and root dry weight were measured at four depths in three locations relative to the crop row. In general, RLD decreased considerably with depth, and by the start of pod-filling, around 60% of the roots were found in the top 15 cm of soil. In the upper 30 cm soil profile, the RLDs of drought-stressed faba beans were significantly lower than those measured beneath well-watered crops. In the deeper soil layers, the RLDs were similar in both moisture supply treatments. An existing root model was employed for the simulation of faba bean root growth. The model estimates the depth of rooting and RLD in each soil layer based on dry matter allocation to the root system, soil layer water contents, genotype-specific rooting characteristics, and soil physical properties. A faba bean growth model provided daily allocation of dry matter to roots as well as soil layer water contents. Overall, with a few modifications, the root model was capable of predicting the RLD of faba bean grown both under limited and sufficient water supply realistically. Limitations of the model and some aspects that need further improvement are discussed.     

The Nutritive Value of Ten Inbred Lines of Faba Beans (Vicia faba L.) in Relation to their Content of Antinutritional Constituents and Protein Quality

Ten inbred lines of fabe beans (Vicia faba L.) selected according to their quality characters have been investigated for carbohydrates, proteins, and antinutritional compounds. Digestible energy, N-balance trials with growing rats comprising determination of the protein digestibility and biological value were used as criteria in connection with comprehensive chemical-biochemical analysis. The chemical composition of the ten lines showed a considerable diversity as cad the results from the rat crisis. However, the content of vicine and convicine in all or the investigated lines were below the level previously found to have effects on the nutritive value, Starch, protein and fibre were the quantitatively dominating seed constituents, and all showed great variation among the lines. The starch content was not correlated to the quality or nutritive value of the seed, whereas the protein content was negatively correlated to the biological value and net protein utilization. These correlations followed the content of essential amino acids, lysine, threonine and methionine in the faba bean proteins. The content of the sulfur-containing ammo acids cysteine and methionine are especially dominant factors for protein quality. A simple method for total sulphur determination was found nut 10 be a sufficiently reliable technique for evaluating the content of methionine and cysteine in the faba beans. Tannin, insoluble- and total dietary fibre are phenolic aromatic compounds which were negatively correlated with the faba bean quality as expressed by digestible energy, the protein digestibility and the biological value of the faba beans. The results obtained have also revealed, that it is not sufficient to consider tannin as a group in relation to the faba bean quality. We need to separate and evaluate the different types, of phenolics in relation to the variations in quality of faba beans. Some of the low molecular weight (LMW) phenolics in the faba beans seem 10 be involved in inhibitory effects on hydrolase enzymes, chymotrypsin and trypsin. Trypsin and chymotrypsin from different animals were different in their sensitivity to faba bean inhibitors and additional experiments are required to reveal details about these effects. It has also been revealed that fructosans Lind LMW carbohydrates (oligosaccharides) are important in relation to the quality of faba beans.     

施肥对蚕豆根瘤及产量的影响

针对冀北蚕豆主产区,研究了不同施肥处理对蚕豆根瘤及产量的影响。研究表明,磷钾肥可以促进根瘤的形成;在盛花期,根瘤的数量和干重随着施氮水平的增加呈先增加后减少的趋势,且N60施氮水平时根瘤的数量（56.0个/株）和干重（0.121g/株）值最高,分别比对照增加了46.6%和49.4%;在成熟期,根瘤数量和干重均随着氮肥的增加整体呈降低趋势,氮肥抑制根瘤的形成。施用磷钾肥和氮磷钾肥处理干物质积累量均高于对照处理。适量的氮肥与磷钾肥配施可促进蚕豆根、茎、叶、子粒的生长,过多的氮肥则会抑制植株     

Studies on Sowing Depth for Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), Faba Bean(Vicia faba L.) and Lentil (Lens culinaris Medik) in a Mediterranean-type Environment of South-western Australia

Pulses such as chickpea, faba bean and lentil have hypogeal emergence and their cotyledons remain where the seed is sown, while only the shoot emerges from the soil surface. The effect of three sowing depths (2.5, 5 and 10 cm) on the growth and yield of these pulses was studied at three locations across three seasons in the cropping regions of south-western Australia, with a Mediterranean-type environment. There was no effect of sowing depth on crop phenology, nodulation or dry matter production for any species. Mean seed yields across sites ranged from 810 to 2073 kg ha⁻¹ for chickpea, 817–3381 kg ha⁻¹ for faba bean, and 1173–2024 kg ha⁻¹ for lentil. In general, deep sowing did not reduce seed yields, and in some instances, seed yield was greater at the deeper sowings for chickpea and faba bean. We conclude that the optimum sowing depth for chickpea and faba bean is 5–8 cm, and for lentil 4–6 cm. Sowing at depth may also improve crop establishment where moisture from summer and autumn rainfall is stored in the subsoil below 5 cm, by reducing damage from herbicides applied immediately before or after sowing, and by improving the survival of Rhizobium inoculated on the seed due to more favourable soil conditions at depth.     

