CT test analysis of meso damage and fracture process of concrete under tensile loading

对静力、动力拉伸荷载条件下混凝土的细观破损过程进行了CT试验研究,获得了试样内部裂纹萌生、扩展、贯通的全过程CT图像。通过对CT图像及图像兴趣区中整体统计区域、局部统计区域CT 数均值的分析,研究了混凝土拉伸荷载条件下细观破损过程。结果表明：静力拉伸荷载条件下,裂纹在界面的薄弱区域形成后逐渐往相邻的薄弱部位扩展,两个统计区域CT 数均值呈降低趋势,试样破坏时伴有少量骨料被拉断的现象;动力拉伸荷载条件下,裂纹从界面薄弱区域形成后追随最快的路径扩展,局部统计区域CT 数均值呈下降趋势,而整体统计区域CT数均值变化幅度较小,破坏后骨料沿界面脱离砂浆粘结,且试样破裂面更为平整;由于加载速率的提高,骨料被拉断的现象非常显著。     

不同倍性山楂资源的胚胎发育特性研究

以二倍体山楂资源山东红面楂和三倍体资源磨盘山楂的盛果期树为试材,通过定期调查方法观测了种仁率变化,并利用石蜡切片方法对胚胎发育过程及特性进行了研究。结果表明:在自然授粉条件下,2份资源的种仁率均呈下降趋势;但磨盘山楂的种仁率明显低于山东红面楂,特别是在花后25～40天种仁率迅速下降,最终只有9.8%;而山东红面楂的种仁率最终为58.3%。2份山楂资源的胚珠均为倒生胚珠,其胚囊在开花前成熟、发育方式为蓼型;种胚发育方式为藜型,核型胚乳。花后8天左右合子开始分裂;花后1个月左右可形成球形胚,球形胚的位置仍然靠近珠孔端。此外,在磨盘山楂中发现了部分棒状原胚,这与山东红面楂的球形原胚形状不同。     

固结煤矸石抗剪强度特征试验

依据现场大型剪切试验和室内直剪试验,研究了固结煤矸石的抗剪强度特性。试验剪应力-剪位移过程曲线表明,一定含水率条件下的固结煤矸石呈现明显的粘塑性体力学特性。以现场大型剪切试验煤矸石作为试样配料进行了室内直剪试验,分析了含水率和密实度对良好固结煤矸石试样剪应力-剪位移试验曲线以及抗剪强度参数的影响,在此基础上探讨了试样内煤及其它细颗粒的状态变化对固结煤矸石抗剪强度的弱化作用机理,最后对比分析了现场大型剪切试验抗剪强度参数值和室内直剪试验抗剪强度参数值的差异及其产生的主要原因。     

安吉白茶阶段性白化过程中光合特性的变化

为阐明安吉白茶阶段性白化过程中光合特性的变化,本研究以特殊茶树资源安吉白茶为材料,研究其阶段性白化过程中叶绿体超微结构、光合作用、光合色素和生化成分的变化。结果表明,安吉白茶白化阶段叶绿体发育受阻,已发育的叶绿体超微结构被破坏,复绿阶段则逐渐恢复正常;净光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾作用在阶段性白化过程中整体呈上升趋势,而在白化期显著下降;胞间CO2浓度在阶段性白化过程中整体呈下降趋势,而在白化期有所升高;光合色素和茶多酚含量在阶段性白化过程中整体逐渐上升,而在白化期显著降低;总氨基酸和茶氨酸含量在阶段性白化过程中整体逐渐下降,而在白化期显著升高。为安吉白茶叶色突变和高氨基酸含量形成机制研究提供了一定的理论基础。     

各向异性砂土剪切带角度的理论分析

针对平面应变条件下各向异性砂土剪切带角度的试验规律,采用传统的3种理论和分叉理论进行对比分析。将平面应变条件下剪切带角度的试验结果按照传统3种理论整理发现,尽管传统3种理论可以估算同种砂剪切带角度的极小、中间和极大值,但无法解释其各向异性规律。砂土在平面应变条件下破坏时会产生明显的剪切带,当剪切带方向和砂土沉积面方向接近时,会较早诱发剪切带的产生,使材料强度降低,造成了平面应变条件下各向异性强度规律明显不同于常规三轴条件下的试验规律,采用分叉理论结合各向异性模型则可以有效解释这个规律。随砂土沉积面角度的变化,模型可以从细观角度解释常规三轴条件下剪切带角度的单调变化的试验规律,结合分叉理论可以描述平面应变条件下其先减小然后增大的规律。通过几种理论对比分析表明,模型结合分叉理论不但能够描述多种应力状态下的平面应变和常规三轴应力条件下剪切带角度表现的不同规律,而且能够从细观角度解释其各向异性成因。     

带锚FRP受剪加固梁非剥离破坏模式BP网络预测

对带可靠锚固FRP受剪加固混凝土梁的非剥离剪切破坏模式做了细化分类,即包括FRP断裂控制的破坏、受压区混凝土（达到极限应力状态）压碎控制的破坏、FRP断裂与混凝土压碎同步发生的界限破坏等3种模式;利用BP神经网络建立了带锚纤维受剪加固梁破坏模式的智能预测模型,与31根非剥离破坏加固梁试验的对比结果显示：模型总体精度达到90%,说明建立的破坏模式网络预测模型适用于带锚纤维受剪加固梁非剥离剪切破坏模式的判别。     

植物叶缘锯齿发育调控的研究进展

叶片是植物重要的营养器官,叶片的形成模式和发育涉及激素信号和转录因子间复杂遗传网络的调控。叶缘锯齿的产生是植物对不同环境长期适应的结果,对植物应对高温、干旱等逆境胁迫及响应光周期都有十分重要的作用。为了更清晰地认识植物叶缘锯齿的发育过程,本研究对植物叶缘锯齿形成过程中重要的调控因子及其调控机制进行了分类和总结。叶缘锯齿的发育受生长素、细胞分裂素、赤霉素等植物激素,NAM/CUC、TCP、SPL等转录因子,KNOX基因家族及其他调节因子的调控,并在单叶和复叶植物中表现出明显不同的调控模式。植物叶缘锯齿发育仍有很多未知的调控因子,因此,未来一个重要的研究方向就是要继续挖掘和鉴定更多参与植物叶缘锯齿发育的调控因子,并进一步解析其作用的分子机制,从而为今后通过调控叶形为其他作物性状改良提供理论依据。     

乔纳金苹果的应力松弛和蠕变特性与其品质相关性分析

为了简化苹果果实品质无损检测技术,探索苹果果肉力学特性与其品质的相关性,本文采用物性分析仪对乔纳金苹果货架期果肉进行蠕变和应力松弛试验,并对化学成分含量进行测定。结果表明:蠕变参数E_1、E_2、η_1、η_2与松弛参数E_1′、E_e、η等在货架期大体呈下降趋势;质构参数(TPA)果肉硬度、内聚性、弹性、咀嚼性等均与蠕变参数初始弹性系数E_1、延迟弹性系数E_2、黏性系数η_1和松弛参数平衡弹性模量E_e、松弛时间T_s、黏滞系数η之间呈显著正相关;可溶性固形物、原果胶分别与蠕变参数初始弹性系数E1、延迟弹性系数E_2、黏性系数η_1和松弛参数平衡弹性模量E_e、零时弹性模量E_0和黏滞系数η之间呈显著正相关;并通过逐步回归分析法构建一元线性回归模型。相关性和主成分分析表明,乔纳金苹果内在品质(可溶性固形物、原果胶)与蠕变、应力松弛黏弹性参数呈显著正相关,苹果果肉质地都具有黏弹性,兼具有黏性和弹性,且贡献率均等。     

河北杨胚囊发育的细胞学观察

诱导胚囊染色体加倍是一种高效的杨树多倍体诱导途径,为确定河北杨胚囊染色体加倍的最佳处理时机,采用石蜡切片方法对河北杨(Populus hopeiensis)胚囊与合子发育进程进行观察。结果表明：河北杨胚囊发育属于典型的蓼型发育模式;其发育进程既表现出一定的时序相关性,又具有极强的不同步性;在河北杨胚囊发育后期及合子发育过程中出现大量异常现象,大部分成熟胚囊和未成熟胚囊退化,形成空胚囊或具有异常结构的胚囊,只有极少数成熟胚囊能完成双受精作用并形成合子,考虑到新疆杨花粉可在河北杨柱头上正常萌发,推测胚囊退化可能是引起河北杨胚胎败育的主要原因。     

高速铁路隧道基底软岩动力累积损伤特性

利用相似材料模拟高速铁路隧道基底软岩,采用荷载控制和非对称正弦波循环加载方式对软岩试件进行动三轴疲劳与损伤检测综合试验。通过试验结果分析,建立了软岩3参数多项式疲劳寿命计算模型和4参数多项式累积损伤参量计算模型,获得了软岩疲劳损伤特性,即：软岩疲劳破坏表现为端部拉-剪复合破坏和中部压-剪复合破坏两种模式;疲劳破坏全过程表现为初始微孔隙压密、裂纹发生与稳定扩展以及损伤裂纹加速发展3个发展阶段;软岩疲劳寿命主要取决于本身强度和动应力水平,强度愈高、动力应力水平愈低,其疲劳寿命就越长;当动应力水平相同时,软岩疲劳寿命与其弹性模量呈线性增长关系。     

Testing and modeling studies on creep characters of supports for tunnel using nonlinear constitutive model

Creep characters of tunnel supports structure is analyzed according to triaxial creep test of concrete specimen of deep tunnel supports structure adopting MTS815 hydraulic servo system. The creep parameters of nonlinear creep model are presented based oncreep curve. The finite element numerical model has been established considering tunnel construction process, creep characters of surrounding rock and support structure. The displacement characteristics, the effective stress and the maximum shear stress in different position in primary support and second lining are obtained through creep characters analysis of surrounding rock and supports structure. The features of displacement and stress dependent time of tunnel supports has visible difference comparing with discard creep effect and calculation displacement and practical monitoring results is basic concordance. The creep characters of surrounding rock and tunnel supports should be considered for deep tunnel.     

The EME rules of composed coal and rock samples with hard roof failure and their application

The electric magnetic emission (EME) rules of deformation and failure of composed coal and rock samples are studied by lab experiments and fractal theory. The results show that at the initial stage of loading, EME signals increase, then decline slightly and stay at a stable level. Substantial increase appears when the composed coal and rock samples are close to the main fracture, and EME signals decline slowly when they are in the stage of residual deformation. The EME signals have a positive exponent relation to roof ratio in the composed coal and rock samples. The EME pulse count has the fractal characteristic, and the fractal dimensions increase with the process of loading. When the composed coal and rock samples are close to main fracture, the fractal dimensions decline suddenly, and it has a positive linear relation to the ratio of roof in the composed coal and rock samples. With the achieved rules, the burst danger has been forecasted successfully in face 7251.     

基于能量守恒定律对西原模型的改进与验证

在油气钻井工程中,由岩石蠕变引起的井眼缩径或井壁坍塌时有发生,本文基于能量守恒定律分析岩石蠕变的3个阶段,阐述传统的蠕变模型难以研究岩石加速蠕变阶段的原因。为此,在西原模型的基础上串联了一个绕组元件,建立改进西原模型及相应的本构方程。根据油气开发过程中所钻遇地层部分岩心的蠕变实验数据,对建立的改进西原模型进行验证,表明该模型能够很好地反映出岩石的蠕变特性,尤其是在岩石所受荷载大于长期强度的情况下,对凸显岩石加速蠕变阶段效果明显。该改进西原模型的提出可为进一步揭示岩石蠕变的客观规律提供理论依据。     

Stress wave effect in numerical simulation on rock breaking under high pressure water jet

The evolvement of rock damage struck by a high pressure water jet is characterized by nonlinear properties, thus making it a complicated dynamic problem. Based on a nonlinear finite element and elastic plasticity theory, a computational model was established. The dynamic load striking the rock by a high pressure water jet was simulated by the dynamic contact method. Furthermore, the propagation of a stress wave in the same rock was simulated at different impact velocities. The results show that the propagation velocity of a stress wave is proportional to the impact velocity of the high pressure water jet. The effects of a stress wave in sandstone and coal impacted by high pressure water jets of the same velocity were simulated.The effect of a stress wave in coal was stronger than in sandstone, while the region of propagation of stress wave in coal was smaller.     

Analysis on stress wave effect during the process ofrock breaking by pulsed jet

A mathematical model of rock breaking under pulsed jet is established by introducing the Johnson-Holmquist-Concrete constitutive relation and the smoothed particle hydrodynamics method. Based on this model, the formation, propagation and attenuation of stress wave during rock breaking by pulsed jet are simulated. The relations between pressure and time at different points on rock surface and the curve of peak stress wave versus distance to action spot are obtained. Destruction behaviors of rock under pulsed jet and effects on stress wave effect from jet velocity and lithology are studied according to the above calculation results, analysis results show that stress wave effect of pulsed jet acts locally and the peak stress wave shrinks sharply as the acting distance increases. The rock breaking mechanism of stress wave is tensile failure during the high speed process of load-unload. Power and effect range of stress wave is in high direct proportion with jet velocity. There is a threshold velocity before the macroscopic failure. Rocks of different lithologies have different destruction types under pulsed stress wave of pulsed jet. Destruction type of low strength rock like sandstone is crack propagation under the tensile stress during the high speed process of load-unload, while the destruction type of high strength brittle rocks like granite and limestone is vertical failure of stress concentration.     

Experimental and Numerical Analysis on Rupture of Rock Bridge with Non-Coplanar Intermittent Joints Under Direct Shear

By using servo control shear loading system, specimens with non-coplanar rock-like intermittent joints were tested by the way of forward and reverse direct shear, rupture mechanism and shearing law for rock bridge with non-coplanar intermittent joints were studied under direct shear. The experimental studies showed that five apparent stages are presented in the process of rock bridge rupture under direct shear, which are linear elastic stage, initiation and extension of crack, fracture and transfixion of rock bridge, climbing and occlusion of shear plane and residual friction. Rock bridge presented profile fracture plane under forward direct shear. While under reverse direct shear, band form fracture plane is showed which penetrated along with the direction of forward shear, and the shear strength of initiation and peak shear strength under reverse direct shear are bigger than that under forward shear. Crack angle, normal stress and lap proportion among adjacent joint are the main factors that influence the initiation strength and peak shear strength. The FLAC 3D simulation for the process of non-coplanar intermittent joints rock bridge rupture and formation of shear rupture surface under forward and reverse direct shear was conducted. The results of numerical simulation agreed well with those of experiment. The simulation results revealed tension crack failure of non-coplanar intermittent joints rock bridge and shear yielding mechanism of fracture plane.     

A visco elasto plastic creep model of outburstprone coal under triaxial compression

Using self made creep seepage experimental apparatus, triaxial creep tests on outburst prone coal are carried out with coal samples taken from Songzao Coal Mine. It is found that the attenuation creep property is shown in the conditions of less than its long term strength load, while non attenuation creep property for the greater conditions. By introducing a visco elasto plastic body which can describe the deformation property of non Newtonian fluids, the visco elasto plastic creep model of outburst prone coal is put forward combined with a Poyting Thomson model. The model parameters were fitted out with Matlab programmer and validation is employed. It is found that the test results were in good agreement with those by the proposed model.     

不同种类有机物料对新垦红壤有机碳提升及培肥效果的影响

由荒坡地开垦形成的新垦红壤普遍存在立地条件差、土壤结构不良、保肥保水性差、生产能力低下等诸多问题，提高土壤有机碳被认为是新垦红壤快速熟化的重要途径。为了解不同类型有机物料在促进红壤有机碳提升及培肥效果的差异，选择黄筋泥和红砂土2种新垦土壤，通过室内培养方法比较研究了10种常用有机物料对土壤中各形态有机碳、速效养分及酶活性等的影响。结果表明：不同有机物料中的有机碳的稳定性顺次为：风化煤腐殖酸>50%风化煤腐殖酸+50%猪粪/水稻秸秆堆肥>泥炭>猪粪/水稻秸秆堆肥>生活垃圾堆肥>沼渣>菌菇棒堆肥>猪粪>鸡粪>水稻秸秆>紫云英；在粘质土壤（黄筋泥）中的稳定性高于砂质土壤（红砂土）。施用风化煤腐殖酸、50%风化煤腐殖酸+50%猪粪/水稻秸秆堆肥对提升土壤腐殖质的效果最为显著。有机物施用后残留在新垦园地土壤中的有机碳主要以矿物结合态有机碳存在，游离态有机碳和粗颗粒有机碳占总有机碳的比例较低。施用各类有机物料也可明显提高土壤微生物活性、促进土壤水稳定性团聚体的形成，轻微提高土壤CEC，但效果因有机物料不同有显著的差异。综合评价结果表明，对改良土壤性状效果最佳的是风化煤腐殖酸、50%风化煤腐殖酸+50%猪粪/水稻秸秆堆肥、猪粪/水稻秸秆堆肥，菌菇棒堆肥、水稻秸秆和紫云英的效果相对较差。研究建议，在改良新垦低丘红壤时，宜考虑性状不一的多类有机物料混配施用。     

THE EFFECT OF STRESS ON PERMEABILITY OE COAL AND POROUS ROCK AND FRACTURED ROCK

In this paper, the permeability of coal, porous rock (sandstone), fractured rock(limestone) varifies with different confining pressure is discussed. Exponential functions between permeability and confining pressure are concluded. As a primary exploratiotion of permeability, it is significant to study coal and rock seepage characteristics and methane emission prediction. It is also useful in mine methane drainage system design.     

Triaxial creep model and its stability analysis of gas containing coal 

Investigation on the creep property of coal containing gas is an effective means for understanding the mechanism of delay outburst of coal and gas in a coal mine. This paper conducts triaxial creep tests on the specimens of gas containing coal using a self made creep experimental apparatus to determine the creep law for coal containing gas. An improved triaxial creep model is developed for containing gas by coupling a Nishihara model with another visco elasto plastic body which can describe the deformation property of non Newtonian fluids. The parameter fittings are conducted based on the experimental dada.The present model is examined in terms to the results of triaxial creep tests in various stress level cases. The result shows that the proposed model for gas containing coal can properly represent the creep deformation at different creep stages, especially at the accelerating stage. The instability condition of the model for coal containing gas is also discussed according to stability theories of differential equation solution.