CuFe2O4纳米粒子增敏Luminol-EDTA化学发光体系研究及应用

基于CuFe₂O₄纳米粒子能显著增强Luminol-EDTA体系的发光,首次建立了Luminol-EDTA-CuFe₂O₄ NPs化学发光新体系。紫外吸收光谱和化学发光光谱表明纳米CuFe₂O₄注入Luminol-EDTA体系后,未生成新发光物质,结合纳米CuFe₂O₄的特性,提出了CuFe₂O₄ NPs参与Luminol-EDTA体系可能的发光机理。研究发现芦丁能抑制Luminol-EDTA-CuFe₂O₄ NPs体系的化学发光,结合流动注射技术,将此化学发光体系应用于芦丁片中芦丁含量的测定。在优化实验条件下,芦丁浓度在2×10^-8~2×10^-5 mol/L范围内芦丁浓度的对数和相对化学发光值呈线性,芦丁浓度检出限（LOD）为1.21×10^-9 mol/L。将本方法应用于芦丁片中的芦丁含量测定,回收率为97%~102%,RSD为2.54%（c=1×10^-7mol/L,n=11）。     

大豆苗期耐盐性的简便鉴定方法

盐胁迫是影响大豆产量的重要非生物胁迫因素,筛选耐盐种质资源对培育耐盐大豆品种具有重要的意义。本研究利用4个耐盐品种和4个盐敏感品种进行苗期耐盐性鉴定,以蛭石为培养基质,在大豆真叶展开时,分别用100、200和250 mmol L^–1的NaCl溶液处理,每2 d浇一次盐溶液,每天测定大豆真叶SPAD值。盐处理8 d后,分别取各品种的根、茎、叶,用原子吸收光谱仪测定其Na⁺含量。结果表明,用200 mmol L^–1 NaCl处理的耐盐品种和盐敏感品种表型差异明显,但叶片Na⁺含量差异不显著;用250 mmol L^–1 NaCl处理后,表型差异明显且叶片Na⁺含量差异显著。200 mmol L^–1和250 mmol L^–1 NaCl处理下叶片失绿明显,盐敏感品种叶片积累的Na⁺含量与SPAD值极显著负相关。本研究建立了一种以蛭石为基质,用200 mmol L^–1或250 mmol L^–1 NaCl处理,8 d即可进行大豆苗期耐盐性鉴定的简便方法,为大豆种质资源苗期耐盐性的大规模鉴定及耐盐品种选择和耐盐机理的研究提供了方法。     

镍钴硫化物的制备及其反应温度对形貌和超级电容器性能的影响

采用一步溶剂热合成法制备了镍钴硫化物纳米微球,利用X射线衍射光谱（XRD）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）和X光电子能谱（XPS）对制备的材料进行了表征。采用循环伏安和恒电流充放电等电化学方法考察了镍钴硫化物用作超级电容器的电极材料的性能。160℃制备的材料在2 mA/cm²的电流密度下,测得的质量比电容和面积比电容分别为1 298 F/g和1.13 F/cm²。在电流密度为10 mA/cm²下,经过10 000圈的循环稳定性测试后,比电容保持了原来的70.8%。此外,通过对反应温度的控制,研究了反应温度对其超级电容器性能的影响。结果表明,反应温度对生成物的形貌几乎没有什么影响,对其电化学性能有一定的影响。     

NaCl 胁迫对棉花叶片衰老特征的影响及其生理学机 制简

 以叶片衰老快慢不同的两个棉花品系L21和L22为材料,研究了NaCl胁迫对棉花叶片衰老的影响及其相应的生理学机制。温室内水培棉苗,待第5片真叶展开20 d后用含125 mmol·L^-1 NaCl的营养液处理棉苗,以不含NaCl的营养液处理为对照。结果显示,NaCl胁迫下L21和L22叶片中叶绿素含量和光合作用速率下降,叶片和根中的Na⁺含量上升、K⁺含量降低;NaCl胁迫还增加了棉株体内脱落酸（ABA）含量、降低了玉米素核苷（ZR）含量。表明K+含量降低以及ABA含量升高、ZR含量下降是NaCl胁迫促进棉花叶片衰老的重要原因。     

盐胁迫条件下外源Ca2+对蚕豆气孔运动及质膜K+通道的调控

研究了Ca²⁺ 对NaCl胁迫下蚕豆气孔运动及质膜K+通道的影响。结果表明,100 mmol L^-1 NaCl可明显诱导气孔开放,该现象可被10 mmol L^-1 CaCl₂ 显著抑制。为探讨盐胁迫下Ca²⁺对K⁺和Na⁺跨膜运输的调控机制,我们利用膜片钳技术记录全细胞K⁺ 电流发现,在100 mmol L^-1 NaCl胁迫下,加入10 mmol L^-1 CaCl₂胞外处理,显著抑制质膜K+内向及外向通道电流,这种抑制可被1 mmol L^-1 La³⁺ (Ca²⁺通道抑制剂)缓解。非盐胁迫下,10 mmol L^-1 CaCl₂ 胞外处理也能显著抑制质膜内向K⁺通道,但明显激活其外向通道,加入1 mmol L^-1 La³⁺并不能被缓解。用H₂O₂专一的荧光探针二氯荧光素二乙酸酯(H2DCF-DA)单细胞分析保卫细胞内H₂O₂含量变化显示,在100 mmol L^-1 NaCl盐胁迫下,10 mmol L^-1 CaCl₂ 处理明显诱导H₂O₂在保卫细胞中积累;100 mmol L^-1 NaCl和10 mmol L^-1 CaCl₂单独处理并不能诱导H₂O₂积累。推测Ca²⁺在盐胁迫下可能先诱导H₂O₂在胞内积累,进而激活质膜Ca²⁺通道,迅速提高胞内Ca²⁺浓度以抑制Na⁺通过质膜K⁺通道跨膜内流,同时调节Na⁺外流,两种效应共同作用促使气孔关闭,减少盐胁迫下水分的过度散失。上述结果将为Ca²⁺调控作物抗盐机制研究提供新的思路。     

面向刚度曲线的汽车前保险杠缓冲块优化设计

以掺天然砂砾改良的红粘土为研究对象,采用室内承载板法测定回弹模量,通过不同初始干密度下的回弹模量试验,深入研究了天然砂砾改良红粘土的回弹模量随初始干密度的变化规律,建立了不同初始干密度下回弹模量的预估模型。试验结果表明:在同一天然砂砾掺量下,随着初始干密度的提高,红粘土的回弹模量逐渐增大。当初始干密度由低向最大干密度增大时,回弹模量增长速度较快,当初始干密度超过最大干密度继续增大时,回弹模量增长速度变缓;在同一初始干密度下,当天然砂砾掺量从0增至30%时,回弹模量的增长幅度较小,当天然砂砾掺量超过30%而继续增长时,回弹模量增长幅度较大;初始干密度由1.6 g·cm^-3增长至2.0 g·cm^-3时,回弹模量增长值随天然砂砾掺量的增加而逐渐增大。分别建立了回弹模量随初始干密度及天然砂砾掺量变化的预估模型,通过补充试验,验证了预估模型的准确性。     

南疆棉区杂交棉高产栽培优化配方施肥技术研究

 采用“3414”不完全设计方法,研究了南疆杂交棉高产栽培水平下氮磷钾肥料的优化配比效果。结果表明：氮磷钾肥料的主效应对杂交棉皮棉产量的影响顺序为钾肥＞磷肥＞氮肥;氮磷钾肥料两因素间的交互作用,对杂交棉皮棉产量影响的大小顺序是N×K＞P×K＞N×P;根据氮磷钾肥料组合寻优结果和杂交棉高产棉田的实践,在南疆种植杂交棉要获得2836～3050 kg·hm^-2的皮棉产量,需施纯N 262.3～748.5 kg·hm^-2,P2O5 14.1～277.0 kg·hm^-2,K2O 43.6～199.8 kg·hm^-2;最佳经济施肥量分别为：纯N 433.9 kg·hm^-2,P₂O₅ 116.5 kg·hm^-2,K₂O 103.0 kg·hm^-2,N∶P₂O₅∶K₂O=1∶0.27∶0.24。     

河南植棉区施氮量对麦棉两熟产量及氮肥利用率的影 响简

 研究了河南植棉区麦棉两熟施氮量对两季产量和氮肥利用率的影响。结果表明,施氮能显著提高小麦产量、总有效穗数和穗粒数,籽粒千粒重随施氮量增加而降低;商丘和内黄试验点小麦最高产量所需的施氮量分别为201.4 kg·hm^-2和187.2 kg·hm^-2,经济最佳施氮量分别为163.0 kg·hm^-2和134.9 kg·hm^-2。施氮也能显著提高棉花产量和单株成铃数;适量施氮可提高铃重;商丘和内黄试验点棉花最高产量所需的施氮量分别为244.4 kg·hm^-2和224.2 kg·hm^-2,经济最佳施氮量分别为225.9 kg·hm-2和207.0 kg·hm^-2。小麦氮肥利用率以施氮量180 kg·hm^-2最高。麦棉两季氮肥利用率,商丘试验点随施氮量增加而降低;内黄试验点以施氮量390 kg·hm^-2最高。小麦、棉花氮肥偏生产力、农学利用率均随施氮量增加而降低。     

超高产常规粳稻宁粳1号和宁粳3号群体特征及对氮的响应

2007—2008年对宁粳1号和宁粳3号的丰产示范方进行调查,2008年以宁粳3号为材料进行氮肥用量和前后比例试验,研究常规粳型超级稻超高产群体特征及对氮的响应。结果表明,常规粳型超级稻宁粳1号和宁粳3号抽穗后干物质积累占籽粒产量的70%~80%,茎叶等营养器官的表观转运率少,易高产稳产。足够的颖花量是高产稳产的保证,要达到11.0 t hm^-2以上的产量,颖花数要 ≥ 42 000 m^-2;要达到11.7 t hm^-2以上的产量,颖花数要 ≥ 45 000 m^-2,同时结实率 ≥ 90%,粒重 ≥ 26 mg。超高产群体抽穗期适宜叶面积指数(LAI)为7.0~7.5,叶色呈“黑黄”节奏变化,后期生长速率(CGR)高,收获指数(HI)≥ 0.5。氮肥的适量施用和适当后移,不仅可以保证宁粳1号和宁粳3号生育期“黑黄”节奏变化,建立抽穗期适宜LAI的群体,还可以保持超高产株型特征,提高抽穗后LAI、叶面积维持期、CGR和HI,最终实现超高产量。     

管状光催化反应器的设计及其净化效果分析

依据光催化净化原理,设计一种管状光催化空气净化器,以甲醛为实验污染物,与以往的平板式反应器进行对比实验,结果表明:管状光催化反应器较传统的平板式反应器净化效果更好,降解效率提高14%。进行正交实验,得出对净化效率影响显著的因素排序为:环境温度> 甲醛初始浓度> 催化剂负载量;最佳催化条件:环境温度25℃,P25TiO₂负载量1.0 mg/cm²,甲醛初始浓度0.7 mg/m³;在最佳催化条件下实验,甲醛的降解效率在2 h内可达到89%,效果较好。     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

A note on the origin of Kalanchoë x vadensis Boom & Zeilinga (Crassulaceae)

Summary K x vadensis is a hybrid of K. blossfeldiana and K. marmorata obtained after doubling the number of chromosomes.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Avoidance of leaf rust fungi in wild relatives of cultivated cereals

Summary Avoidance of rust fungi that was based on poor appressorium induction was previously found in Hordeum chilense. In the present study 95 accessions of Triticeae were screened for avoidance of Puccinia hordei. The percentage of appressorium formation per germinated spore ranged from 6 to 90%. On none of the 41 accessions of Aegilops, Agropyron, Elymus, Secale, Thinopyrum or Triticum studied was the rate of appressorium formation lower than 25%. Lower rates of appressorium formation were, however, found on accessions of wild barley species Hordeum brachyantherum, H. marinum, H. parodii and H. secalinum. Its implications in cereal breeding are discussed.     

Variation in forage grasses as hosts of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne naasi (Franklin) and selection for resistance in ryegrass

Summary Reactions of 13 grasses to Meloidogyne naasi varied with species; ryegrasses, fescues and their hybrids were generally susceptible and cocksfoot and timothy resistant. Marked variation in host resistance levels occurred between genotypes within cultivars.Selection of single plants, followed by tests on replicate tillers, identified resistant and susceptible genotypes in both Italian and perennial ryegrass cultivars. Resistant plants had few nematode-induced galls and fewer females and eggs than susceptibles. There was more or less continuous variation, with many genotypes intermediate between extremes of resistance and susceptibility. Selected resistant and susceptible genotypes are of use in assessing variation in nematode populations and as controls for breeding and selection programmes.     

Current and future strategies in breeding lentil for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Lentil production is limited by lack of moisture and unfavorable temperatures throughout its distribution. Waterlogging and salinity are only locally important. Progress has been made in breeding for tolerance to drought through selection for an appropriate phenology and increased water use efficiency and in breeding for winter hardiness through selection for cold tolerance.The diseases rust, vascular wilt, and Ascochyta blight, caused by Uromyces viciae-fabae, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lentis, and Ascochyta fabae f. sp. lentis, respectively, are the key fungal pathogens of lentil. Cultivars with resistance to rust and Ascochyta blight have been released in several countries and resistant sources to vascular wilt are being exploited. Sources of resistance to several other fungal and viral diseases of regional importance are known. In contrast, although the pea leaf weevil (Sitona spp.) and the parasitic weed broomrape (Orobanche spp.), and to a lesser extent the cyst nematode (Heterodera ciceri), are significant yield reducers of lentil, no sources of resistance to these biotic stresses have been found. Directions for future research in lentil on both biotic and abiotic stresses are discussed.     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...