RT-PCR及RFLP分析技术对鸡传染性支气管炎病毒的诊断和S1基因分型的研究

本研究使用分别扩增整个S1糖蛋白基因 (引物A)和S1糖蛋白基因N_端高变区Ⅰ (引物B)的 2对引物对 3个IBV标准株M41、Connecticut、Arkansas及 5个地方分离株 (C60 ,D41A ,D41B ,A112 1,A1171)进行RT_PCR扩增。用引物A时 ,有 5个IBV毒株扩增到目的片段 (172 0bp) ;用引物B时 ,所有 8个IBV毒株均得到与预计大小相符的目的产物 (2 2 8bp)。对 172 0bp的PCR产物用限制性内切酶HaeⅢ进行酶切 ,结果得出 3个不同的RFLP图谱 ,其中M41、Connecticut、D41B具有相同的HaeⅢ酶切图谱。Arkansas和D41A则分别具有互不相同的图谱 ;对 2 2 8bp的PCR产物进行DdeⅠ、RsaⅠ限制性内切酶消化 ,根据它们的RFLP图谱 ,8个IBV毒株可分为 5个基因型。综合 2对引物的PCR产物的RFLP分析结果 ,8个IBV毒株可分为 7个基因型 ,分型的结果与传统的血清学方法吻合。本研究建立的方法和技术具有快速、简单、特异、灵敏等优点 ,为现场流行毒株的定型(基因型 /血清型 )及其S1基因变异的跟踪研究以及更有效防制传染性支气管炎奠定了基础。     

RT—PCR及RFLP分析技术对鸡传染性支气管炎病毒的诊断和S1基因分型的研究

本研究使用分别扩增整个S1整个S1糖蛋白基因（引物A）和S1糖蛋白基因N-端高变区I（引物B）的2对引物对3个IBV标准株M41、Connecticut、Arkansas及5个地方分离株（C60，D41A，D41B，A1121，A1171）进行RT-PCR扩增，用引物A时，有5个IBV毒株扩增到目的片段（1720bp)；用引物B时，所有8个IBV毒株均得到与预丈夫大小相符的目的产物（228bp)，对1720bp的PCR产物用限制性内切酶HaeⅢ进行酶切，结果得出3个不同的RFLP图谱，其中M41、Connecticut、D41B具有相同的HacⅢ酶切图谱，Arkansas和D41A则分别具有互不相同的图谱；对228bp的PCR产物进行DdeI、RsaI限制性内切酶消化，根据它们的RFLP图谱，8个IBV毒株可分为5个基因型，综合2对引物的PCR产物的PCR产物的RFLP分析结果，8个IBV毒株可分为7个基因型，分型的结果与传统的血清学方法吻合，本研究建立的方法和技术具有快速、简单、特异灵敏等优点，为现场流行毒株的定型（基因型/血清型）及其S1基因变异的跟踪研究以及更有效防制传染性支气管炎奠定了基础。     

我国鸡传染性支气管炎病毒地方分离株S1基因的RFLP基因分型的研究

采用RT－PCR方法分离得到了五个IBV地方分离株（HN2，HN4，JX1，SC2和SC4）的S1基因片段，并用限制性内切酶HaeⅢ对五个IBV地方分离株S1基因的cDNA进行RFLP分析。结果显示，五个IBV地方分离株S1基因cDNA的HaeⅢ带型与标准毒株M41和Beaudette相同。根据Kwon建立的RFLP分型标准，本试验的五个地方分离株应归属于马萨诸塞血清型。     

传染性法氏囊病病毒(IBDV)快速检测与分型技术

根据已发表的传染性法氏囊病病毒 (IBDV)核苷酸序列 ,在病毒结构蛋白 VP2编码基因的高变区两端外侧的保守序列内设计合成了 2条寡核苷酸引物 ,对各种不同致病性的 12株参考毒株进行了 RT- PCR检测。结果 :12个参考毒株均能扩增出约 6 79bp的目的片段 ,而对照的 5种鸡源性病原体 NDV、IBV、CAIV、E.coli、PM均未扩增到相应片段 ;对疑似 IBD的 34份临床病料进行检测 ,并同时在其扩增的片段内设计另 1对引物进行 Nested- PCR检测 ,结果基础 RT- PCR检测到 11份阳性 ,Nested- PCR检测到 2 3份阳性 ,后者的检出率大大提高。结果表明 ,建立的 RT- PCR诊断技术具有特异、快捷、敏感的特点。取限制性内切酶 Sac 和 Ssp 以及设计的 2条 vv IBDV(超强毒株 )特异性引物 ,分别应用 v VP2片段 PCR扩增产物的限制性内切酶分析和型特异性引物的 PCR扩增 2种方法 ,对 7个 IBDV分离参考毒株和 2 4个临床样品进行致病性分型。结果 ,确定 2 1株属于 c IBDV(经典毒株 ) ,8株属于 vv IBDV,2株未能确定 ;2种分型方法的结果基本一致 ,均可用于 IBDV的快速分型 ,型特异性引物的 PCR扩增方法更为简便和快捷     