Effect of Shading on Nodule Growth and Sugar Distrihution in Faha Bean (Vicia Faba L.)

The faba bean ( Vicia faba L.) is an important grain legume world wide, yet the relationship between light intensity and nodule development and N₂ fixation has received minimal attention. An experiment was conducted to study the effects of shading on faba bean growth, seed yield, nodule development, and the distribution of total N and total sugar among plant parts. Seeds of the V. faba cultivar Xichang Dabai were sown in pots at Xichang. China, in 1986–90. The plants subjected to 50 % and 20 % shading for 145 d had thinner and taller main stem than the control, and fewer flowers, pods, and seeds. Poor dry weight of organs and less developed underground parts were recognized. Shading caused the deficiency of photosynthate (supply), subsequently less nodules formed poorer fresh weight of nodules was produced and nodule senescing advanced. Total N and total sugar contents per plant and in roots, stems and leaves were consistently lower under shading regimes, but the contents in nodules did not change significantly. It seems that the insufficient photosynthate supply limited both N and C metabolism in shading plants by first limiting growth of the whole plant and nodule, and that the lower total N content in faba bean plant under shading regime was attributed to an decreased effective nodule mass and advanced nodule senescing.     

细胞分裂素对玉米产量性状的影响

为探索细胞分裂素对玉米产量性状的影响,将不同质量浓度的细胞分裂素于玉米的抽雄时期做两次喷雾处理。结果发现,在喷药数天后,玉米单穗鲜重都出现先上升后稳定趋势,细胞分裂素处理的玉米单穗鲜重显著优于清水对照;与对照相比,细胞分裂素处理的玉米植株比较高大,茎秆粗壮,穗位叶的叶面积明显增大,叶绿素和可溶性蛋白的含量也显著增加,产量明显上升。其中,8 mg/L激动素的效果最好,使玉米的株高提高10.3%,穗位节茎粗增加14.5%,同时,可使成熟期玉米叶绿素含量提高11.9%,可溶性蛋白含量增加49.9%,最终使单穗粒数增加32.9%,千粒重增加23.8%。这表明,细胞分裂素使玉米延缓衰老,抗倒伏能力增加,对玉米产量也具有一定的促进效应。     

Effects of Thiourea, Thiamine and Ascorbic Acid on Growth and Yield of Maize (Zea mays L.)

Three chemicals, viz., thiourea, thiamine and ascorbic acid capable of potentiating-SH turnover, were tested with the objective to improve growth and productivity of maize. Thiourea was tested as seed-soaking and foliar-applied treatments as also in combination. Thiamine and ascorbic acid were tested as foliar sprays alone. Foliar treatments were applied at vegetative stage (30 and 45 days after sowing).
The results of the field experiment showed that seed soaking with thiourea (500 ppm) tended to improve grain yield (13.4 per cent over control), but improvement in biological yield was significant. However, seed soaking plus foliar treatment of thiourea significantly increased both biological and grain yields, besides causing significant improvement in leaf area index and number of green leaves plant^-1. The increase in grain yield ha^-1 was of the order of 34.6 per cent over control.
It was further noted that foliar sprays of thiourea (1000 ppm), thiamine (100 ppm) and ascorbic acid (100 ppm) significantly increased leaf area index, number of green leaves plant^-1 and biological yield ha^-1. These treatments also significantly increased grain yield ha^-1 by 40.6, 20.2 and 26.3 per cent, respectively over control. Improvement in maize yield with thiourea, thiamine and ascorbic acid treatments appeared to have resulted from increased photosynthetic efficiency and canopy photosynthesis on account of the biological activity of -SH group. It was also apparent that leaf senescence was delayed under the influence of these chemicals. It is therefore suggested that thiourea, thiamine and ascorbic acid are the potential bioregulators for improving photosynthetic efficiency and grain yield of maize and possibly other cereals, and that thiourea, a sulphydryl compound, holds considerable promise in this context.     

Quantitative trait loci of frost tolerance and physiologically related trait in faba bean (Vicia faba L.)

In faba bean, field based winter-hardiness is a complex trait that is significantly correlated to frost tolerance. Frost tolerance could be used to indirectly select for faba bean winter-hardiness. The aim of this study was to identify putative QTL associated with frost tolerance and auxiliary traits and to quantify the efficiency of marker assisted selection. Thus, 101 recombinant inbred lines derived from the cross between two frost tolerant lines were tested for their hardened and unhardened frost tolerance and for their leaf fatty acid content in both treatments. Significant differences among the RIL were observed for all studied traits. For frost tolerance, five putative QTL were detected; three for unhardened frost tolerance that explained 40.7% (8.6% after cross-validation, CV) of its genotypic variance and two for hardened frost tolerance that explained 21.8% (1.0% after CV). For fatty acid content, three QTL were detected for oleic acid content in unhardened leaves that explained 62.9% (40.6% after CV) of its genotypic variance. This fatty acid was significantly correlated with unhardened frost tolerance. The unbiased genotypic variance explained enabled to draw realistic prospects of MAS for frost tolerance. In this study, combined MAS was more efficient than classical phenotypic selection and was expected to be higher on larger populations at early generations. Moreover, favourable alleles inherited from the exotic line BPL 4628 could be introgressed to European winter-hardy beans for further improvement.     

