早期断奶仔猪日粮中添加脂肪和乳化剂的研究

在粗蛋白水平为１８％的日粮中添加０％和３％的豆油，并对中的豆油进行三种处理：（１）添加１０％的大豆磷脂，（２）添加１．５％单甘酯，（３）豆油对照组，形成四种试验日粮。５２头早期断奶仔猪随机分成四组，经４周试验，结果表明：添加豆油以及大豆磷与否，平均日增重差异均不显著；添加单甘酯增重效果显著低于同对照组（Ｐ〈０．０５）；而二种乳化剂之间也无明显差异。这说明：用上述二种乳化剂地豆油乳化后再加入日粮并     

日粮脂肪对猪胴体脂肪品质的影响

在日粮中添加脂肪有许多好处，即增加日粮的能量含量（按重量计，脂肪的能量含量大约是其它成分的2．5倍）、降低采食量（家畜采食饲料为的是满足能量需要）、提高增重、改善饲料转化率和饲料品质、提高繁殖效率、减少增生热。     

脂肪乳化剂——美肥对肉鸡生产性能的影响

肉用仔鸡由于增长迅速，尤其对能量有更高的要求，常规饲料一般难以满足其营养需要，脂肪作为高能量的饲料原料，经常被添加于肉鸡日粮中以提高日粮能量。由于肉鸡消化能力有限，因此有必要在日粮中添加外源乳化剂以提高对脂肪的消化率，使肉鸡健康成长，提高其生产性能。本次试验以海波罗肉鸡为研究对象，观察脂肪乳化剂-美肥对肉鸡生产性能的影响，并与比利时纽卡米公司生产的脂肪乳化剂-唯乐美进行比较。     

早期断奶仔猪的消化生理及饲粮组合研究

仔猪早期断奶受心理、环境及营养应激影响，常表现为“仔猪早期断奶综合症”。主要是营养应激，即仔猪由液态母乳转向固体饲料。由于仔猪消化系统尚未发育成熟，不能适应这种营养物质的骤变。因此配制适合早期断奶仔猪消化生理的饲粮是克服早期断奶综合症的最有效方法。     

猪日粮纤维的消化生理功能和营养作用

日粮纤维是一种化学组成很不一致的复合成分,具有特殊的生理作用。营养学家对日粮纤维的定义尚没有统一的看法,在过去的研究中,其定义方法总是与分析方法紧密结合在一起的,目前常用的定义有粗纤维（ＣＦ）、中性洗涤纤维（ＮＤＦ）或酸性洗涤纤维（ＡＤＦ）以及非淀粉多糖（ＮＳＰ）。对日粮纤维的研究可追溯到１７世纪,在过去相当长时间内,人们认为它是饲料中较难被家畜消化的一组成分,不仅本身没有价值,对单胃动物来说还会由于它的存在,增加能量消耗,使饲料营养价值降低。直至本世纪７０年代,随着对膳食纤维在营养与生理方面的…     

鸡对碳水化合物和脂肪需要量的分析

饲料碳水化合物是鸡的主要能量来源,饲料脂肪也提供部分能量。除作为能源物质外,这2种营养素还具其他营养作用或生理功能。因此,养鸡者也应了解鸡对这2种营养素的需要量。     

脂肪酸营养生理作用及其在动物生产中的应用

1脂肪酸的定义及分类 脂肪酸是由碳、氢和氧3种元素组成的一类化合物,是构成动物机体脂肪和类脂的基本物质,是细胞膜磷脂的重要成分,对调节细胞膜组成和蛋白质摄入具有重要意义.依据脂肪酸间碳氢链的长度及不饱和双键的数目和位置进行划分.脂肪酸按碳氢链是否饱和可分为3类,即:饱和脂肪酸(SFA),单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)和多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA);按碳链的长短可将脂肪酸分为短链脂肪酸(SCFA)、中链脂肪酸(MCFA)及长链脂肪酸(LCFA).     

