农业灌溉作用下黄土边坡失稳引起耕地流失分析

为了明确在大面积农业灌溉作用下，水分入渗土壤进而渗入下部黄土体，改变临空耕地黄土边坡的稳定性状态，造成边坡失稳引起耕地流失的过程。在统计分析甘肃天水耕地流失面积、农田灌溉面积、地质灾害数量和由地质灾害造成耕地流失比例的基础上，在典型地层剖面上采集原状土壤和黄土试样，进行天然状态和灌溉作用下土体的物理力学性质和抗剪强度试验，采用理正岩土边坡稳定性分析系统，利用基于极限平衡条分法的瑞典法进行边坡稳定性定量分析。结果表明：在天然状态下，该边坡稳定性系数为1.074，处于基本稳定状态；而在灌溉作用下，随着水分入渗深度的增加，稳定性系数逐步降低，最后失稳。因农田灌溉仅使土壤层饱和，对该边坡稳定性影响不大；当灌溉水持续入渗使饱和层土体厚度大于2 m时，该边坡稳定性降低一个等级，处欠稳定状态；当饱和层厚度大于10 m时，该边坡失稳，发生滑坡，造成耕地流失。     

饱和渗透系数空间变异性对边坡稳定性的影响

研究了降雨雨型、雨强和持时对边坡孔隙水压力分布的影响以及降雨入渗条件下饱和渗透系数的空间变异性对孔隙水压力、含水率、抗剪强度参数、局部安全系数等参数空间分布的影响。研究结果表明,降雨特性对边坡孔隙水压力的影响较大;受渗流主方向影响,降雨条件下饱和渗透系数的水平波动尺度对孔隙水压力及含水率的变异性影响小于竖向波动尺度,降雨致滑坡的临界滑面基本与坡面平行且深度较浅;随着饱和渗透系数水平波动尺度的增加,滑坡深度随之增大,从总体上坡体上部局部安全系数随饱和渗透系数竖向波动尺度的增加而减小。     

降雨入渗对宁南山区黄土梯田边坡稳定性的影响

为了研究降雨入渗对宁南山区黄土梯田边坡稳定性的影响。采用ABAQUS软件建立降雨入渗下的宁南山区黄土梯田边坡稳定性有限元模型,研究了水平梯田、隔坡梯田、原始边坡（对照）3种边坡类型,在降雨入渗强度(28~38 mm/h)和边坡坡度(15°—30°)下的破坏时间和安全系数的变化规律。结果表明:降雨入渗下,黄土梯田边坡的破坏时间随降雨入渗强度的增大而减小,且呈幂函数关系,水平梯田的破坏时间显著高于隔坡梯田和原始边坡;安全系数也随降雨入渗强度的增大而减小,但呈线性关系,水平梯田的安全系数与隔坡梯田和原始边坡并无显著差异。降雨条件下,修筑梯田能增加浅层梯田边坡的稳定性,而对于深层梯田边坡的稳定性影响不大。     

不同失稳判据下边坡稳定性的规律性

以塑性区贯通、位移增量突变、计算不收敛3种边坡失稳判据为依据,采用强度折减有限元法和重度增加有限元法对简单边坡进行了分析。结果表明：以边坡潜在滑动面上某点位移增量突变作为边坡失稳判据是准确的;对于不同土体强度参数下,以位移增量关系曲线突变为判据得到的边坡的安全系数较另外两种方法稳定;对应于塑性区贯通、位移增量曲线突变和计算不收敛的3种判据,边坡潜在滑动面依次向深层发展,边坡的安全系数依次增加。     

简单屋顶绿化的滞蓄特性

设计了模拟降雨与数据采集系统,研究了短时强降雨下简单屋顶绿化基质(配比：陶粒57.0%、草炭41.5%、保水剂1.5%)的降雨产流过程,基于37次模拟降雨实验,归纳了降雨产流的一般过程、规律和特性,分析了降雨强度、基质厚度和基质初始含水率对简单屋顶绿化滞流蓄水特性的影响。结果表明：基质厚度和基质初始含水率对简单屋顶绿化的蓄水特性有显著影响,基质初始含水率越低、基质厚度越厚时蓄水特性越佳。建立了产流时间数学模型,简单屋顶绿化降雨产流时间与降雨强度呈负相关,同时也受初始含水量和基质厚度影响。随着干湿循环次数增加,基质的厚度总体呈现下降趋势,储水性能逐渐下降,延迟产流时间逐渐缩短。     

基于灰色关联法土壤水分垂直入渗影响因素研究

土壤水分入渗过程中主要受压力水头、土壤初始含水率、土壤容重、颗粒级配影响。基于一维垂直土柱积水入渗试验研究这些因素对入渗能力影响的主次关系,利用Green-Ampt与Philip入渗模型得到相应土壤入渗特性参数,采用灰色关联分析法研究四个因素对累积入渗量、饱和导水率、稳定入渗率、湿润锋面吸力、吸渗率的影响程度。结果表明,压力水头、土壤初始含水率、土壤容重、颗粒级配对累积入渗量、入渗率及Green-Ampt与Philip模型中物理参数有显著影响,各处理中饱和导水率与稳定入渗率间误差较小,吸渗率拟合值与利用湿润锋面吸力所得吸渗率计算值间相似程度较高,决定系数R2大于0.85;灰色关联分析结果表明,颗粒级配关联度均值r4最高为0.946 3,土壤容重、初始含水率其次,压力水头影响程度最小（r1=0.562 9）。总而言之,颗粒级配对土壤入渗特性影响起主导作用,该研究成果可为农业灌溉及水资源管理提供理论支撑。     

高陡边坡整体与局部失稳的强度折减及安全度判别分析

为了实现从整体和局部都能较为准确地分析弧状高陡边坡安全稳定性,指导露天采矿高陡边坡设计,采用有限差分强度折减法分析边坡稳定性,获得边坡整体的安全系数。对每个计算单元引入安全度进行分析,获得边坡局部安全系数;将最大节点位移时步曲线收敛性作为边坡失稳的判定准则,弥补了采用其他准则时由于人为指定容差而引起的较大误差;以某铁矿西南边坡为例,运用FISH语言编制强度折减法、失稳准则和安全度相关程序进行计算。研究表明：有限差分强度折减法、基于最大节点位移时步曲线收敛性的失稳准则和计算单元安全度相结合的边坡稳定性分析方法适合于弧状边坡稳定性分析,研究为弧状高陡边坡设计提出了新的思路。     

砂田降雨入渗过程的模拟实验研究

砂田是一种具有综合效能的旱作技术,在干旱半干旱地区得到了不同程度的应用。为了研究砂石覆盖下降雨入渗的规律,笔者进行了室内模拟实验,对土壤水分的动态变化过程进行了研究。结果表明：在模拟降雨过程中,砂石覆盖下土壤的累计产流量一直低于裸土,说明砂石覆盖有利于减少土表降雨产流。砂石覆盖的土壤的各个深度土壤含水率均比裸土对照组要高,表明砂石覆盖有降雨入渗到土壤中。在经过一定时间的降雨后,砂石覆盖土柱中不同深度的土壤含水率变化会趋于稳定,且数值接近,表明砂石覆盖的土壤比裸土更快地进入稳渗阶段。     

砾石覆盖层截留降雨的模拟实验研究

砾石覆盖技术可减少土壤水分蒸发,在世界的一些干旱半干旱地区得到了不同程度的应用。但在降雨时,雨水通过覆盖层进入土壤的过程中,覆盖层也会截留一定的降雨量。此文通过模拟降雨实验,表明：在降雨强度、降雨历时和铺设方式等相同的条件下,烘干砾石的吸水量随着降雨历时的延长而增大,并逐渐达到饱和吸水量;烘干砾石达到吸水饱和所需的降雨历时随着砾石平均等效粒径的减小而缩短;随着砾石平均等效粒径的增加,覆盖层砾石颗粒间的滞留水量逐渐减少;饱和砾石覆盖层的截留水量也逐渐减小,用指数衰减拟合模型进行拟合,具有高度的显著性。     

考虑渗流和地震时的砂土边坡稳定性计算

基于极限平衡理论,以砂土边坡为研究对象,推导了渗流和地震存在时拟静力法和拟动力法边坡安全系数的计算表达式。通过程序求解,与已有算例对比表明,计算结果基本一致,验证了2种方法解析式的合理性。参数分析表明,水位越高,边坡失稳越严重,水力梯度与安全系数基本为线性关系。渗流方向向下时,稳定性随水力梯度的增加而增大;渗流方向向上时,变化规律相反。水平地震加速度系数对稳定性的影响剧烈,竖向地震加速度系数对稳定性影响较小,简化计算可以忽略不计。最终得出拟静力法的解析式,简单、实用,而拟动力法则可以更为全面地考察砂土边坡稳定性随时间变化的特点。     

Dynamic Influence of Sustained Small Rainfall Infiltration on Stability of Unsaturated Soil Slope

Taking the moisture content as main control parameter of shear strength of the soil, we analyze the variational properties of moisture content and shear strength with the change of rainfall time during the small sustained rainfall infiltration, and establish the relationships between total cohesion as well as effective angle of friction and the time of sustained small rainfall infiltration into an unsaturated slope. With the rainfall infiltration, the influence area of slope expands. Through the strength reduction method based on FLAC3D, the dynamic safety factor of slope in different time and the duration time before the failure of the slope are obtained. The results show that the slope critical sliding surface is yet unsaturated during a sustained small rainfall.     

Distribution Characteristics and Prediction of Equilibrium Moisture of Non saturated Clay Subgrade

The space distribution characteristics of equilibrium moisture of non saturated clay subgrade were surveyed along the road cross section by the in situ and laboratory tests. Based on the basic theory of unsaturated soil mechanics, matric suctions of soil samples with different kinds of moisture condition were determined and the soil water characteristic curve model was calibrated to reflect a single valued function relationship between water content and matric suction of clay soils. Combining the above results, an estimation method of the equilibrium moisture of the unsaturated clay subgrade outside the affected zone of atmospheric precipitation/evaporation was established. The results show that the atmospheric precipitation/evaporation has significant effect on moisture condition of the subgrade soil located in the upper part of the subgrade near the central reserve and hard shoulders. However, equilibrium moisture of subgrade soil outside the affected zone of atmospheric precipitation/evaporation is mainly controlled by the impact of the groundwater table. Fredlund & Xing model can be used to characterize the relationship between the unsaturated clay soil moisture and matric suction, and the fitting results of model parameters have high reliability. A consistency between the predictive results and the experimental data shows the presented model is accurate and credible.     

Matric Suction Effect on Shear Strength of Roadbed Unsaturated Soil

A study which focuses on the role of matric suction in the stress strength of roadbed unsaturated soil was presented. Two types of tests were described, namely, the suction controlled shear test and microstructure scanned test. For the former, four sub tests were conducted under different suction and net normal stress conditions. And two unsaturated soil samples that belong to the same type but with different water contents were scanned. In contrast with clay soil, the corresponding results show that the strength of silty sand soil does not always increase as matric suction increases or soil water content decreases; there exists a peak contributed by matric suction that acts on soil stress strength. The main reason for this kind of phenomenon is due to the typical microstructure of this type of soil and the various types of pore water retention. Additionally, the state of stress in which soil sample meets can also exerts important influence on soil strength.     

Rainfall''s Effect on the Stability of Unsaturated Slopes

Aimed to analyze the influence of rainfall on slope stability. The finite element method (FEM) is used for the calculation of 2-D transient seepage in the unsaturated slope, while the method of limit equilibrium is used for computing its safety factor. The change of pore water pressure, slip surface and safety factor are investigated through numerical calculations with consideration of various intensity and duration of rainfall. Special attention has been paid to slope stability after rainfall. It is found that sometimes the minimum safety factor may occur several hours or several days after the rainfall, instead of the time during the rainfall or when the rain just stops.     

Assessing the Potential for Zone‐Specific Management of Cereals in Low‐Rainfall South‐Eastern Australia: Combining On‐Farm Results and Simulation Analysis

In the low‐rainfall region of south‐eastern Australia, distinctive soil types reflecting the typical landscape of higher elevated dunes and swale zones at the bottom can be found within one field. Different soil characteristics cause consequently large variability in cropping productivity between soils and across seasons. To assess the possibilities for zone‐specific management, five farmer fields were zoned into a dune, mid‐slope and swale zone. For each site, zone yields were mapped over 2 years and soil properties were surveyed. This information was used to parameterize and validate the APSIM model for each zone. Field‐measured PAWC increased from the dune to the swale zone. On‐farm results and simulation analysis showed distinctive yield performance of the three designed zones. However, yield is not related to PAWC, it is rather a complex relationship between soil type, fertility and rainfall. While in high‐rainfall years, the swale zones yielded higher due to higher soil organic carbon content and less drainage losses, the dune zones performed better in the low‐rainfall years due to lower evaporation losses. This study emphasizes that in this specific environment where soil variation in texture and subsoil constraints strongly influence crop performance, mechanistic crop models and long‐term field observations are necessary for better understanding of zone‐specific performance, and simple linear relationships across years or sites are not useful.     

Mechanical Analysis of Herbaceous Plant Strengthening Slope

Since there are the root systems of herbaceous plant in the shallow layer of soil masses of slope, the shallow layer of slope becomes a compound materials made of soil masses and root system.Owing to friction action and tensile resistance action of roots, the shear strength of soil layer with root system is increased.And a comprehensive mechanical analysis of how herbaceous plants strengthen slope was carried out.Not only a mechanical model of interaction between root and soil, but also a quantitative calculation of increase of shear strength and stability coefficient of slope was put forward.As a result, the theoretical basis of herbaceous plant ecological slope protection was provided.