Dry Peas (Pisum sativum L.) Grown in Mixtures with Faba Beans (Vicia faba L.)—A Rewarding Cultivation Alternative

Two semi-leafless pea cultivars and two highly lodging-resistant faba bean cultivars were grown in a series of replacement trials conducted on a highly fertile loam soil near Gottingen from 1992 to 1995. Cultivation as well as harvesting of mixed crops of both species proved possible. In spite of the delayed harvest of the mixed crop stands determined by the later pod ripening of the faba beans (varying between seasons from -f 5 to +21 days), noticeable seed losses due to pod shattering were not observed for the overripe peas. Standing ability of the peas was considerably improved by mixed cropping. Lodging began later and was less severe at harvest. Within mixtures with 50 % or more faba bean proportions at sowing (relative to the seeding rate of the pure stands) the peas, n i most cases, remained nearly upright until harvest and instead of the usual 'Plattlager', i.e., prostrate but upright top, frequently a more highly inserted 'Hohllager', i.e., upright but collapsed at higher nodes, was observed. In contrast to these remarkably synergistic effects for standing ability, such effects proved to be only small and nonsignificant for grain yield (−1.5–2.9%). Yield stability of the mixed crops was higher than that of the pure stands of both species. Estimates of the stability parameters, ecovalence, deviation from regression and environmental variance were at least halved. Yield proportions of peas and faba beans in the harvested seed of the mixtures did not correspond with the seed proportions at sowing. They differed considerably between seasons and cultivar combination. Higher yield proportions of faba beans were observed under wet and cold weather conditions and for the cultivar combination Victor/Disco, whereas higher yield proportions of peas were found under dry and warm weather conditions and for the cultivar combination Mythos/Baroness .     

Heat stress in food legumes: evaluation of membrane thermostability methodology and use of infra-red thermometry

Heat tolerance in 45 chickpea, lentil, and faba bean genotypes was investigated during 2007/2008 and 2008/2009 at Alexandria Agriculture Research Station, Alexandria, Egypt, using screening methods employing the membrane thermostability technique. Threshold temperature to be used in screening for heat tolerance at germination was also investigated for each crop. Temperatures, responsible for 50% germination were 40, 33.5, and 29°C for chickpea, faba bean, and lentil, respectively. Germination percent under high temperature varied significantly (P ≤ 0.05) amongst genotypes. Germination percentage ranged from 4.8 to 71.6, 39.2 to 90.0, and 4.8 to 68.6, in chickpea, lentil, and faba bean, respectively. Differences were significant (P ≤ 0.05) among faba bean and chickpea genotypes. Membrane relative injury (RI%) showed significant (P ≤ 0.05) variability among the genotypes and ranged from 10.57 to 58, 5.2 to 61.7, and 15.7 to 52.7 in chickpea, lentil, and faba bean, respectively. Canopy temperature was measured to evaluate heat avoidance in tested genotypes. Infra-red thermometry was used to measure canopy temperature and the gradient of canopy to ambient air temperature (∆T_C-A) in moisture stressed and unstressed treatments. Canopy temperature, leaf water potential (LWP) and leaf water content were affected by the level of soil moisture. Genotypes were able to bring their canopy temperatures to levels lower than ambient air temperatures but the differences were not significant. A heat stress index (HSI) were computed relating the ∆T_C-A in moisture stressed to unstressed treatments. Regression of leaf water potential (LWP) and the heat stress index (HSI) was significant (P ≤ 0.05) in faba bean genotypes in the stressful environment. The results of the present investigation emphasize the efficiency of membrane thermostability technique in selection for heat tolerance in early stages of growth in food legumes.     

Faba bean genomics: current status and future prospects

Faba bean represents a crucial source of protein for food, especially for Mediterranean countries, and local demand for faba bean grains is increasing. The crop is also gaining increased attention as an elite candidate for conservation agriculture. However, the complexity of the faba genome has made progress in breeding programs and molecular studies relatively slow compared with other legume crops. Recent advances in plant genomics have made it feasible to understand complex genomes such as faba bean. With the increase of faba bean consumption in the Middle East region, there is an urgent need to develop elite faba genotypes suitable for arid and semi arid environments, with high yield potential and acceptable nutritional quality. This article highlights the recent advances in legume and faba genomics and its potential to contribute to the above mentioned goal. Emphasis is given on prospects on faba improvements strategies from the Middle East point of view.