2006-2008年山东鸡传染性支气管炎病毒分离株S1与N基因的分子特征

为了调查2006-2008年山东省鸡传染性支气管炎的分子流行病学特征,应用RT-PCR方法分别扩增了14株传染性支气管炎病毒地方毒株S1基因和N基因,并进行了基因克隆与测序工作.对此14株病毒的S1基因序列利用限制性内切酶HaeⅢ进行了限制性片段长度多态性(RFLP)分析,结果显示可以将IBV毒株分为3种不同的基因型.其中11个毒株与LX4毒株有相同的RFLP分型,2株病毒属于Mass基因型,1个毒株有特异的RFLP分型.并将这些分离毒株与11个参考毒株分别进行了基因与氨基酸系统进化树关系分析.S1基因分析结果显示将这些毒株分成3个基因型,与RFLP分析的分型结果一致.11株病毒同属于LX4类型的毒株,分离毒株核苷酸序列相互之间有95.4%～99.7%的同源性.基因Ⅱ型与疫苗株H120和M41的同源性很高.属于基因Ⅲ型的1个毒株形成了独特的基因型.N基因分析结果表明:12株病毒与LX4属于同一基因型,有着较高的同源性.另2株病毒与疫苗株H120同源性很高.以上分析结果表明:山东省IBV分离株存在较为广泛的基因突变、插入和缺失,同时,IBV毒株间的基因重组也可能是山东省IBV变异株产生的另一主要原因.     

鸡腺胃型传染性支气管炎病毒金坛分离株核蛋白基因分析及与标准强毒株同源性比较

根据已发表的鸡传染性支气管炎病毒 (infectious bronchitis virus,IBV) Beau株、M41株的核苷酸序列 ,设计并合成 1对引物。应用该引物 ,通过 RT- PCR扩增出 IBV金坛分离株 (JT株 )的核蛋白基因 (N基因 ) ,片段大小为 82 8bp,与设计相符。对 JT株的 N基因进行序列测定 ,并与标准毒株 KB85 2 3、CU - T2、Beau和 M41的 N基因进行同源性比较 ,结果表明 ,JT株与 KB85 2 3、CU- T2、Beau和 M41毒株的 N基因同源性分别为 87%、87%、86 %和 85 %,说明 JT株与标准毒株在 N基因上存在一定的差异。     

传染性支气管炎病毒山东及北京分离株血清型及RFLP基因分型的比较研究

分离并鉴定出山东省不同地区的IBV分离株A、B、C、D和北京分离株F，利用中和试验分别对各分离株及标准株M41、T等进行血清分型。设计一对此物，分别对各毒株的S1基因进行RT－PCR扩增，扩增片段长约1700bp，利用其PCR产物进行HaeⅢ酶切，根据酶切图谱，进行基因分型。结果表明：A、C、D和M41酶切图谱相同，属Mass基因型，分别为900、400和300bp左右的片段；北京F株有4条酶切条带，与4／91基因型不同，分别为1000、300、200和小于100bp左右的片段；B株有4条酶切条带，理论推断与T株相似，分别为700、500、300和180bp左右的片段，可能为同一基因型。血清学分型结果与基因分型结果不符。     

鸡传染支气管炎病毒H52、H120和M41株的PCR鉴别方法研究

根据GenBank发表的序列,对鸡传染性支气管炎病毒（IBV）H52、H120和M41株全基因组序列进行比较,设计并合成了两对特异性引物,其中一对引物能以M41株为模板,特异性扩增出1791bp的目的片断,从而特异鉴定IBVM41株;另一对引物能以H52株和H120株为模板,特异性扩增1700bp的目的片断,再用限制性内切酶NaeI对PCR产物进行酶切,H120株能够被切成1000bp和700bp两个片段,而H52株的PCR产物不存在该酶切位点,从而能区分H52株和H120株。本研究建立的PCR方法和技术具有快速、简单、特异性强等优点,可用于IBVH52、H120和M41株活疫苗的分子鉴别。     

鸡贫血病毒国内分离株的酶切图谱多态性分析

用套式PCR 扩增了鸡贫血病毒(CAV)长度为687 bp 的特异片段,以Hae Ⅲ、Hinf Ⅰ、Hpa Ⅱ分别酶切,通过聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分析了其限制性酶切片段的多态性。对几株国内外分离株的分析表明,TK5803和山东分离株SJ1、SJ2 应属于Todd 的限制性内切酶酶切图谱多态性分析法(RFLP)分类中的第2 组;吉林JL1 株和哈尔滨CL1 株相同,但与其他任何毒株均不相同,大连DL1 株也不同于任何现有毒株,因而都不能归属于Todd 划分的7 个小组;荷兰弱毒株与目前发现的所有毒株均不同,具有其特征性的酶切图谱。     

传染性支气管炎N基因克隆及在大肠杆菌中的可溶性表达

核衣壳蛋白(N)是鸡传染性支气管炎病毒(IBV)的重要结构蛋白。根据GenBank报道的IBV的M41株的N基因序列设计一对引物,从提取的M41株的RNA中利用RT-PCR技术扩增获得了约1.23kb的片段,将该片段插入克隆载体pMD18-T,经测定核苷酸序列证实N基因扩增正确,表明已成功构建pMD18-T-N。再将pMD18-T-N用BamHⅠ和HindⅢ双酶切,将酶切后的N基因片段克隆到表达载体pET-32a,转化入大肠杆菌Rossetta中,用IPTG诱导,进行SDS-PAGE电泳,电泳结果显示外源基因获得了表达且为可溶性蛋白,Western-blotting检测表明N蛋白可与相应IBV病毒抗体发生特异性的反应,表明N蛋白有一定的生物活性,可为用于生产检测IB的诊断试剂和研制新型IB重组亚单位疫苗奠定基础。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -