理论分析循环风速对木材常规干燥速率的影响

木材常规干燥过程中,除干燥室中介质的温度和湿度外,循环风速也是一个影响干燥速度的重要参数。本文根据传热传质理论,主要建立常规干燥传质数学模型、边界条件以及界面条件,分析了风速对木材表面蒸发速度的影响。结合木材内部水分传输速度与表面蒸发速度,理论分析了循环风速对干燥速率的影响。     

木材干燥过程的热质迁移及其耦合关系

应用不可逆过程热力学研究木材干燥过程热质迁移及其耦合效应。根据不可逆过程的熵的产生率推导出含有耦合效应的传热传质关系式 ,提出湿度梯度不仅引起水分物质流 ,也引起热流 ,以及驱动水分物质流的力应是扩散势梯度。     

波文比在研究森林蒸发散中的作用及其处理

近年来,在利用热量平衡方程测算森林总体蒸发散的研究中,经常引用波文比的概念。所谓波文比,就是乱流热通量和蒸发耗热量之比。本文根据近地层大气水分热量交换过程的基本概念,并通过森林地区的实地观测,对波文比在研究森林蒸发散中的作用及其处理作若干必要的论述和讨论,这对测定森林总体蒸发散量是有价值的。利用能量守恒原理测定森林蒸发散的方法,中国科学院林业土壤研究所曾进行过专题研究,限于篇幅不在本文中赘述。     

落叶松干燥过程水分扩散性的研究-Crank方法与Dincer方法的使用

采用两种改进的多孔固体材料水分扩散偏微分方程分析求解方法,即Dincer方法与Crank方法,分析并计算落叶松干燥过程的水分扩散系数(D)与水分传递系数(k)。使用扩散型微分方程对落叶松干燥过程进行数学模拟,木材试件被理想化为无限大平板状材料,假定木材内部水分的扩散过程是一维的。实验测定了不同干燥介质条件下木材干燥动力曲线。基于取得的实验数据,通过Dincer方法计算了木材水分扩散系数(D)与水分传递系数(k);使用传统的Crank方法分析计算了木材动态水分扩散系数(D)。研究表明,使用Dincer方法计算的木材水分扩散系数(D)均大于相应实验条件下Crank方法计算数值,接近1个数量级。这种结论应该是由于两种分析求解方法间的差异以及水分扩散与热量传递数学求解间的差异。因此相关的水分扩散微分方程的分析求解方法有待改进。随干燥介质温度的升高,木材水分扩散系数(D)与水分传递系数k均显著增大,可以采用Arrhenius方程与木材结合水传递理论来分析解释实验条件下的扩散系数(D)与干燥介质温度(T)间的变化趋势。图2表3参6。     

开式填料式吸收器热质交换过程理论研究

建立理论模型,对填料塔内吸收性能进行研究,列出吸收器内热质交换过程的微分方程组,理论计算数值解,分析和讨论湿空气入口含湿量、溶液温度、溶液质量分数及液气比对填料塔传质系数,吸收效率和溶液温升的影响。结果表明,湿空气入口含湿量对于传质系数的影响最大而且是正相关,吸收效率受湿空气和溶液进口参数影响不大,对于溶液温升情况受溶液侧参数改变的影响较大。     

非等温条件下木片碎料中的水分迁移特性

实验表明,木片碎料中的水分迁移量与温度梯度场相似。从而应用最小二乘法拟合求算了两物理量场的相似倍数,建立了质流率与温度梯度间的通量关系式,揭示了温度梯度是水分迁移的主要推动力。其机理是通过湿空气在气相的自然对流和相伴产生的蒸发-凝结过程进行的。本文建立的水迁移通量关系式简化了现有的理论模型,为分析非等温条件下木片碎料中的水分迁移提供了新的理论思路,简化的理论模型可为实际应用带来方便。     

闽东柳杉人工林林分出材率表的编制研究

利用柳杉人工林样木各部位直径测定数据,建立可变参数削度方程,配合威布尔分布函数、相对树高曲线模型及其他辅助方程,编制了柳杉人工林林分出材率表,为生产应用提供科学依据。     

基于非稳态法测定木材水分扩散系数

锯材在纤维饱和点以下干燥时,水分的迁移过程主要是以非稳态扩散形式进行的,非稳态扩散指木材内部的水流通量和含水率梯度随时间和空间而变化。为了给木材干燥提供依据,采用非稳态法在一定的试验条件下测定了木材的水分扩散系数,探讨了不同材种、干燥介质温度、初始含水率、纹理方向对扩散系数的影响。结果表明:扩散系数与树种有一定的关系,通过比较,樟子松的扩散系数为7.06×10~(-6)cm~2/s,杨树的扩散系数为9.61×10~(-6)cm~2/s,杨树的扩散系数大于樟子松的扩散系数;在纤维饱和点以下,初始含水率30%时樟子松的木材水分扩散系数为7.54×10~(-6)cm~2/s,25%时为7.06×10~(-6)cm~2/s,20%时为6.61×10-6cm~2/s,15%时为6.37×10~(-6)cm~2/s,初始含水率越高,水分扩散系数越大;在相同条件下,干燥介质的温度为90℃、80℃、70℃、60℃、50℃时,对应的樟子松木材水分扩散系数分别为8.04×10~(-6)cm~2/s、7.32×10-6cm~2/s、6.63×10~(-6)cm~2/s、5.94×10~(-6)cm~2/s、4.91×10~(-6)cm~2/s,扩散系数随着温度的升高而增大;在不同的纹理方向,木材水分扩散系数不同,樟子松纵向、径向、弦向的扩散系数分别为7.06×10~(-6)cm~2/s、3.63×10-6cm~2/s、2.14×10~(-6)cm~2/s,由大到小依次为纵向、径向、弦向。     

湿地松人工林相对树高曲线方程的研制及应用

相对树高随相对胸径的增大呈上升的非线性变化趋势,不同林分相对树高曲线差异不明显。基于相对树高变化规律,利用标准地胸径和树高的调查数据,建立了湿地松人工林相对树高曲线方程。研究表明,应用相对树高曲线方程配合二元材积表确定林分蓄积量,既减少了野外测绘树高曲线的工作量,又达到了较高的测定精度,在森林资源调查中有重要的实用价值。     

气温对树木生长影响的研究

通过对解析木材料的分析,得出树木生长的拟合经验方程,即以树木生长量为因变量、以年均气温为自变量的函数,并对该函数进行求导等数学运算。结果表明:树木生长的气温相对贡献率平均为74.1%,光照为73.7%,降水为73.9%,表明三者对树木的生长具有同等重要的作用。     

A THEORY OF DETERMINING MASS TRANSFERPARAMETERS FOR WOOD PARTICLE MATERIALS

INTRoD[JCTIONTllcrcsearcI1OI1tl1ctI1c111opl1}'sIcalprop-crtiesofl1catandl11asstransfcrproccsscsi11``oodparticlcl11atcrlalsisratllcrlll11ltcdcur-rcntI}O11l}afct`papcrssofarasconccn1slllnybclbund(Slla11g.19(j()).Ho\tc\cr'tl1cullll,attol1a11dtI1cproductionof\"oodcl1ipa11dx`oodslla\lngctc.Asra\`matcrlals(Sl1ang*I()9l)forpulpandpapcr'paniclcboards'\\'oodfucl(Martalcna.l988)ort\'oodpaFticlc111atc-rialhascdcom6ositcproductsarcincrcasil1goxcrtllcx"orldTllccfficicnttechnolog1caIllandlil1gofth…     

Local water vapor diffusion coefficient when drying Norway spruce sapwood

In this article, a one-dimensional and a two-dimensional approach to the evaluation of local diffusion coefficients for Norway spruce sapwood from measured moisture content (MC) values are presented. A studied wood sample was dried from the initial green condition to about 15% mean MC, but here only the diffusive part of the drying process between approximately 25% and 15% mean MC was treated. Measured local MC values were based on nondestructive X-ray computed tomography data. Finite element calculations were performed with two alternative diffusion coefficients to test the appropriateness of the diffusion coefficients that were evaluated from the measured MC values. The evaluated diffusion coefficients show interesting dependence on MC and distance from the evaporation surface. The advantage of using the methods presented is that the diffusion coefficient is calculated on a local level without having to define a function for the diffusion coefficient’s dependency on other parameters.     

Dependence of the water vapor diffusion coefficient of aspen (Populus spec.) on moisture content

Summary The dependence of the diffusion coefficient of water in aspen (Populus sp.) on moisture content over the range of 0 to 18 percent moisture content at 43 °C was determined. The method requires a series of adsorption experiments and application of a numerical method for solving the diffusion equation with a moisture-content-dependent diffusion coefficient. The diffusion coefficient was found to increase exponentially with moisture content. The numerical method includes variable boundary conditions, as defined by the surface emission coefficient, so that the effect of surface equilibrium moisture content can be examined. The experimental moisture content-time curves can be predicted by the numerical method and showed an average deviation of 0.2 percent moisture content with the largest deviation being 0.7 percent moisture content. Practical implications and uses of the information derived from the numerical method are also discussed.This research was partially funded under the USDA Competitive Grant program     

Analysis of moisture diffusivity of larch timber during convective drying condition by using Crank＇s method and Dincer＇s method

Two analytical procedures （Crank＇s method and Dincer＇s method） for porous solid materials were reevaluated and used to determine moisture diffusion coefficients and moisture transfer coefficients for larch lumber subjected to drying. A diffusion-like equation was used to describe drying process data. The lumber was idealized in the modeling as infinite plates. The moisture transport process inside the board was assumed to be one-dimensional. The macroscopic drying kinetics curves of larch timber at particular conditions were determined experimentally. Based on these data, calculation for both the moisture diffusion coefficients and moisture transfer coefficients by the Dincer＇s analytical procedure were made. The dynamic moisture diffusion coefficients by the traditional Crank＇s method were calculated. In general, diffusion coefficients calculated by the Dincer＇s method were all higher than those by Crank＇s method. These results could be due to the differences between two analytical methods and also different characteristics between solid moisture diffusion process and heat transfer process. Therefore the analysis and solution procedures of moisture diffusion differential equations need to be adapted in the future. With drying temperature＇s increasing moisture diffusion coefficient （D） and moisture transfer coefficient （k） increases accordingly. Also the relationships between diffusion coefficients and temperature as well as material moisture contents were analyzed by using Arrhenius equation and bound water transport theory.     

Some considerations in heterogeneous nonisothermal transport models for wood: a numerical study

This study compares a number of coupled heat and mass transfer models and presents numerical comparisons of phenomenological coefficients between the four models (Stanish, Perre, Pang, and Avramidis) that are most frequently used in the literature to describe wood-drying processes. The USDA sorption isotherm, the Hailwood-Horrobin model, was adopted to calculate the relations between moisture content in wood and water vapor pressure at any temperature. Due to different assumptions about the driving forces of heat and mass transfer, coefficients in each model represent different values for moisture content and temperature and are closely related to each other. In the case of isothermal mass transfer, the moisture diffusion coefficient in the transverse directions from the Stanish and Pang models increased with decreasing moisture content. This contradicts the Avramidis and Perre models and numerous experimental results. Thermal diffusion effects on the drying process may not be predominant because the nonisothermal state is relatively short. Therefore, the Perre model, which does not consider the thermal diffusion effect, has been used successfully in the drying simulation. However, it may be erroneous in certain cases when the nonisothermal state prevails over the system, such as building physics. The Pang model cannot explain the phenomena of thermal diffusion and moisture thermodiffusion. It might be reasonable to modify the thermal diffusion of the Avramidis model, which is lower than that of the Stanish model. The apparent heat diffusivity was higher than the true heat diffusivity.     

Determination and use of moisture diffusion coefficient to characterize drying of northern red oak (Quercus rubra)

Summary Diffusion analysis can be used to estimate the time required to dry lumber. However, more accurate calculations require additional information on the relationship between the diffusion coefficient as a function of moisture content and on the effects of temperature, equilibrium moisture content, board thickness, and air velocity on drying time and moisture gradients. The primary objectives of this study were (1) to determine the diffusion coefficient of northern red oak (Quercus rubra) as a function of moisture content and (2) to compare experimentally determined sorption times and moisture content gradients with those calculated by the diffusion model. The diffusion coefficient was found to increase approximately exponentially with moisture content over a range of 6 to 30 percent at 43°C. This relationship was similar in both adsorption and desorption tests. Experimental adsorption and desorption times and desorption moisture content gradients were compared with finite difference solutions to the diffusion equation. Practical uses of solutions to the diffusion equation are illustrated for kiln drying wood that has first been predried to below the fiber saturation point. Drying time is also related to variable kiln conditions and board thickness.This research was partially funded under the U. S. Department of Agriculture Competitive Grant programThe Forest Products Laboratory is maintained in cooperation with the University of Wisconsin. This article was written and prepared by U.S. Government employees on official time     

Experimental determination of the convective heat and mass transfer coefficients for wood drying

The knowledge of the convective heat and mass transfer coefficients is required for the characterization of the boundary conditions of the heat and mass transfer equations of a wood drying model based on water potential. A new experimental method for the determination of the convective mass transfer coefficient is presented. This method is based on the measurement of the moisture content, and indirectly the water potential, at the surface of a wood specimen at different drying times. Drying experiments were performed on red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) sapwood from nearly saturated to dry conditions at 56 °C, 52% relative humidity and air velocities of 1.0, 2.5 and 5.0 m s⁻¹. The results show that the convective mass transfer coefficient is constant until the wood surface moisture content reaches about 80% and then decreases more or less gradually as the moisture content decreases further. The convective mass transfer coefficient increases with air velocity. A regression analysis shows that there is no significant improvement in considering the water potential gradient near the wood surface when the difference in water potential between the surface and the surrounding air (ψ_s − ψ_∞) is used to determine the convective mass flux at the surface. Also, ψ_s − ψ_∞ is more appropriate than the water vapour pressure difference (pv_s − pv_∞) as the responsible driving force of the moisture flux leaving the wood surface. The convective heat transfer coefficient was determined during the same experiments. A plateau is observed at high values of moisture content corresponding to the constant drying rate period. Received 27 February 1998     

DETERMINATION OF STATIC AND DYNAMIC DIFFUSION COEFFICIENTS OF MOISTURE IN PARTICLEBOARDS

The static and dynamic diffusion coefficients are important coefficients todescribe the moisture transfer processes in particleboard.In this paper,the formula ofculculating the static and dynamic diffusion coefficients were deduced.At first,the staticdiffusion coefficients of four kinds of particleboards were determined by using diffusion cupmethod.The results demonstrated that the static diffusion coefficients parallel to panelsurface were 10-20 times as large as that of perpendicular to panel surface for test boards.To determine both dynamic diffusion coefficients and surface emission coefficients ofmoisture in particleboards in one experimental period,specimens in four different thickness-es of each kind of particleboard were used in the experiment.Then the method ofregression was used and the dynamic diffusion coefficients and surface emission coefficien-ts were determined based on the slope and intercept of the regressive line.     

A new method for nondestructive evaluation of solid wood moisture content based on dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry

This paper presents a new method to determine the moisture content of solid wood based on the principle of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. The study investigates the theoretical relationship between X-ray wavelength and mass attenuation coefficients of wood, water, and reference substance. In accordance with this relationship, a theoretically obtained equation is proposed to calculate the moisture content in wood. The proposed equation is compared to experimental results using small blocks of sugi wood, which showed that the change in mass attenuation coefficient of wood with X-ray tube voltage increased with increasing moisture content as expected from the theoretical equation. A regression equation for moisture content estimation was determined based on the experimental results, and the standard error of estimate in the 0–120 % dry-basis moisture content range using the regression equation was determined to be 21.9 % with the most appropriate pair of tube voltages, 15 and 40 kVp. The accuracy of the method will be improved by reducing the duration of X-ray radiography and by increasing the disparity between paired tube voltages. This method has the potential to determine moisture content of solid wood using X-ray without oven-drying or assuming oven-dry density.