驾车接近隧道过程中驾驶员瞳孔大小变化规律

为了解驾驶员驾车进入隧道过程中的瞳孔变化过程,让8位驾驶员分别驾车进入4座隧道,在此过程中用眼动仪记录驾驶员的瞳孔大小。分析眼动仪记录得到的驾驶员瞳孔大小数据的特征,通过小波变换进行数据处理,得到了驾驶员驾车进入隧道过程中瞳孔大小变化曲线。分析驾驶员瞳孔大小变化曲线发现,不同驾驶员的瞳孔大小存在个体差异;同一驾驶员多次测试的瞳孔大小存在一定的随机性;在接近隧道过程中驾驶员瞳孔逐渐变大,并在隧道洞口附近急剧变大;不同驾驶员的瞳孔变化趋势存在一定的差异;驾驶员瞳孔大小除受适应亮度的影响外,还受驾驶员的心理等因素的影响。     

驾车接近隧道过程中驾驶员的适应亮度变化规律

在驾车接近隧道过程中,驾驶员的适应亮度随视野内景物的变化而变化。基于驾驶员视觉适应进行隧道照明设计需要掌握驾驶员在接近隧道过程中适应亮度的变化规律,为此,以4座隧道为测试对象,对驾驶员在不同时段驾车接近隧道过程中距隧道一个停车视距内不同位置处的适应亮度进行了实测研究。结果发现,驾驶员在不同测试时段接近同一隧道过程中,其适应亮度变化规律基本相似;驾驶员在接近隧道的过程中,适应亮度逐渐降低,但其适应亮度的降低不是线性的,从驾驶员距隧道洞口20~30 m开始,适应亮度下降的速率变大。     

实测确定公路隧道洞外景物亮度的方法

分析比较了查表法、环境简图法和黑度法3种确定洞外亮度的方法,发现3种方法均未完全考虑隧道所处区域的环境和光气候条件。为了能快速准确地确定隧道洞外景物亮度,以从莞高速公路的7座隧道为测量对象,通过现场实测,建立了洞外景物亮度与水平面照度之间的关系。在对当地光气候数据进行统计分析的基础上,确定隧道洞外景物亮度标准值、东莞地区隧道洞外典型景物亮度设计参考值,并得到了东莞地区4个朝向隧道洞外典型景物亮度值。     

根据光气候数据确定隧道洞外景物亮度的方法

具体某地区隧道洞外景物亮度参考值的确定一直缺乏方便可靠的方法。为了解决这一问题,根据隧道照明的实际需求,以重庆地区一年的光气候实测数据为依据,首先以垂直面照度映射洞外景物亮度,分析它的各影响因素,然后建立了不同朝向垂直面转换发光功效和晴朗指数及太阳高度角的数学模型。经过与重庆地区其他年份实测数据的对比,证明该模型具有较高的精度。基于光气候数据中长期连续的水平太阳辐射及天气状况的观测,该方法可快速且相对精确地确定洞外景物亮度参考值。     

高产冬小麦群体光合能力与产量关系的研究

研究了高产麦田群体光合速率变化及其与产量之间的关系。结果表明:小麦群体光合速率在整个生育期内的变化呈单峰型曲线,开花前后达最大值。大播量、大群体前期群体光合上升快,高峰期进入早,后期下降迅速;小播量,小群体则有利于后期群体光合能力的提高和保持。群体光合速率受单茎的发育状况、叶面积指数及光能截获率的综合影响     

弹性波作用下渗流多孔介质微粒运移分析

弹性波作用下渗流多孔介质微粒运移分析是对目前静态流体或稳态多相渗流中微粒运移/捕集的补充,通过分析弹性波对微粒剥离运移捕集过程的影响,建立弹性波作用下微粒运移模型,得到对微粒运移效果和储层物性变化的影响规律。由推导得到的弹性波作用下微粒剥离临界速度可知,当微粒与孔喉半径的比值越小时弹性波导致的振荡附加力影响越大,临界速度与流体粘度、微粒/孔喉半径比成负相关,与基质胶结程度、结构力、微粒半径、微粒密度成正相关。弹性波作用下微粒运移模型需同时考虑多孔介质渗流速度的变化,此时微粒剥离释放速率增加,但随着波衰减和时间延长而降低,微粒在孔隙表面沉积滞留速率先上升后下降,喉道堵塞的速率有所上升,说明弹性波作用下微粒的剥离和悬浮能力增加,但亦增加了微粒在微细孔喉"架桥"堵塞的可能性。研究结论对岩石物理学和工业化波动处理涉及的储层物性研究具有一定指导意义。     

不同负载量对苹果光合速率及干物质生产的影响

按苹果主干横截面积大小定量留果,并连续2年对叶片光合速率及枝、叶、果的干物质增量进行了测定.结果表明,光合速率与干物质生产间呈极显著正相关(0.972 7)关系,随负载量的变化,二者的变化程度有显著差异.虽负载量与干物质间亦呈极显著正相关(0.9741),但均单果得到的光合产物却有显著变化,而且负载量的变化对果实品质及翌年的花芽分化均会产生明显影响.     

一次风沙过程对策勒绿洲棉花光合特性的影响

为评估一次沙尘天气对新疆绿洲棉花光合特性的影响机理及其危害过程,在新疆策勒荒漠草地生态系统国家野外科学观测研究站农民常规栽培模式田内以‘新陆中21号’为供试品种,对比观测受纱网保护(网内)和自然状况下生长(CK),及未受保护被水洗(水洗)3种处理下棉花在遭受一次风沙天气后,单位面积叶片上附沙量变化对棉花叶片净光合速率、气孔导度、胞间二氧化碳浓度和蒸腾速率等光合参数的影响。研究结果表明:不同防风沙处理的棉花在遭受沙尘天气后,净光合速率有明显下降,在受害后第18天左右降至最低,然后趋于平稳,且3种处理呈现相同的变化趋势,但整个沙尘过程单叶的净光合速率为网内水洗CK,且净光合速率与气孔导度、蒸腾速率呈明显的正相关关系,与胞间二氧化碳浓度呈明显的负相关关系;而叶片上的附沙量也呈随时间而减少的趋势,前期较快,后期趋于稳定,但各组分的变化略有不同。     

马缨杜鹃组织培养过程中外植体褐变与多酚氧化酶及酚类物质的关系

在马缨杜鹃组织培养过程中测定了1～3年生马缨杜鹃叶片、茎尖、茎段的总酚含量和PPO活性.结果表明,1～2年生茎段的总酚含量和PPO活性均较低,两者无显著差异,组织培养中发现,2年生茎段的褐变率最低.进一部研究不同季节2年生茎段组培总酚含量和多酚氧化酶活性变化与褐变率的关系,褐变率和总酚含量呈极显著正相关(r=0.879**),PPO活性与外植体褐变率之间呈显著正相关(r=0.714*),说明外植体褐变率是由酚类物质和PPO引起的.     

3个观赏竹在长沙地区引种适应性研究

为研究金明佛肚竹、黄条金刚竹和白纹椎谷笹在长沙地区的适应性,对引种的1年生幼竹进行了为期1年的光合日变化测定。结果表明：3个观赏竹的净光合速率值在不同月份之间差异极显著(P<0.01),7月份的日变化曲线为双峰型,净光合速率值最高,是生长重要时期,其余月份的日变化曲线为单峰型,1月份最低,生长受到抑制,金明佛肚竹的情况较好;相关性分析得净光合速率受气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度、蒸腾速率,光合有效辐射、空气CO2浓度、空气温度和大气相对湿度影响,多元回归分析得出不同月份影响各竹种的净光合速率的主要因子。因此,在长沙及环境相似地区进行引种推广时优先考虑金明佛肚竹,当3个观赏竹在不同月份生长受到胁迫时可对其进行科学抚育。     

