高陡边坡整体与局部失稳的强度折减及安全度判别分析

为了实现从整体和局部都能较为准确地分析弧状高陡边坡安全稳定性,指导露天采矿高陡边坡设计,采用有限差分强度折减法分析边坡稳定性,获得边坡整体的安全系数。对每个计算单元引入安全度进行分析,获得边坡局部安全系数;将最大节点位移时步曲线收敛性作为边坡失稳的判定准则,弥补了采用其他准则时由于人为指定容差而引起的较大误差;以某铁矿西南边坡为例,运用FISH语言编制强度折减法、失稳准则和安全度相关程序进行计算。研究表明：有限差分强度折减法、基于最大节点位移时步曲线收敛性的失稳准则和计算单元安全度相结合的边坡稳定性分析方法适合于弧状边坡稳定性分析,研究为弧状高陡边坡设计提出了新的思路。     

水平与竖向加速度-时程曲线叠加效应下边坡永久位移计算的极限上限分析

实际边坡动力稳定性受地震竖向与水平方向效应共同作用,传统边坡地震永久位移计算方法较少考虑竖向地震波影响,采用实际地震的竖向与水平方向加速度-时程曲线共同效应更符合工程实际。基于极限分析上限法和Newmark刚塑性滑块模型,提出一种基于实际水平向与竖向地震加速度-时程曲线的边坡永久位移计算改进方法,以3个工程边坡为例,探讨了两组具有代表性实测典型水平和竖向地震地面运动记录对边坡地震永久位移计算的影响。研究结果表明:不考虑竖向地震加速度时程曲线时,本文方法可蜕化为与前人方法兼容;不同地震波的竖向与水平地震动时程曲线的叠加效应不同,竖向地震对边坡永久位移的影响不可忽略。     

考虑渗流和地震时的砂土边坡稳定性计算

基于极限平衡理论,以砂土边坡为研究对象,推导了渗流和地震存在时拟静力法和拟动力法边坡安全系数的计算表达式。通过程序求解,与已有算例对比表明,计算结果基本一致,验证了2种方法解析式的合理性。参数分析表明,水位越高,边坡失稳越严重,水力梯度与安全系数基本为线性关系。渗流方向向下时,稳定性随水力梯度的增加而增大;渗流方向向上时,变化规律相反。水平地震加速度系数对稳定性的影响剧烈,竖向地震加速度系数对稳定性影响较小,简化计算可以忽略不计。最终得出拟静力法的解析式,简单、实用,而拟动力法则可以更为全面地考察砂土边坡稳定性随时间变化的特点。     

降雨入渗对宁南山区黄土梯田边坡稳定性的影响

为了研究降雨入渗对宁南山区黄土梯田边坡稳定性的影响。采用ABAQUS软件建立降雨入渗下的宁南山区黄土梯田边坡稳定性有限元模型,研究了水平梯田、隔坡梯田、原始边坡（对照）3种边坡类型,在降雨入渗强度(28~38 mm/h)和边坡坡度(15°—30°)下的破坏时间和安全系数的变化规律。结果表明:降雨入渗下,黄土梯田边坡的破坏时间随降雨入渗强度的增大而减小,且呈幂函数关系,水平梯田的破坏时间显著高于隔坡梯田和原始边坡;安全系数也随降雨入渗强度的增大而减小,但呈线性关系,水平梯田的安全系数与隔坡梯田和原始边坡并无显著差异。降雨条件下,修筑梯田能增加浅层梯田边坡的稳定性,而对于深层梯田边坡的稳定性影响不大。     

土体抗剪强度指标变异水平对边坡稳定安全系数取值的影响

针对传统的边坡稳定极限平衡方法不能考虑土体抗剪强度指标变异性影响的问题,基于极限状态的概率分析原理,采用Monte-Carlo法对均质路堤边坡的稳定性开展了可靠度计算,讨论了稳定安全系数一定的条件下边坡失效概率随土体抗剪强度指标变异水平的变化规律,分析了安全系数与边坡可靠指标的对应关系及其随土体抗剪强度指标变异水平的变化特征。研究表明：边坡可靠度受土体抗剪强度指标变异性影响显著,呈现出随土体抗剪强度指标变异水平提高而急剧减小的趋势;为保证边坡具有相同的可靠性,安全系数的取值应与土体抗剪强度指标的变异性相适应,据此提出了基于可靠指标和土体抗剪强度指标变异水平的安全系数取值原则及其对应的三参数函数关系式。     

降雨条件下坡积土边坡暂态饱和区形成机理及分布规律

降雨是引起坡积土边坡失稳的最常见外部因素之一。雨水的入渗在引起土体抗剪强度参数降低的同时,还将导致土体重度的增加、基质吸力的降低,最终造成边坡的失稳。开展雨水在边坡内部的渗流过程研究已成为分析边坡在降雨条件下稳定性的前提。基于有限元数值模拟方法,进行了雨水在土体中渗流过程的模拟,着眼于降雨条件下边坡暂态饱和区的形成、分布及消散特征,描述了该过程中边坡内部含水率、基质吸力、水力梯度的变化规律。结果表明：暂态饱和区形成的主要原因是土体中向湿润锋下方渗出的雨水量小于降雨入渗补给量,从而使得土体中的含水率累积升高;暂态饱和区的形成与降雨强度、降雨时间具有十分密切的关系,暂态饱和区形成时间、雨水入渗深度、土体表面体积含水率大小分别与降雨强度存在函数关系;清晰描述了暂态饱和区形成发展消散地下水位升高的全过程,从该过程看,边坡排水措施的设计值得思考。     

固结煤矸石抗剪强度特征试验

依据现场大型剪切试验和室内直剪试验,研究了固结煤矸石的抗剪强度特性。试验剪应力-剪位移过程曲线表明,一定含水率条件下的固结煤矸石呈现明显的粘塑性体力学特性。以现场大型剪切试验煤矸石作为试样配料进行了室内直剪试验,分析了含水率和密实度对良好固结煤矸石试样剪应力-剪位移试验曲线以及抗剪强度参数的影响,在此基础上探讨了试样内煤及其它细颗粒的状态变化对固结煤矸石抗剪强度的弱化作用机理,最后对比分析了现场大型剪切试验抗剪强度参数值和室内直剪试验抗剪强度参数值的差异及其产生的主要原因。     

对偶性与特大增量步算法在复杂平面框架中的应用

特大增量步算法（LIM）是一种基于力法和广义逆矩阵理论的迭代算法,在简单桁架和刚架非线性初步应用中,达到相同计算精度下有同等甚至超过位移有限元的计算效率。针对工程中的复杂杆系结构,利用平衡与协调的对偶性,探讨LIM在复杂平面框架结构中的应用,建立了平面框架结构的LIM基本方程,提出了针对典型支座约束以及组合结点的处理方法。该处理方法的线弹性问题算例表明,与位移有限元相比具有至少同等的精度和相当的计算效率。在支座本身不考虑塑性的情况下,该处理方法同样适用于弹塑性问题,为LIM在复杂杆系结构的弹塑性分析中奠定了基础。     

强度参数统计特性对边坡稳定可靠性的影响

由于对边坡强度参数统计特性考虑不全面,使得边坡可靠性指标计算值偏小,对应的失效概率偏大,常常超过10%,设计中难以采纳,造成地基可靠度规范的制定和执行进展缓慢。以某高速公路全风化花岗岩土质高边坡为工程背景,在分析土质参数统计特性的基础上,采用极限平衡理论和蒙特卡罗模拟法,系统地分析了土质强度参数的均值不定性、变异性、相关性、区间特性和空间变化性等对边坡稳定可靠性的影响。结果表明：土性参数的各种统计特性对边坡稳定可靠性均具有不同程度的影响。可靠性指标计算值随抽样距离的减小而增加,随c或φ均值的增大而增加,随c和φ的变异系数的增大而减小,随c和φ相关系数绝对值的增大而增加,考虑区间性后可靠性指标计算值也明显变大。即变异性对边坡稳定不利,而相关性、区间性和空间变化性对边坡稳定有利。因此,准确而全面地考虑土质参数的统计特性,尤其是在参数变异性和相关性的基础上加以考虑土性参数空间变化性和区间性会更加符合工程实际,且计算结果趋于安全,有利于地基可靠度规范的推广运用和边坡工程的安全评价。     

饱和渗透系数空间变异性对边坡稳定性的影响

研究了降雨雨型、雨强和持时对边坡孔隙水压力分布的影响以及降雨入渗条件下饱和渗透系数的空间变异性对孔隙水压力、含水率、抗剪强度参数、局部安全系数等参数空间分布的影响。研究结果表明,降雨特性对边坡孔隙水压力的影响较大;受渗流主方向影响,降雨条件下饱和渗透系数的水平波动尺度对孔隙水压力及含水率的变异性影响小于竖向波动尺度,降雨致滑坡的临界滑面基本与坡面平行且深度较浅;随着饱和渗透系数水平波动尺度的增加,滑坡深度随之增大,从总体上坡体上部局部安全系数随饱和渗透系数竖向波动尺度的增加而减小。     

Influence of Neutral Principal Stress on the Elastic-Plastic Solution of Expansion of Cylinder Cavities

In the elastic-plastic solution of expansion of cylinder cavities based on Tresca strength criterion and Mohr-Coulomb strength criterion, the influence of neutral principal stress is not considered. In this paper the influence of neutral principal stress on elastic-plastic solution of expansion of cylinder cavities is considered. The calculation shows that the radius and displacement of plastic zone will reduce when the neutral principal stress is considered. The conclusions are of practical significance for geotechnical engineering.     

Numerical analysis on the evolutionary features of deformation and failure modes of slopes

The failure of slope is a gradual accumulation process. Under the effect of many interior and exterior factors, some parts in the slope reach yield with the increase of stress, and sliding surface forms gradually till complete transfixion. With continuous increase of the plastic strain, overall failure happens on the slope. Traditional analysis method cannot display the mechanic conditions and the whole process of deformation, transfixion of sliding surfaces and failure. Meanwhile, FEM strength reduction can quantitatively show the deformation features and the process of occurrence and development of sliding surface. Based on the previous researches, the paper classifies slopes according to the features of rock and soil and the slope structure. Through analyzing the graphs of deformation and the nephograms of plastic strain under different reduction factors or safety factors, the researchers can directly find the deformation tendency of slopes and the whole process of the extension, transfixion and failure of sliding surface with the reduction of safety factor. So, the failure mechanism of slope can be found intuitively, which can provide effective basis for the prevention and governance of slopes.     

Study on strain localization and progressive failureof surrounding rock under high pressure environment

This paper uses the Mohr-Coulomb criterion with tension cut-off strain-softening model and the large-strain calculation method to study the localized deformation and progressive failure.It investigates the process of stain localization appearing,growing and sample failure,and uses the physical and numerical simulation to explore the relationship between strain localization and progressive failure of surrounding rock.The results show that the soften character of rock sample is caused by stain localization.The breach point of progressive failure is founded based on the distribution law of plastic zones and soften strips.The key causes of the tunnel convergence deformation after opening are the plastic extrusion and the elastic deformation of rock yield units caused by stress release.     

Rainfall''s Effect on the Stability of Unsaturated Slopes

Aimed to analyze the influence of rainfall on slope stability. The finite element method (FEM) is used for the calculation of 2-D transient seepage in the unsaturated slope, while the method of limit equilibrium is used for computing its safety factor. The change of pore water pressure, slip surface and safety factor are investigated through numerical calculations with consideration of various intensity and duration of rainfall. Special attention has been paid to slope stability after rainfall. It is found that sometimes the minimum safety factor may occur several hours or several days after the rainfall, instead of the time during the rainfall or when the rain just stops.     

Analysis of ultimate load and mechanismsof failure in large cast steel joints

Based on a project of pipe truss roof framing in Chengdu, the ultimate limit state analysis is performed on cast steel joints by using FEM, in which Linear hardening elastic-plastic constitutive model is considered. The results show that, the joint has a great accumulation of plastic strain in ultimate loads, and the point of maximum stress is different from that in elastic with the development of the yielding zone. The paper propoes to use rate-type tensor for the large strain geometric nonlinear problem, shows the criterion of failure formation , and indicates that its essential to apply limit state analysis to the determination of the weakest location on cast steel joint design, which provides basis for understanding the failure modes and failure mechanism of cast steel joint and the cast steel joint design.     

Elastic-Perfectly Plastic Solution of Tunnel Surrounding Rocks Using Mogi-Coulomb Strength Criterion

Reasonable choice of rock strength criteria is crucial for stress and displacement prediction and support design in tunnel engineering. Based on Mogi-Coulomb strength criterion and elastic-perfectly plastic model, analytical solutions of stress and displacement for surrounding rocks around a circular tunnel were derived The intermediate principal stress coefficient was used to present the intermediate principal stress effect. The results in this study were compared with the current solutions in the literatures and the influence of intermediate principal stress and shear strength parameters of surrounding rocks was discussed. The results showed extensive applicability and the Mohr-Coulomb strength criterion and Matsuoka-Nakai criterion are two special cases; when the intermediate principal stress coefficient b was equals to 0.5, the results indicated that the intermediate principal stress effect and its range for rock strength; the influence of cohesion and internal friction angle on the plastic radius and tunnel wall displacement was significant; Care should be taken to the effects of intermediate principal stress and shear strength parameter variations of surrounding rocks on tunnel design and construction.     

Field Test Analysis on Belled Pier Foundations under Tensile Load in Gravel Gobi

Forty full scale field tests were conducted on belled pier foundations at seven gravel Gobi sites in Gansu province and Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region in China. The uplift load displacement response of belled pier foundations in gravel Gobi almost followed the same pattern and presented three phase behaviors. Under tensile load, the onset of the curve usually started from the elastic linear part resulting from the compression and compaction of gravel Gobi above the enlarged base. And consequently, with the occurrence and further development of a plastic zone around the foundation, the uplift load displacement curve turned into an elasto plastic stage. Finally, the formation of whole rupture surface brought to the entire shearing damage of Gobi soil. The ultimate uplift bearing capacities were obtained by using the slope tangent method for all test foundations. Based on the theory of limiting equilibrium, the Mohr Coulomb yielding criterion and slip line field method, the circle arc rupture surface boundary condition was introduced. And the theoretical calculation equation to determine the ultimate uplift bearing capacity of the belled pier foundation in gravel Gobi was obtained. The theoretical results were compared with those of the tests and they turned out in good agreement.     

Dynamic Influence of Sustained Small Rainfall Infiltration on Stability of Unsaturated Soil Slope

Taking the moisture content as main control parameter of shear strength of the soil, we analyze the variational properties of moisture content and shear strength with the change of rainfall time during the small sustained rainfall infiltration, and establish the relationships between total cohesion as well as effective angle of friction and the time of sustained small rainfall infiltration into an unsaturated slope. With the rainfall infiltration, the influence area of slope expands. Through the strength reduction method based on FLAC3D, the dynamic safety factor of slope in different time and the duration time before the failure of the slope are obtained. The results show that the slope critical sliding surface is yet unsaturated during a sustained small rainfall.