高油脂日粮中添加外源性乳化剂对肉鸡饲料养分利用率的影响

选用48只体重一致的、健康的36日龄的爱拔益加(Arbor Acre)雄性肉鸡,随机分成6个处理,每个处理4个重复,研究等能和等蛋白情况下,在高油脂含量日粮中添加不同剂量(0、400、530、660、800g/t)的外源性乳化剂对肉鸡饲料营养物质表观和真实代谢率的影响。结果表明:高油脂饲料中添加不同水平的外源性乳化剂不同程度地提高了能量、粗脂肪和干物质的表观和真实代谢率以及表观和真实代谢能,并且随着乳化剂添加水平的提高而呈上升的趋势。其中800g/t乳化剂水平下,能量、粗脂肪的真实代谢率、真实代谢能都提高值最大,添加400g/t乳化剂处理组和对照组差异不显著。     

Effects of exogenous enzymes and dietary energy on performance and digestive physiology of broilers

The study was conducted to compare the effects of XG with AG and BM at different metabolizable energy diets on growth performance, digestive physiology and energy utilization of broilers fed with corn-SBM diet. A 2 × 4 factorial design was used with two basal diets (the positive control group, PC; negative control with ME reduction 100 kcal/kg, NC) and with or without the addition of three exogenous enzymes (0.02% BM; 0.01% AG; 0.05% XG) respectively. 1,200 one-day-old broilers were randomly allocated to 8 treatments with 10 pens of 15 broilers. There was no significant difference on BW, BWG, and FI at 0-21d, 21-42d or 0-42d for diet, enzymes or their interactions, but FI at 22-42d and 0-42d were tend to be decreased with the addition of enzymes. The F/G was significantly improved by the addition of enzymes especially in NC diet. The dietary AME and TME in PC or NC diet were significantly increased by XG or AG in NC diet. The villus length and V/C of ileum were significantly increased by the addition of BM or XG. XG improved the activities of trypsin, chymotrypsin and amylase, BM improved the activity of trypsin at 21d, and AG improved the activity of chymotrypsin at 21d. Comparing to PC diet, the addition of enzymes in PC or NC diet decreased feed cost per kg body weight gain especially in NC diet (except AG in PC diet) with the highest profits for XG in NC diet. In conclusion, supplementation of 0.02% BM or 0.01% AG or 0.05% XG could improve feed conversion of broilers in corn-soybean meal diet by improving energy utilization and digestive physiology, and also supplementation of 0.05% XG had a preferable efficacy in low energy diet.     

Effects of exogenous enzymes and dietary energy on performance and digestive physiology of broilers

The study was conducted to compare the effects of XG with AG and BM at different metabolizable energy diets on growth performance, digestive physiology and energy utilization of broilers fed with corn-SBM diet. A 2 x 4 factoria design was used with two basal diets （the positive control group, PC; negative control with ME reduction 100 kcal/ kg, NC） and with or without the addition of three exogenous enzymes （0.02% BM; 0.01% AG; 0.05% XG） respectively. 1,200 one-day-old broilers were randomly allocated to 8 treatments with 10 pens of 1_5 broilers. There was no significant difference on BW, BWG, and FI at 0-21d, 21-42d or 0-42d for diet, enzymes or their interactions, but FI at 22-42d and 0-42d were tend to be decreased with the addition of enzymes. The F/G was significantly improved by the addition of enzymes especially in NC diet. The dietary AME and TME in PC or NC diet were significantly increased by XG or AG in NC diet. The villus length and V/C of ileum were significantly increased by the addition of BM or XG. XG improved the activities of trypsin, chymotrypsin and amylase, BM improved the activity of trypsin at 21d, and AG improved the activity of chymotrypsin at 21d. Comparing to PC diet, the addition of enzymes in PC or NC diet decreased feed cost per kg body weight gain especially in NC diet （except AG in PC diet） with the highest profits for XG in NC diet. In conclusion, supplementation of 0.02% BM or 0.01% AG or 0.0.5% XG could improve feed conversion of broilers in corn-soybean meal diet by improving energy utilization and digestive physiology, and also supplementation of 0.05% XG had a preferable efficacy in low energy diet.     

Effects of exogenous emulsifiers and fat sources on nutrient digestibility, serum lipids, and growth performance in weanling pigs.

