氮磷钾施用方式对夏玉米植株和土壤养分及产量的影响

采用大田试验,研究等氮水平下不同肥料、分配方式及与磷、钾配施对夏玉米植株氮磷钾和土壤速效氮磷钾含量及产量的影响。结果表明：在常规施氮（底施和大口追施）、常规优化施氮（底施和大口、吐丝2 次追施）和控释氮素配施2 种磷钾水平用量（P2O5 105-K2O 120 kg/hm2和P2O5 157.5-K2O 180 kg/hm2）组合中,各处理大口期前植株干质量、氮磷钾含量、氮磷钾累积量以常规施氮高于控释尿素;成熟期穗粒数、千粒重和产量以控释尿素处理高于常规优化施氮处理,后者又高于常规施氮处理。等氮处理下,增施磷钾提高了植株磷、钾含量和累积量,植株含氮和氮累积量明显增加。各处理土壤速效氮、磷含量随生育进程不断降低,速效钾含量表现为“V”字型特征;土壤速效养分与植株养分含量表现趋势相反,生育后期控释尿素低于常规优化施氮,后者又低于常规处理。增施磷钾明显提高各时期土壤速效磷、钾含量,但使土壤氮含量降低。与对照相比,各处理单位氮、磷、钾生产籽粒能力降低;各处理中,单位养分生产籽粒以常规施氮高于常规优化施氮,后者又高于控释尿素。肥料养分利用率以控释尿素处理最高,其次为常规优化施氮,常规施氮最低。表明与常规施氮相比,控释尿素结合磷钾底施,能协调生育期间养分供应,改善植株中后期氮磷钾吸收、积累和物质生产,是改善养分利用效率、穗部性状和产量的优化施肥技术。     

硅喷施对自然条件下绿肥植物降解规律的影响

利用尼龙网袋法研究硅喷施对田菁、假花生和蟛蜞菊降解特征。结果表明,喷施硅显著影响绿肥的降解速率,但未影响到绿肥在整个观测期降解速率的变化规律,不同绿肥对喷施硅的反应不同。与未喷施硅相比,喷施硅显著降低整个观测期假花生干物质、有机碳、氮、磷降解,还田后365 d分别降低10.2%、6.93%、12.3%和8.2%;喷施硅显著抑制还田前期蟛蜞菊干物质、有机碳、氮、磷的降解,还田后28 d分别降低18.9%、10.3%、82.4%和31.7%;田菁喷施硅肥则提高了前期干物质、有机碳降解率,但对氮、钾的降解影响不显著。3种绿肥钾的降解率在28 d均超过94%,喷施硅显著影响假花生和蟛蜞菊还田前期钾的释放,硅对后期钾的释放影响不显著。     

高产小麦氮磷钾营养机理和需肥规律研究

高产小麦吸收氮素规律呈现“Ｍ”型,两个高峰出现在分蘖期和拔节期,磷和钾吸收量随生育进程逐步平稳增加,高峰出现在中后期。根据氮、磷、钾养分日吸收力和强度比判断,氮的临界期在分蘖期,磷和钾肥在小麦返青前,氮素最大效率期在孕穗－成熟,磷和钾在拔节后,所以,高产小麦氮素追肥应采取“前轻（分蘖轻）后重（拔节－孕穗重）中控（越冬－拔节期控）”的“Ｍ”型追肥法,磷和钾肥采取前后均衡补施法。     

缺素环境中平邑甜茶根系硝酸还原酶活性及硝态氮含量的变化

以二年生平邑甜茶（M.hupehensis Rehd）实生幼树为试材,在砂培和水培条件下研究了完全营养液、缺氮、缺磷、缺钙条件下,平邑甜茶根系硝酸还原酶（NR）活性、以及硝态氮含量的动态变化,结果表明,缺氮明显降低根系硝酸还原酶活性和硝态氮含量,缺磷也降低了硝酸还原酶活性,但缺钙8d后根系硝酸还原酶活性提高,根系硝态氮含量也有所升高。     

光、氮及其互作对超级粳稻产量和氮、磷、钾吸收的影响

大田条件下以超级粳稻南粳44和宁粳3号为材料, 设置2种氮肥水平(N10: 150 kg hm^-2, N20: 300 kg hm^-2)和3种遮光处理(L1: 不遮光, L2: 抽穗前遮光20 d, L3: 抽穗后遮光20 d), 研究光、氮及其互作对超级粳稻产量和氮、磷、钾吸收的影响。结果表明, 同一氮肥水平下产量呈现L1>L3>L2。其中, L2使植株在拔节至抽穗阶段及抽穗期的氮、磷、钾积累量显著下降, 主要由于L2显著降低了抽穗前期的根系α-NA氧化量及根干重, 导致根系吸收养分能力下降, 最终产量显著低于L1, 达30.58%~35.26%。L3使植株在抽穗至成熟阶段及成熟期的氮、磷、钾积累量显著下降, 主要由于L3显著降低了抽穗后期的根系α-NA氧化量及根干重。尽管在抽穗后随着植株根系逐渐衰老及机能下降, L3对根系、养分吸收及最终产量的影响要小于L2, 但最终产量依然显著低于L1, 达10.91%~18.47%。L2和L3条件下, 随着氮肥水平增加, 植株根系α-NA氧化量及根干重显著增加, 导致拔节至成熟期各阶段的氮、磷、钾积累量显著增加, 最终产量及氮肥利用率显著提高。由此可见氮肥施用能部分弥补弱光逆境对超级粳稻氮、磷、钾吸收及产量的影响。     

磷石膏和有机肥对盐碱地糜子产量和叶片生理特性的影响

为探索磷石膏和有机肥对盐碱地糜子产量和叶片生理特性的影响,本试验以粘丰5号和内糜8号为试验材料,本研究以‘粘丰5号’和‘内糜8号’为试验材料,在大田条件下设置了4个处理,包括磷石膏（60 t/hm2）、有机肥（187.50 t/hm2）和磷石膏有机肥混合（60 t/hm2磷石膏+187.50 t/hm2有机肥）,以盐碱地未改良作为对照。结果表明：有机肥和磷石膏混合处理对两个糜子品种叶片糖分积累调控效果存在差异,对粘丰5号开花后14d的叶片蔗糖含量、可溶性糖含量促进效果较优,而对内糜8号开花后21d的叶片蔗糖含量、可溶性糖含量促进效果较优;粘丰5号整个测定时期叶片淀粉含量在磷石膏和有机肥混合处理、有机肥处理下基本上低于磷石膏处理,而内糜8号叶片淀粉含量在开花后7d~21d以磷石膏处理为最高,之后,以磷石膏处理为最低;开花后42d叶片可溶性蛋白含量在粘丰5号中以磷石膏有机肥混施处理最高,而在内糜8号中以单施有机肥处理为最高。三种盐碱地改良措施均能够增加糜子产量,其中以磷石膏和有机肥混合处理下的增加效果优于单施磷石膏和单施有机肥处理。     

碧萝芷提取物对肉糜的抗氧化研究

以肉糜为试材,研究2~4 ℃储藏条件下碧萝芷、生姜、大蒜、阿魏酸、枳实提取物对其抗氧化作用。结果表明,在8 d的储藏期内,空白对照组的丙二醛（MDA）含量、过氧化值、酸价和挥发性盐基氮均呈明显上升趋势,添加碧萝芷提取物能显著抑制脂肪的酸败变质,在0~2 d,碧萝芷组的MDA值基本没有变化,4~8 d内MDA值反而有下降的趋势,表明碧萝芷不仅可以抑制氧化产物的产生,而且可能对已经产生的氧化产物MDA有降解作用。碧萝芷对过氧化值和酸价的抑制作用分别是空白对照组的1.5倍和2倍,但总体上对挥发性盐基氮的抑制效果不明显。表明碧萝芷提取物对2~4 ℃储藏的肉糜具很强的抗氧化作用。     

绿豆氮磷钾施肥效应与最优施肥量研究

通过研究不同氮、磷、钾肥施用量对绿豆产量及产量构成因子的影响,确定绿豆施肥模式和氮、磷、钾肥的最佳配比。采用氮、磷、钾三因素二次回归正交旋转组合设计,建立了氮、磷和钾的施肥量编码值与绿豆产量及其构成因子的效应函数。结果显示,3种肥料对绿豆产量影响为氮>磷>钾。随氮、磷肥施用量的增加,产量、单株荚数和百粒重先升高后降低;试验范围内,磷钾互作对绿豆产量和单株荚数起促进作用。目标产量为2 104.6~2 215.2kg/hm²,对应N、P₂O₅和K₂O优化施肥量分别为81.2~89.3、124.8~133.5和82.6~90.7kg/hm²。施用量配比为N∶P₂O₅∶K₂O=1∶1.54∶1.03（N为87.4kg/hm²）时,产量最大（2 215.2kg/hm²）。当N∶P₂O₅∶K₂O=1∶1.54∶1.05（N为80.4kg/hm²）时,经济效益最佳（15 589.89元/hm²）。     

氮磷钾配施对小麦植株养分吸收利用和产量的影响

采用大田试验,研究了不同氮水平与磷、钾配施对小麦植株氮磷钾含量、土壤速效氮磷钾含量和产量的影响。结果表明,在低氮（135kg N/hm ²）、中氮（225kg N/hm ²）和高氮（315kg N/hm ²）与2个磷钾用量（P₂O₅-K₂O,90-120、135-180kg/hm ²）处理组合中,各处理不同生育时期植株干重、氮钾含量、氮钾累积量随供氮水平提高而增高;等氮条件下,增施磷钾使植株含氮量降低,植株氮、磷和钾累积量随磷钾用量增加而增多。各施肥处理生育期间土壤碱解氮含量呈波动性变化,表现为起身期较冬前降低,起身至开花期不断增高,开花期至灌浆期明显下降,灌浆期至成熟期有所回升的特征。随生育进程,各处理土壤速效磷含量不断降低,土壤速效钾含量呈“V”字形变化,在开花期达到谷底。高氮水平各生育时期的土壤速效磷、钾含量低于低氮处理;等氮水平下增施磷、钾肥处理的土壤速效磷、钾含量提高。单位面积穗数随供氮增多而增加,穗粒数和千粒重以中氮处理最高;产量表现与穗数相似,但中、高氮处理差异较小。等氮水平下,增施磷钾可明显改善各产量构成因素和产量。随供氮增多,单位氮素生产子粒能力降低,氮肥利用率下降;单位磷、钾素生产子粒能力随氮素用量增多呈低—高—低变化。研究表明,中氮（225kg N/hm ²）配施磷钾（P₂O₅-K₂O,90-120kg/hm ²或135-180kg/hm ²）有利于调节生育期间土壤养分供应,改善植株养分吸收、干物质生产和产量形成能力。     

2种氮、 磷浓度条件下湿地净化植物生理学特性比较

在镇赉WRSIS湿地以及鹅头泡两种不同氮、磷浓度条件下,比较了4种净化植物根部、茎部的总氮、总磷含量,谷氨酰胺合成酶活性以及硝酸还原酶活性的差异。研究结果表明：（1）两种条件下植物总氮、总磷含量差异不明显,植物茎部对氮、磷吸收转化强于根部;（2）氮磷浓度较高环境能提高谷氨酰胺合成酶活性,植物茎部谷氨酰胺合成酶活性一般高于根部,净化效果好的植物该酶活性较高;（3）增铵环境对硝酸还原酶活性影响不显著,植物不同部位该酶活性差别不大。     

Process of Oxic to Affect the System of Denitrifying Phosphorus Removal

The phenomenon of denitrifying can be found under the condition of anaerobic/anoxic(A/A) in the biological phosphorus removal. It is found through the test that: The ability of denitrifying phosphorus removal in the system of A/A-SBR is lower than the system of A/AO-SBR, and along with the time increasing in the system of A/A-SBR, the ability of phosphorus removal would weaken, Ys will also decrease gradually from initial 0.22 gMLSS/gCOD.d to zero or even minus. The result of test indicates that the key to make the system oprerate steadily is increasing the latter aerobic time. However,the longer aerobic time will result in the accumulation of NO_3-N, and restrain the system of A/AO-SBR from removing phosphorus. It is also found in the test that the latter aeration for 0.5 h would ensure not only steady operation, but also good effect of phosphorus removal in the system of A/AO-SBR.     

多介质地下渗滤系统脱氮影响因素及强化措施

与传统的污水处理工艺相比,地下渗滤在处理分散污水中具有天然的优势,因此逐渐受到了广泛关注与深入研究。地下渗滤对COD和TP的去除率较高,但较低的脱氮率有待加强。笔者通过详细介绍地下渗滤系统氧化还原电位、碳源、运行工况、外部环境等影响脱氮因素,系统地总结了地下渗滤强化脱氮的措施,并对今后的研究方向进行了展望。通过对影响因素进行权重排序,多种强化措施和作用联合应用,提升微生物功效等方法强化氮的去除率,旨在丰富系统除氮的理论内涵,拓展地下渗滤的应用空间。     

地下渗滤系统中ORP影响作用与改善措施

氧化还原电位（ORP）是影响地下渗滤系统稳定运行的主要因素之一,对系统内部微生境和污染物处理效果有重要影响。因此,就地下渗滤系统中ORP对有机物去除、脱氮、除磷和微生物活性的影响作用,目前常用的干湿交替、基质组配、布水管复氧、分流比、植物复氧、土壤动物活动复氧和通风管复氧等改善ORP措施进行了总结归纳,表明各种措施都有一定的工程适用性。随着工艺研究的深入,多种改善措施将组合应用,新型基质填料的研发将会促进地下渗滤系统理论内涵、拓宽工程实践应用,工艺运行将会更加灵活。     

Effect of carbon sources on phosphorus forms’ transformation of phosphate reduction system in domestic sewage

The influence of glucose, methanol, sodium acetate and starch on phosphorus removal performance and conversion of phosphorus transformation is studied. The results show that 42.05 mg per day of external phosphorus is removed in the systems using glucose as carbon source and it is significantly better than the other three carbon sources. When glucose is used as carbon source, NaOH-P and BD-P which are main ingredients of Inorg-P in system sludge transform 1.67 mg per gram dry sludge, and conversion capacity of NaOH85-P is relatively higher. The whole phosphorus transformation process goes toward reactive phosphorus which can be used by phosphorus reducing bacteria. When starch is used as carbon source, conversion capacity of Org-P in sludge is lowest for 2.86 mg per gram dry sludge, which is the restrictive process of entire phosphorus transformation. When starch is used as methanol, sodium acetate, conversion capacity of NaOH85-P in sludge is relatively low and BD-P is difficult to transform, which is the restrictive step of entire phosphorus transformation.     

Domestic Sewage Treatment Using Three-stage SBR Denitrification and Phosphorus Removal Process

Based on the mechanism of biological phosphorus and nitrogen removal, the collision between on nutrient and resident time is given. In order to solve this problem, a new process for wastewater biological treatment- three-stage SBR process has been developed. Three- stage SBR process treat domestic sewage is applied, which controls various kinds of bacteria optimum growth with the different function that responsibility for removal organics, nitrogen and phosphorus existed in the different reactors and combine with the denitr/fying phosphorus removing process . The experiment results show that ,the three-stage SBR process not only improved the treatment efficiency that COD ,TN,and TPaverage removal efficiency is 87% ,80% and 86% , but also saved the energy cost. removal. The process can make better effect on simultaneous nutrients removal, simple operation and low cost will make a good application prospect for it.     

不同生长阶段的芹菜与生菜的净水能力比较

本研究旨在选择具有高效净水能力并适合鱼菜共生系统的经济植物,以期为提高系统的环境净化能力奠定基础。建设了浮阀型鱼菜共生系统,以不同大小的芹菜、生菜、罗非鱼为实验材料,考查了36天的水质变化情况。长期（36天）试验结果显示,小芹菜系统的含氮污染物的最高值均较生菜及大芹菜低,且最早达到稳定状态;而总磷变化趋势三者相近。短期(24 h)静态试验结果显示,小芹菜的TAN、NO₂-N及NO₃-N去除率最强,分别为39.85%、26.33%及61.11%;生菜次之,分别为30.79%、17.15%及35.90%;大芹菜最弱,分别为17.76%、12.93%及24.66%;然而,TP检测结果显示,生菜对磷的去除率为62.9%,显著高于小芹菜的44.79%及大芹菜的14.60%。综合以上结论得出,小芹菜、大芹菜和生菜中,小芹菜的除氮能力最强,生菜的除磷能力最强。     

Effect of Nitrite on Anaerobic Metabolism of Phosphate Accumulating Organisms

Two enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) sludges were used to investigate the effect of nitrite on anaerobic metabolism of phosphate accumulating organisms (PAOs). It is found that tolerance of PAOs to nitrite in two sludges were different. In the sludge with enriched PAOs cultures treating synthetic wastewater, when nitrite is above 10 mg/L, it inhibits VFA-uptake of PAOs, leading to decrease of PHA synthesis and increase of phosphate release. In the sludge with nitrogen and phosphorus removal by shortcut nitrification treating real domestic wastewater, anaerobic metabolism of PAOs is not inhibited even when nitrite is 30 mg/L; however, the presence of nitrite in anaerobic period causes denitrifying bacteria compete for limited carbon sources with PAOs, resulting in decrease of PHA synthesis and phosphate release. For the enriched PAOs cultures, the ratio of P/VFA obviously increases when nitrite is added in the reactor, indicating increased energy requirement for PAOs to take up VFA. The quantification results for PAOs in two sludges using fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH) show that the PAOs level is 55% in the enriched PAOs cultures, and 7.6% in the sludge with nitrogen and phosphorus removal by shortcut nitrification.     

Review on Nitrogen and Phosphorus Removal by the Bio-filter

In this paper, the new development of nitrogen and phosphorus removal by bio-filter in home and abroad is summarized.The factors influencing the nitrification-de-nitrification, nitration-denitration, phosphorous removal and simultaneous nitrogen and phosphorus removal in bio-filter reactor are reviewed.It is pointed out that further improving the operation, enhancing the effect of nitrogen and phosphorus removal and advancing the process of bio-filter is the aim of study in the future.     

Reaction Kinetics of Three Types of Constructed Wetland for Advanced Domestic Wastewater Treatment

The removal efficiencies of different pollutants in subsurface flow constructed wetland (SSFW), surface flow constructed wetland (SFW) and combination flow constructed wetland(CFW) treating sewage plant effluent were comparatively analysed. The results were analyzed by using a reaction kinetics model. It is shown that COD, TN, TP are more effectively removed in SSFW than in other two types of wetland, and the kinetic constants are 0.29, 0.20, 0.28 m/d respectively. The SFW has higher removal rate on ammonia and the kinetic constant is 0.12 m/d. Temperature change greatly affects the kinetic constants of ammonia and total nitrogen removal reaction, whilst the influence on COD and TP are not significant. The pollutants removal efficiencies decrease greatly with the increase of hydraulic loading and areal loading. The increment of areal removal mass is reduced with the increase of areal loading in three types of wetland. It is strongly recommended that the constructed wetland be operated on low pollutants loading condition.     

改性钢渣的制备及其吸附除磷性能

研究了改性钢渣吸附除磷影响因素、等温吸附线特征和吸附动力学,并对生物处理后的出水进行吸附除磷研究。结果表明：在初始磷浓度10 mg/L,投加量10 g/L、pH为7时,改性钢渣吸附后总磷浓度为0.687 mg/L,去除率达93%;改性钢渣对磷的吸附符合Langmuir模型,理论饱和吸附量是1.977 mg/g,吸附动力学符合准二级动力学模型（R²>0.99）;实际生活污水的吸附除磷中,投加量为50 g/L,反应2 h后出水总磷浓度达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》（GB 18918-2002）一级B标的排放要求。