Influence of Light Sources Color on Tunnel Lighting

Five color temperature LEDs were compared to traditional light sources (HPS and MH) under three lighting levels and negative contrasts to study the effect of light sources color on tunnel lighting. Through the experiment of reaction times, the relation between light sources color and reaction times, and the relation between light sources color and pupil size were studied, respectively. The experiment result shows that visual performance and cirtopic with high color temperature LED are the most significant under high lighting level. The visual performance and cirtopic with middle color temperature LED are the most significant under mesopic lighting level. It is shown that comprehensive influence of light sources color on visual performance and cirtopic must be considered for choosing appropriate light sources in different sections of tunnel lighting.     

隧道照明光源光色对驾驶员视觉功效的影响

目前,各国以及CIE的隧道照明设计规范和标准在隧道照明研究中都只考虑隧道路面的亮度或者照度水平,对于色温、显色性和光谱分布等因素对视觉效果的影响考虑不足,导致对隧道照明质量的评价不够科学。笔者从隧道照明光源光色对于驾驶员视觉功效的影响出发,选择两个隧道进行了小目标识别现场实验和不同色温反应时间测试实验,分析了驾驶员视觉功效受隧道照明光源的显色性和色温的影响情况。结果表明:隧道照明光源显色指数越高,驾驶员的视觉功效越好;对于光谱能量分布相似的光源,背景亮度相同时,含有短波成分多的光源照明效果更好,驾驶员的视觉功效也更好。     

Farmers' perceptions of and responses to environmental change in southwest coastal Bangladesh

Coastal Bangladesh is highly vulnerable to climate change and salinisation; hence, farm‐level adaptation is critically important. Farmers' perceptions of and responses to environmental change were investigated in two villages in Khulna District. Perceived environmental trends included increases in temperature, extreme weather events, soil toxicity, erratic rainfall and scarcity of water for irrigation. Perceptions of climate trends were consistent with measured trends in Khulna. On‐farm adaptation strategies included adjusting planting dates, excavating trenches in rice‐fields, adopting new crops, salinity‐reducing technologies, livestock‐rearing and home‐yard cropping. Non‐farm adaptation strategies included wage employment, short‐term migration and self‐employment. Adaptation was facilitated by income‐earning opportunities, training, and credit, and impeded by lack of access to water, markets, capital, and extension services. Farmers suggested policy support for dissemination of stress‐tolerant cultivars, access to irrigation, and price stabilisation or crop insurance to assist adaptation. While the study shows an impressive degree of awareness and adaptation, external support is needed to increase adaptive capacity.     

Cause and Consequence in Maize Planting Dates in Germany

An important part of agricultural adaptation is the timing of crop sowing dates, affecting yields and the level of risk incurred during a particular season. Cold stress is especially relevant in maize, Zea mays L., so that the timing of planting in the spring is a tactical response to short‐term weather, but is also subject to strategic planning with regard to longer‐term climate. Both factors compare the potential implications of cold stress to the additional yield obtainable through earlier planting. New cultivars suited to growing conditions in Europe and generally increasing spring temperatures have enabled earlier planting, but it is still dependent on short‐term weather during the planting period. In the context of field‐level decision‐making, a panel regression is used to estimate the relationship between weekly local temperature and precipitation and planting dates at specific sites throughout Germany. Next, localised weather data and planting behaviour are linked to yields at the district (Landkreis) level to show the effects of planting date on yield. Based on these relationships optimal planting dates are explored with some associated costs and benefits. Results show a trend towards earlier planting that follows observed increasing spring temperatures and the availability of more cold‐tolerant cultivars but this advance is buffered by the increasing severity of minimum temperatures during a critical period. Earlier planting potentially increases yield but this is offset by additional management costs and risk. A robust and simple depiction of farmer behaviour in climatic, technological and economic context can help to understand trends in crop management and productivity that effect agricultural landscapes.     

考虑预估驾驶行为的跟驰模型及其稳定性分析

在OV模型的基础上,进一步考虑预估驾驶行为对车流的影响,提出一个新的跟驰模型以获得预估驾驶行为与交通拥堵的关系。通过对新模型进行稳定性分析得到了系统的临界稳定条件。数值仿真结果表明：新模型能够模拟诸如时停时走、系统临界相变等实际交通现象,较OV模型更贴近于实际。同时,预估驾驶行为增强了交通流稳定性能,提高了车流陷入交通阻塞状态的阈值。最后以车速的平滑度和波动幅度最小为评价指标得到了新模型中预估参数的最优取值范围。     

Ambient temperature methanogenesis from pig manure waste lagoons: Thermal gradient incubator studies

Lagooned pig manure/liquor was monitored to determine the influence of temperature (4–40°C) on biogas generation. A gas-syringe culture technique is described as the monitoring technique. Samples of sediment and liquor were taken over a two-year period from a pig-waste lagoon at Craven, Saskatchewan. A linear relationship with a high degree of correlation was noted between temperatures below 26°C and the volume of biogas produced. Gas production appeared to be most commonly initiated at between 3 and 9°C. Between 1981 and 1982 a decline in the minimum critical temperature at which gas production began was noted. This indicated that a psychrophilic methanogenic flora was developing within the lagoon. Cyclic changes in the slope of the line by regression analysis were observed to occur in both years. Maximum slopes occurred in March and October with a minimal slope in July. Ambient temperatures clearly influenced both the short-and long-term production of biogas.     

霜监测模型的探讨——以湖南省为例

为了实现基于区域气象站观测资料进行霜的精细化监测和利用高分辨率数值预报产品开展霜的精细化预报,运用湖南省97个地面气象观测站建站至2012年4月逐日最低气温、降水量、相对湿度、风速、日照、总云量、天气现象资料,在全面分析了霜形成的气象条件的基础上建立了湖南省霜监测模型,开展了霜监测模型误差比对分析。结果表明：在日最低气温小于等于3℃条件下,分段考虑不同气象要素临界阈值对霜模拟准确率的提高有较大作用;建立的霜监测模型与霜观测结果的误差小于通用监测指标;霜监测模型模拟的的初霜日、终霜日、无霜期、霜日与观测值空间分布形态、年代际变化趋势都较为一致;该模型可用于开展霜的监测、预报。     

Genetic diversity in European perennial ryegrass cultivars investigated with RAPD markers

Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) is the most important grass species for temperate grassland agriculture. The genetic relationship and distance among cultivars is largely unknown but of great interest for breeding programmes. The objectives of this study were to (i) investigate the molecular variation and structure of population cultivars, (ii) describe the relationship among cultivars in terms of the modified Rogers’ distance, and (iii) determine the minimum sample size required for characterization of cultivars of L. perenne using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. A total of 22 ryegrass cultivars, mainly of European origin, were investigated with RAPD markers. The minimum sample size required for the characterization of cultivars was about 20 individuals per population. An analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) revealed a much larger genetic variation within cultivars (66%) than between them (34%).     

Effectiveness of selection at CIMMYT's main maize breeding sites in Mexico for performance at sites in Africa and vice versa

The exchange of elite breeding materials across regions is an important way in which multinational maize breeding programmes access new genetic variation, improve efficiency and reduce costs. Our objectives were to examine whether CIMMYT's breeding programmes for tropical and subtropical environments in Mexico and Eastern and Southern Africa (ESA) can effectively share materials. Sets of selected and unselected lines were evaluated for per se and testcross performance in multiple environments in Mexico and ESA for grain yield, days to anthesis and plant height. Genotypic correlations between performance in Mexico and ESA as testcross and line per se were high (≥ 0.72) for all experiments, and indirect selection efficiency ranged from 67 to over 100% for all traits. Lines selected in ESA or Latin America performed equally well in each region, indicating selection was for broad rather than regional adaptation. Thus, breeding programmes of CIMMYT in both Mexico and ESA can benefit tremendously by exchanging breeding materials and test results, and elite selections from each region should be fast‐tracked for evaluation in the other.