Three experiments were conducted to determine whether emulsifiers improve utilization of fat from diets for early-weaned pigs. In Exp. 1, 96 weanling pigs (17 d old) were used in metabolism cages, with main effects of fat source (soybean oil, tallow, lard, and coconut oil) and emulsifier treatment (no emulsifier, lecithin, and lysolecithin as 10% of the added fat). Soybean oil and coconut oil were more digestible than tallow and lard (P < .001). Tallow was more digestible when lecithin and lysolecithin were added (P < .007), and pigs fed lecithin had lower serum triglycerides and cholesterol than pigs fed lysolecithin (P < .03). In Exp. 2, 270 weanling pigs (21 d old) were used in a growth assay. Treatments were 1) control diet; 2) Diet 1 with soybean oil; 3) Diet 1 with tallow; 4, 5, and 6) Diet 3 with lecithin replacing 5, 10, and 30% of the tallow, respectively; and 7, 8, and 9) Diet 3 with lysolecithin replacing 5, 10, and 30% of the tallow, respectively. At d 14 of the experiment, digestibility of tallow was improved more by lecithin than lysolecithin (P < .008). For the total experiment (d 0 to 35), the control pigs had poorer gain:feed ratio than did the pigs fed the fat sources (P < .002). In Exp. 3, 420 weanling pigs (21 d old) were used. Treatments were 1) control diet with soybean oil; 2) Diet 1 with tallow; and 3, 4, and 5) Diet 2 with 10% of the added fat as soybean oil, lecithin, or monoglyceride, respectively. Adding soybean oil, lecithin, and monoglyceride to tallow increased digestibility of total fat (P < .07). From d 0 to 14, pigs fed soybean oil gained weight faster than pigs fed the other treatments (P < .06), and pigs fed tallow without emulsifiers had the lowest ADG. Considering all experiments, addition of emulsifiers increased digestibility of nutrients but had minimal effect on growth performance.     

外源α -淀粉酶对21日龄肉鸡消化器官发育、肠道内源酶活性的影响

选用1日龄AA肉鸡440羽，随机分成4组，每组5个重复，分别饲喂基础日粮（对照组）和在基础日粮中分别添加1000LU／kg（250mg／kg）、3000LU／kg（750mg／kg）、9000LU／kg（2250mg／kg）微生物α-淀粉酶的试验日粮，研究添加不同剂量外源α-淀粉酶对肉鸡消化器官发育和内源酶活。性变化的影响。结果表曝添加淀粉酶不同程度地降低了肉鸡肝脏、肌胃、前肠相对重量和前肠相对长度（P〉0．05）；不同程度地提高了肉鸡前肠内容物淀粉酶、总蛋白酶（P〈0．05）和胰蛋白酶（P〈0．05）活性，但未影响脂肪酶活性，而且高剂量（2250mg／kg）添加组的总蛋白酶（P〈0．05）和淀粉酶活性有下降趋势：肉鸡空肠黏膜DNA、RNA浓度及蔗糖酶、麦芽糖酶活性未受低剂量淀粉酶水平影响，但高剂量降低了蔗糖酶和麦芽糖酶活性（P〈0．05）。     

膨化、酶处理陈化早籼糙米对早期断奶仔猪生产性能和消化道内碳水化合物消化酶的影响

采用2×2因子试验设计,选择24日龄断奶且断奶体重为(6.95±0.05)kg的三元杂交猪(杜×长×大)96头,随机分成4个处理组,每组6个重复,每个重复4头仔猪。试验于31日龄正式开始,59日龄结束,研究膨化、酶处理陈化早籼糙米对早期断奶仔猪生产性能和消化道内碳水化合物消化酶的影响。结果表明,31￣45日龄及31￣59日龄的饲料转化率因膨化而显著下降(P<0.01),而且膨化与外源酶的互作效应提高了全期的料肉比(P<0.05),膨化和酶处理对日增重和采食量无影响(P>0.10)。膨化显著提高45日龄十二指肠中麦芽糖酶和59日龄糖化酶的活性(P<0.05),同时膨化显著降低空肠中59日龄所有粘膜二糖酶的活性(P<0.05)、极显著提高空肠中59日龄琢-淀粉酶活性(P<0.01)。外源酶显著提高了胰脏中45日龄琢-淀粉酶、59日龄琢-淀粉酶和糖化酶以及45日龄回肠中海藻糖酶的活性(P<0.05)。互作效应显著影响45日龄胰脏中琢-淀粉酶和十二指肠中麦芽糖酶的活性(P<0.05),同时对59日龄十二指肠糖化酶、异麦芽糖酶,59日龄空肠乳糖酶、异麦芽糖酶和琢-淀粉酶的活性影响显著(P<0.05)。     

番鸭血脂性状与腹脂率、肌脂率、肝脂率的关系

试验对番鸭血液中的极低密度脂蛋白（VLDL）、磷脂（PL）、甘油三酯（TG）、胆固醇（CHO）的含量进行了测定，并将其与腹脂率、肌脂率、肝脂率等有关的指标进行了相关分析。得出番鸭血液中的极低密度脂蛋白、磷脂、甘油三酯、腹脂重、腹脂率、番鸭肝重、肝脂率、胸肌含脂率、腿肌含脂率的变异程度远远大于血液中的胆固醇及体重的变异程度。血液中甘油三酯与70日龄体重、腹脂重及腹脂率呈显著性负相关（P＜0.05），相关系数分别为－0.7253,-0.6795,-0.6212;CHO与腿肌含脂率呈显著性正相关（P＜0.05），相关系数为0.6077。     

甜菜碱与脂肪代谢

甜菜碱作为一种新型饲料添加剂,具有提供甲基,促进脂肪代谢的作用,可降低或重新分配体内脂肪.甜菜碱可以广泛用于猪、鸡、以及水产动物饲料中,可以降低许多家畜肝脏脂肪合成速度,具有明显的抗脂肪肝效应.所以,甜菜碱对动物具有保健和预防疾病的功能.本文就甜菜碱调节脂肪代谢的作用机理、抗脂肪肝效应及在实际应用效果作一综述.     

甜菜碱与脂肪代谢

甜菜碱作为一种新型饲料添加剂,具有提供甲基,促进脂肪代谢的作用,可降低或重新分配体内脂肪。甜菜碱可以广泛用于猪、鸡、以及水产动物饲料中,可以降低许多家畜肝脏脂肪合成速度,具有明显的抗脂肪肝效应。所以,甜菜碱对动物具有保健和预防疾病的功能。本文就甜菜碱调节脂肪代谢的作用机理、抗脂肪肝效应及在实际应用效果作一综述。     

Effects of extrusion and supplementation of exogenous enzymes to diets containing Chinese storage brown rice on the carbohydrase activity in the digestive tract of piglets

Two experiments were conducted to study the effects of extrusion of Chinese storage brown rice and of exogenous enzymes supplementation to diets containing Chinese storage brown rice on the carbohydrase activity in digestive tract of piglets. In Experiment 1, 96 weaned piglets [initially 6.95 ± 0.05 kg body weight (BW)] were used in a 2 × 2 factorial design, the animals were fed the diets containing extruded Chinese storage brown rice or non‐treated Chinese storage brown rice and supplemented with or without exogenous enzymes. Each treatment had six replicate pens and four piglets in each pen. The results demonstrated that extrusion significantly increased (p < 0.05) the activity of duodenal maltase after 14 days of treatment and glucoamylase after 28 days of treatment, jejunal lactase, maltase, isomaltase, sucrase and α‐amylase after 28 days of treatment, and jejunal α‐amylase after 14 days of treatment; enzyme supplementation positively influenced (p < 0.05) the activity of pancreatic α‐amylase after 14 and 28 days of treatment, pancreatic glucoamylase after 28 days of treatment and ileal trehalase after 14 days of treatment. Similarly, interaction between extrusion and enzyme addition existed after 14 days of treatment on the activity of pancreatic α‐amylase and duodenal maltase and on the activity of duodenal glucoamylase and isomaltase, jejunal α‐amylase, lactase, maltase, isomaltase and jejunal α‐amylase after 28 days of treatment. In Experiment 2, six piglets (initially 21 ± 1.85 kg BW) fitted with ileal ‘T’‐cannulas in a 6 × 6 Latin Square Design were used to study the effects of extrusion and addition of exogenous enzymes on ileal carbohydrase activity and nutrients digestibility. The results showed that exogenous enzymes significantly (p < 0.05) increased ileal α‐amylase, glucoamylase and trehalase activity. The interaction between extrusion and enzyme supplementation had positive effect (p < 0.05) on the ileal lactase, cellobiase and sucrase activity.