撒坝猪及其杂交组合的肉质研究

本研究测定了撒坝猪及以它为母本的两个杂交组合（长×撒二元杂、杜×长撒三元杂）肥育猪22头（♂10头、♀12头）的PH值、肉色、大理石纹、熟肉率、失水率、贮存损失、嫩度、化学成分、组织学特性等9项13个指标。测定结果表明，撒坝猪肉质优良，是食用和肉品加工的上乘原料。与撒坝猪相比，两个杂交组合的肉质在PH值、保水性、嫩度、化学成分等项指标上有不同程度下降。但未见PSE肉和DFD劣质猪肉。     

长大猪肉中肌肉品质的相关性分析

以11头长大二元杂交猪肉为试验材料,测定了猪肉品质的几项指标,它们包括:肉色、肌肉大理石纹、肌肉pH值、系水力、嫩度、滴水损失、熟肉率、风味。结果表明:各项指标之间都存在多种相关性,肌肉肉色、pH值﹑系水力、大理石纹是极其关键的指标,它们与肌肉的肉色、风味、熟肉率、嫩度、滴水损失、肌肉大理石纹存在相关,且为极显著相关。     

不同杂交组合猪肥育性能的比较研究

本试验通过对长×大（L×Y）、杜×长大（D×LY）、皮杜×长大（PD×LY）3个杂交组合猪的生长肥育、胴体品质及肉质性状进行研究，结果表明：PD×LY杂交组合的日增重、料肉比及屠宰率最优，日增重、屠宰率与L×Y组间差异显著（P＜0.05）；PD×LY的眼肌面积、后腿比例分别为48.09 cm2、34.23%，为3组合中最高，与L×Y组的差异显著（P＜0.05)，与D×LY组的差异不显著（P＞0.05）； D×LY组的肉色评分、嫩度测定结果最佳，组间差异显著（P＜0.05）；PD×LY组的失水率、熟肉率、嫩度最差，其中熟肉率、嫩度与其它组间差异显著（P＜0.05)。综合评定：导入皮特兰猪的血液在提高了日增重、屠宰率、眼肌面积、后腿比例等性状的同时，却导致了肉质的下降; D×LY作为一个经典的杂交组合，生产性能总体稳定。     

纳雍"糯谷猪"肉质测定初探

对贵州省纳雍县8月龄的“糯谷猪”进行肉质常规屠宰测定,结果表明;肉色评分为3．5分,大理石纹3分,pH值6．30,失水率15．49％,熟肉率63．73％,嫩度剪切力值2．93kg,肌内脂肪含量3．83％;其它各项指标均正常。     

江泉黑猪与杜长大三元杂交猪屠宰性能及肉质性状比较分析

为了解江泉黑猪的产肉和肉质特性,本试验选取在相同条件下饲养的100 kg左右的江泉黑猪阉公猪、母猪和杜长大三元杂交猪各10头按照相关规定进行屠宰和肉品质测定。对两种猪胴体指标（胴体重、胴体长、眼肌面积、背膘厚等）、肉质的物理指标（pH、肉色、大理石纹、滴水损失等）、常规化学指标（粗蛋白质、肌内脂肪、水分、灰分含量等）及江泉黑猪氨基酸含量进行了测定。结果表明,与杜长大三元杂交猪相比,江泉黑猪胴体瘦肉率较低,眼肌面积降低了30%左右（P<0.05）,而胴体背膘厚较高（P<0.05）。江泉黑猪在肉色、大理石纹、滴水损失、失水率、烹饪损失和肌内脂肪含量等指标上均显著优于杜长大三元杂交猪（P<0.05）,其中滴水损失、失水率和烹饪损失分别降低了约4.0%、3.1%和2.7%,肌内脂肪含量提高了约150.0%。由此可见,江泉黑猪在瘦肉产量上低于杜长大三元杂交猪,但在保水性、肌内脂肪含量、肉色、大理石纹等肉质指标上明显优于杜长大三元杂交猪,可为消费者提供品质优良的猪肉。     

杂种猪与荣昌、长白、大约克三纯种猪肉质研究

本研究用汉×荣,杜×荣、大×荣、荣×大、长×荣,荣×长六个二元杂种组及荣昌、长白,大约克三纯种对照组,共134头猪,在中营养水平条件下饲养达90千克体重屠宰的肉样作实验材料,测定了肉色、酸度、系水力、大理石纹、熟肉率、贮存损失以及化学成分、肌纤维直径等十一项指标,结果证明:杂种猪的肉质,一般介于两亲本之间,组间比较,杜×荣组最优,长×荣组较差。三纯种对比,荣昌猪肉质最佳,长白猪大部分指标均差,且有三分之一左右的PSE肉发生。并由长×荣杂种组的PSE肉发生率下降到6.25％的事实说明,荣昌猪肉质优良的特性,对外来种猪的劣质肉有一定改良作用。     

平凉红牛及其杂交和牛的肉品质特征研究

为研究平凉红牛与杂交和牛的肉品质差异,本试验随机选择48月龄的平凉红牛和杂交和牛(和牛♂×平凉红牛♀)各6头,体重均在650 kg左右,分别测定背最长肌的肉色、pH、失水率、熟肉率、蒸煮损失、滴水损失、剪切力及大理石纹等肉品质性状指标,并通过方差分析、相关性分析、标准化评分和主成分分析比较其肉品质特征。结果表明:肉色L*值、pH、失水率、熟肉率、蒸煮损失和剪切力在2个品种间表现为差异显著,其中杂交和牛的pH显著低于平凉红牛,而失水率和熟肉率显著高于平凉红牛,蒸煮损失和剪切力表现为杂交和牛显著低于平凉红牛,其余指标差异不显著;相关性分析发现,失水率和熟肉率与蒸煮损失、剪切力之间呈极显著性负相关,而蒸煮损失与剪切力之间呈极显著性正相关;标准化评分与主成分分析表明,杂交和牛的肉品质更加优于平凉红牛。杂交和牛牛肉表现为良好的嫩度和保水性能,且具有能够长时间贮藏的优势和易被消费者接受的鲜亮肉色。     

能量与吡啶羧酸铬的互作效应对肥育猪肉质性状的影响

试验旨在研究能量与吡啶羧酸铬的互作效应对肥育猪肉质性状的影响。选择体重60 kg左右,杜×长×大三元杂交肥育猪36头,分为4组,分别饲喂低能日粮、低能+吡啶羧酸铬日粮、高能日粮、高能+吡啶羧酸铬日粮进行试验,对肥育猪背最长肌的肉色、pH值(屠宰后24 h)、大理石花纹、肌内脂肪(intramuscular fatI,MF)含量、剪切力、滴水损失、熟肉率、肌肉糖原含量指标进行测定。结果表明:①能量水平对肉色评分、滴水损失有极显著的影响(P<0.01);②能量水平对肌内脂肪(IMF)有显著影响(P<0.05);③能量水平对pH值、大理石花纹、剪切力、熟肉率、肌糖原含量均无显著影响(P>0.05);④添加吡啶羧酸铬对肉色评分、pH值I、MF、大理石花纹、滴水损失有极显著的影响(P<0.01);⑤添加吡啶羧酸铬对熟肉率、肌糖原含量有显著影响(P<0.05);⑥添加吡啶羧酸铬对剪切力无显著影响(P>0.05);⑦能量与吡啶羧酸铬互作对大理石花纹、熟肉率有显著影响(P<0.05);对其他肉质性状均无显著影响(P>0.05);⑧在低能日粮中添加200μg/kg吡啶羧酸铬,提高了肉色评分p、H值I、MF含量、大理石花纹和熟肉率;并降低了肌糖原含量。综上所述,在育肥后期采用低日粮能量水平并添加200μg/kg吡啶羧酸铬可改善肉质。     

猪肉品质的灰色关联分析和模糊综合评判

本研究采用灰色关联分析法和模糊综合评判对 37头猪进行了肉品质的评估 ,由于灰色关联度与肉品质各项指标的相关中 ,该值与pH值、肉色和大理石纹评分的相关关系不显著 ,而模糊综合评判值与pH值、大理石纹评分、肉色、失水率和 2 4小时贮存损失呈显著相关 ,因而我们认为 ,模糊综合评判比灰色关联分析更能够作为一个相对客观的指标来反映肉品质的好坏。     

四种肉兔及杂交兔屠宰性能和肉品质的研究

对新西兰白兔、加利福尼亚兔、布列塔尼亚兔(A系)、齐卡兔(G系)、布列塔尼亚兔(A系,♂)×新西兰白兔(♀)、布列塔尼亚兔(A系,♂)×加利福尼亚兔(♀)、齐卡兔(G系,♂)×新西兰白兔(♀)、齐卡兔(G系,♂)×加利福尼亚兔(♀)100日龄屠宰性能和肉品质进行了研究.结果表明8个品种(组合)兔的屠宰率在52.76%～55.37%之间,其中加利福尼亚兔的屠宰率最高;肉骨比在4.65～6.53之间,以布列塔尼亚兔(A系,♂)×新西兰白兔(♀)肉骨比为最高;净肉率在82.25%～86.64%之间,亦是布列塔尼亚兔(A系,♂)×新西兰白兔(♀)净肉率最高.8个品种(组合)兔背最长肌pH值在6.33～6.88之间,差异不显著;背最长肌失水率在17.43%～20.26%之间,其中布列塔尼亚兔(A系,♂)×加利福尼亚兔(♀)失水率最低;腿肌的失水率在16.31%～18.00%之间,其中新西兰白兔失水率最低;8个品种(组合)兔腿肌的失水率比背最长肌的失水率要低;背最长肌的熟肉率在60.56%～66.81%之间,以布列塔尼亚兔(A系,♂)×新西兰白兔(♀)熟肉率为最高;腿肌的熟肉率在61.84%～66.54%之间,其中新西兰白兔熟肉率最高;背最长肌嫩度剪切值在2.18～3.96kg之间,其中加利福尼亚兔嫩度剪切值最低,嫩度最好;腿肌嫩度剪切值在2.59～3.64kg,其中新西兰白兔腿肌剪切值最低,嫩度最好.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -