灰茶尺蠖核型多角体病毒对两种尺蠖的致病性

灰茶尺蠖核型多角体病毒(Ectropis grisescens Nucleopolyhedrovirus,Eg NPV)是灰茶尺蠖幼虫的重要病原微生物。为明确其对茶树重要害虫尺蠖类的两个近缘种灰茶尺蠖Ectropis grisescens Warren和茶尺蠖E.obliqua Prout的致病性,进行了一系列的生物测定。结果表明,EgNPV对2龄灰茶尺蠖和茶尺蠖幼虫的剂量对数-死亡机率值回归方程和LC₅₀分别为y=0.943x+0.3582,LC₅₀=8.3×10⁴PIB/mL;y=0.663x+1.614,LC₅₀=1.3×10⁵PIB/mL。当使用不同浓度EgNPV处理不同龄期灰茶尺蠖和茶尺蠖幼虫时发现,两种幼虫致死率趋势大致相同;在虫龄一致时,达到相同的致病率,灰茶尺蠖所需的时间比茶尺蠖平均短一天。使用2×10⁶PIB/mL浓度处理不同代别灰茶尺蠖和茶尺蠖2龄幼虫,在第1、2和第6代,EgNPV对两种幼虫的致死率均大于80%。上述结果表明灰茶尺蠖核...     

茶尺蠖和灰茶尺蠖幼虫及成虫的鉴别方法

茶尺蠖Ectropis obliqua和灰茶尺蠖Ectropis grisescens是茶园主要害虫,两者为近缘种,外形十分相似,难以区分。为了便于茶叶技术人员识别这两种尺蠖,本研究通过饲养观察,比较了这两种尺蠖幼虫和成虫的形态差异,提出了一种鉴别方法,即通过幼虫第2腹节背面八字形黑色斑纹的形态及该节上2对小黑点的位置进行幼虫鉴别,通过前后翅上外横线的形态进行成虫鉴别。采用分子鉴定对该方法进行了验证,结果表明该方法判别准确,且易于掌握,能准确区分茶尺蠖和灰茶尺蠖。本研究结果对这两种尺蠖的正确识别和田间防治十分有益。     

一种茶尺蠖产卵条

茶尺蠖是茶园主要害虫,为开展茶尺蠖的大量饲养,研究制作了一种产卵纸条,该产卵条制作简单、应用效果好,着卵量较之前的卵条提高45.95％;将之应用于茶尺蠖和灰茶尺蠖大量饲养,平均着卵量为195.9～225.4粒/条.本研究结果对茶尺蠖的大量饲养和茶尺蠖核型多角体病毒生产十分有益.     

两株茶尺蠖核型多角体病毒毒株对灰茶尺蠖的毒力及基因组差异

为明确茶尺蠖核型多角体病毒（Ectropis obliqua nucleopolyhedrovirus,EcobNPV）毒株对灰茶尺蠖E.grisescens的毒力差异及其机制,以前期筛选获得的高效毒株EcobNPV-QF4和原始毒株EcobNPV-QV为研究对象,采用PCR扩增技术对其进行分子鉴定,通过叶盘法毒力生测试验测定毒力差异,并用定量PCR技术比较病毒拷贝数及基因组测序方法分析基因组差异。结果表明,EcobNPV-QV经分子鉴定存在3个基因型,而EcobNPV-QF4则存在2个基因型,2株毒株的基因型存在差异;EcobNPV-QV和EcobNPV-QF4对灰茶尺蠖的幼虫毒力分别为4.26×10⁶ PIB/头和9.72×10⁷ PIB/头,EcobNPV-QF4对灰茶尺蠖的毒力是EcobNPV-QV的22.8倍;饲毒0~48 h之间EcobNPV-QF4在灰茶尺蠖体内的增殖拷贝均显著高于EcobNPV-QV,EcobNPV-QF4比EcobNPV-QV具有更快的繁殖能力;比较2株毒株的基因组,EcobNPV-QF4比EcobNPV-QV长315 bp,与EcobNPV-QV相比EcobNPV-QF4基因组的hr1~hr3区域出现倒位,其中核苷酸还原酶小亚基基因在EcobNPV-QF4中重复1次,3个同源重复区的回文序列存在差异但2株毒株仍为α杆状病毒亚家族II亲缘种分离株。表明2株毒株的基因组在同源重复区的序列及回文个数间存在差异,推测这可能与导致其对灰茶尺蠖毒力差异有关。     

灰茶尺蠖触角感器的扫描电镜观察

使用扫描电子显微镜对灰茶尺蠖Ectropis grisescens成虫触角感器的种类、形态和分布进行了观察。结果表明:灰茶尺蠖触角上主要存在3种感器,分别为毛形感器(sensilla trichodea, ST)、刺形感器(sensilla chaetica, SC)和栓锥形感器(sensilla styloconica, SS)。感器的种类和分布在雌雄成虫触角上没有差异。     

茶尺蠖病毒制剂的应用效果初探与推广概况

2017-2020年,在江苏和浙江将茶尺蠖病毒制剂茶核·苏云菌应用于茶园茶尺蠖、灰茶尺蠖的防治,对多年、多点的应用效果进行了总结,并概述了近年来茶尺蠖病毒制剂在我国茶园的推广应用情况.在实践中发现,施用10 000 PIB/μL·2 000 IU/μL茶核·苏云菌悬浮剂100 mL/667m2,对茶尺蠖的防效最高可达8...     

3种药剂对茶尺蠖的防治效果

用22%噻虫·高氯氟微胶囊悬浮剂、25%溴氰菊酯乳油和48%毒死蜱乳油等3种农药防治茶尺蠖的试验结果表明,药后3 d和7 d,22%噻虫·高氯氟微胶囊悬浮剂和25%溴氰菊酯乳油对茶尺蠖的防治效果均高于80%。药后7 d,2%噻虫·高氯氟微胶囊悬浮剂对茶尺蠖的防治效果达86.7%,而48%毒死蜱乳油的防治效果低于80%。说明22%噻虫·高氯氟微胶囊悬浮剂和25%溴氰菊酯乳油对茶尺蠖均有较好的防治效果。     

茶尺蠖脂肪酶合成基因EoL2的克隆和组织表达特征

昆虫脂肪酶可参与脂类消化、吸收和运输,并能介导植物的抗病虫功能。本研究通过茶尺蠖唾液腺转录组数据库发掘到该基因片段,采用RACE技术克隆获得了一条茶尺蠖脂肪酶合成基因序列,命名为Eo L2,并检测了其在茶尺蠖不同生育期及不同组织部位中的相对表达水平。研究结果表明,Eo L2的c DNA序列全长1310 bp,开放阅读框为1041 bp,编码一个包含346个氨基酸的蛋白,推测该蛋白相对分子量为37.96 k D,推测等电点(PI)为8.41,具有脂肪酶典型的GXSXG丝氨酸活性保守序列,其氨基酸序列与家蚕相似度最高,为57%。实时荧光定量PCR结果表明,Eo L2在卵中的表达量显著低于其它虫态;在1龄幼虫期的相对表达水平显著高于2~5龄;在成虫中的表达量显著高于蛹;在血淋巴中的表达量显著高于中肠、表皮、脂肪体和唾液腺。     

灰茶尺蠖为害诱导茶树释放的互利素的鉴定

为鉴定灰茶尺蠖为害诱导茶树释放的互利素,遂以SDE法提取灰茶尺蠖为害茶梢和正常茶梢挥发物,经GC-MS检测,分别鉴定出31和25种组分,二者总含量相对于等剂量内标的含量分别是1863.8%和1124.6%。与正常茶梢相比,灰茶尺蠖为害茶梢挥发物中苯甲醛、反-2-癸烯醛、吲哚、水杨酸、反-2-己烯醛和己醛含量显著增加。将灰茶尺蠖为害茶梢挥发物的18种主要组分分别溶于液体石蜡制成10^-4g/mL味源,以Y形嗅觉仪检测茶尺蠖绒茧峰对味源的趋性;与液体石蜡相比,苯甲醛、水杨酸、反-2-己烯醛和己醛诱效显著,反-2癸烯醛、4-庚烯醛和吲哚的诱效明显,其他11组分无明显诱效。再将前7种组分配成10^-2g/mL引诱剂,分别载于橡皮头制成诱芯,附于芽绿粘板上,在茶园茶尺蠖绒茧蜂盛发期实施诱捕,携带前4种诱芯的芽绿粘板诱捕的蜂数明显多于后3种、且显著多于无诱芯的芽绿粘板,而且携带10^-2g/mL苯甲醛、水杨酸和反-2-己烯醛等量混合物诱芯的诱效最强。认为苯甲醛、水杨酸、反-2-己烯醛和己醛是灰茶尺蠖取食诱导的茶树互利素。     

茶尺蠖信息素诱捕茶园茶尺蠖试验报告

为验证英格尔公司生产的茶尺蠖信息素在茶园茶尺蠖防治上的作用和效果,以获取科学、准确的试验数据,优化集成茶叶绿色防控技术,我们开展了茶尺蠖信息素诱捕茶园茶尺蠖试验。1试验材料和方法1.1诱集材料茶尺蠖信息素诱芯,注塑三角型诱捕器,均由漳州市英格尔农业科技有限公司生产和提供。1.2试验地该试验设在英山县红山镇乌云山村三组石顺本、石立贵两农户茶园进行。该试验茶园地形较密闭,与其它的地块隔离较好,茶树为多年生,     

Erwinia carotovora Infection Enhances the Expression of Two Novel Abiotic Stress-inducible Genes in Potato

In this study, cDNAs of two Erwinia carotovora-induced potato genes, designated Solanum tuberosum–Erwinia-induced-1 and 2 (Stei1 and Stei2) were isolated by differential display technique. Stei1 and Stei2 were detected in low copy number in the potato genome and found to encode putative proteins with no significant homology to any genes with known function. Treatment of the leaves with salicylic acid, methyl jasmonate and ethylene elevated neither Stei1 nor Stei2 mRNA levels. However, Stei1 and Stei2 expression were induced not only by E. carotovora but also by infiltration of water in leaves, albeit to a lesser extent. In addition, Stei2 was up-regulated by NaCl, wounding, dehydration and abscisic acid. Thus Stei1 and Stei2 define novel genes belonging to the family of those pathogenesis-related genes whose expression can be induced both by biotic and abiotic stresses.     

不同种群小菜蛾对4种杀虫药剂的抗性及抗性基因频率

用 FAO推荐的点滴法测定了日本、台湾、广州、东莞等地小菜蛾 (Plutella xy-lostella L .)的抗药性。测定结果表明 :日本、广州的小菜蛾对阿维菌素显示出抗药性 ,其抗性比率分别是 4 .85倍和 10 .2 7倍。杀虫药剂抗性基因型频率测定显示 ,广州、广东东莞和北京种群的最高 ,基因型频率分别为 4 1.2 5%、4 1.2 5%和 58.2 3%。研究验证了快速测定杀虫药剂抗性基因型频率的方法 ,并提出了根据不同种群小菜蛾抗性基因型频率所应采取的综合治理策略。     

白背飞虱两个P450基因的克隆、序列分析及杀虫剂胁迫下的表达分析

细胞色素P450属于超基因家族,与昆虫对杀虫剂抗药性产生有重要关系。本文在白背飞虱转录组数据的基础上,克隆到了两个P450基因,分别命名为SfCYP4DE1和SfCYP353D1v2,其分别编码534和471个氨基酸,分子量约为61.567和53.762 kDa,理论等电点为9.18和8.74。结构域分析发现,SfCYP4DE1和SfCYP353D1v2氨基酸序列中均包含5个P450基因共有序列。噻虫嗪、噻嗪酮和阿维菌素的LC₁₀、LC₂₅、LC₅₀和LC₉₀4个不同浓度处理白背飞虱3龄若虫48 h后,采用RT-qPCR技术测定SfCYP4DE1和SfCYP353D1v2两个基因的相对表达量,结果表明：噻虫嗪、噻嗪酮LC₁₀和LC₂₅浓度胁迫后SfCYP4DE1基因相对表达量均显著低于对照组,但随着浓度继续的加大,SfCYP4DE1基因的表达量出现上升的趋势。不同的是,经阿维菌素LC₁₀和LC₂₅浓度胁迫后,SfCYP4DE1基因的表达量均显著高于对照组,且随着浓度增加其表达量升高。与对照组相比,经噻虫嗪不同浓度胁迫后,SfCYP353D1v2基因表达量均呈现出诱导增加的趋势,且LC₁₀、LC₅₀和LC₉₀处理组显著高于对照组。噻嗪酮LC₁₀浓度处理能够显著诱导SfCYP353D1v2基因的表达,但阿维菌素LC₁₀浓度处理下其表达量被显著抑制。另外,以阿维菌素LC₅₀和LC₉₀浓度处理后,SfCYP353D1v2基因的表达量被显著诱导。以上研究结果可为进一步研究白背飞虱P450基因对杀虫剂解毒代谢途径提供基础资料。     

短花针茅草原优势种群特征对不同放牧制度的响应

在内蒙古锡林郭勒盟苏尼特右旗荒漠草原,通过划区轮牧与自由放牧的比较试验,研究了不同放牧制度对短花针茅荒漠草原优势种群的影响,结果表明:自由放牧区短花针茅高度、盖度、密度、重要值、相对现存量均高于划区轮牧区。划区轮牧区无芒隐子草和碱韭的盖度、密度、重要值、地上现存量和相对现存量均高于自由放牧区。     

Chromosomal Location of Genes for Resistance to Puccinia striiformis in the Wheat Line TP1295 Selected from the Cross of Soissonais-Desprez with Lemhi

Crosses of a wheat line TP1295 with the cultivar Chinese Spring monosomic series were used to locate, on chromosome 1D, a major gene for resistance to isolate WYR 85-22 of race 6E0 of Puccinia striiformis. The gene is designated as Yr25 and is probably present in several of the cultivars currently widely used for differentiating races of this pathogen. The expression of the gene was modified by the environment and by at least one minor gene which may be located on chromosome 6A. In F2 and F3 generations from a cross between TP1295 and euploid Chinese Spring, a wide range of variation in infection type (IT) was observed. This precluded the classification of the plants as either resistant or susceptible, so they were assigned to 6 classes and analyzed by factorial correspondence analysis and non-hierarchical classification. When all F3 plants in a family were fully resistant, like TP1295 itself (IT ;), both Yr25 and the modifying gene were assumed to be present and homozygous. In environments favourable to expression of the gene, families thought to carry Yr25 alone had a distribution of ITs from fully resistant (IT ;) to intermediate (IT 2, rarely 3 or 3+). This F3 analysis indicated that use of IT data alone, in the monosomic analysis, would not reveal the chromosomal location of the genes and that chromosome counting of numerous plants was necessary. As well as indicating the chromosomes carrying the genes for resistance to isolate WYR 85-22, the data showed that plants monosomic for chromosomes 5B and 5D were more resistant than the corresponding disomics, indicating that these chromosomes promote susceptibility and supporting other evidence of the effects of these chromosomes on yellow rust resistance.     

两种梭梭出苗对生境土壤基质互换与沙埋深度的响应

以梭梭（Haloxylon ammodendron）、白梭梭（Haloxylon persicum）两种植物为研究对象,采用生境土壤基质互换种植和盆栽控制沙埋深度方法,对其萌发出苗和幼苗建成进行对比研究。结果表明：丘间低地土壤pH、电导率和养分含量均显著高于沙丘顶部,其中电导率（可溶盐含量）相差达5倍;土壤含水量差别不...     

Resistance to diclofop-methyl in two Lolium spp. populations from Italy: studies on the mechanism of resistance

The mechanisms of herbicide resistance were investigated in two diclofop-methyl-resistant Lolium spp. populations from central Italy, Roma '94 and Tuscania '97. These two populations were compared with two susceptible Italian populations (Vetralla '94, Tarquinia '97) and a resistant and a susceptible population from Australia, SLR31 and VLR1. The activity of acetyl Co-A carboxylase (ACCase) extracted from susceptible (S) or resistant (R) individuals from the Italian populations was inhibited by both aryloxyphenoxypropanoate (diclofop acid and fluazifop acid) and cyclohexanedione (sethoxydim) herbicides. Diclofop-methyl was rapidly de-esterified to diclofop acid at a similar rate in both R and S populations. In all populations, diclofop acid was subsequently degraded to other metabolites. The rate of degradation of diclofop acid was not significantly faster in R than in S populations; however, diclofop acid was degraded more completely in Roma '94 and Tuscania '97 compared with the S populations. Application of the mixed-function oxidase inhibitor 1-aminobenzotriazole (ABT) significantly enhanced diclofop-methyl toxicity towards both R populations, but not in S populations. However, enhanced herbicide metabolism does not completely account for the measured resistance level. A mechanism other than an altered ACCase and enhanced herbicide metabolism appears to be responsible for resistance to diclofop-methyl in Roma '94 and Tuscania '97.     

Isolation of Molecular Markers Linked to the <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cry</Emphasis> Locus Conferring Resistance to <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cucumber mosaic cucumovirus </Emphasis>Infection in Cowpea

We previously demonstrated that cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] cultivar Kurodane-Sanjaku contains the Cry gene, which confers resistance against Cucumber mosaic cucumovirus infection. In this paper, randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis was carried out to tag the Cry locus. Bulked segregant analysis for RAPD resulted in many polymorphisms in amplified DNA patterns. Candidates were further screened using parental and/or F₂ cowpea DNAs. As a result, we obtained three RAPD markers, D13/E14-350, WA3-850 and OPE3-500, flanking the Cry locus. In addition, we amplified cowpea sequences coding for the putative nucleotide-binding site (NBS). Degenerate primers based on NBS sequences of tobacco N and Arabidopsis RPS2 disease resistance genes were used for polymerase chain reaction, and resultant products were cloned and sequenced. Among eight independent clones, cowpea resistance gene analog (CRGA) 5 showed a distinct polymorphism when used as a probe for restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis against the susceptible cowpea cultivar PI 189375 and a near-isogenic line for the Cry. Linkage analyses of these molecular markers showed that genetic distances of CRGA5, D13/E14-350, WA3-850 and OPE3-500 to the Cry locus were 0.7, 5.2, 11.5 and 24.5 cM, respectively. Received 16 December 1999/ Accepted in revised form 22 March 2000     

库尔勒─鄯善段输油管道建设工程生态损失的经济估算

随着塔里木油田的开发，输油管道的建设提到了议事日程。在输油管道的建设过程中，会使生态环境受到影响。我们在进行库尔勒－鄯善段输油管道环境影响评价时，采用了经济评价的方法，尝试用货币的方式定量的计算生态破坏的大小。