农产品质量安全风险评估学科发展与思考

为了理清中国农产品质量安全风险评估现实理论需求和学科发展方向,系统分析了中国农产品质量与安全专业课程设置,以及近年来农业部成立的农产品质量安全风险评估研究体系等情况。截至2015 年底,成立了1 个国家农产品质量安全风险评估机构和100 家农产品质量安全风险评估实验室,各类高校也以不同形式设置了农产品质量与安全专业。但风险评估学科发展滞后,学校在开设新专业时,没完全把实际需求的风险评估理论和评估模型等基础研究作为课程设置的依据。最后阐述了农产品质量安全风险评估学科发展思路：加强风险评估学科建设,强化风险评估基础理论研究;在评价已知和探索未知危害因子的基础上,创新评估理论,建立适合中国国情的风险评估技术和评估模型;同时应客观进行农产品营养功能评价,加强风险交流,科学引导消费。     

山东省干旱灾害风险评估与区划

山东省作为中国的农业大省，是最重要的粮食主产区之一，受季风气候影响，是干旱灾害的易发区和重灾区，因此对山东省干旱开展灾害风险评估与区划有助于更加科学地抵御干旱灾害，对于改善山东省干旱灾害风险管理、提高决策水平、减小经济损失具有一定的指导意义。利用山东省气象、土壤、地形等基本数据以及土地利用类型、归一化植被指数等高精度数据，同时基于自然灾害风险评估原理，运用加权综合评价法和层次分析法等方法，使用GIS空间分析技术对山东省干旱灾害进行风险性评估与区划。结果表明，山东省干旱危险性较高，中、高危险性地区占总面积的59.40%，高危险性地区主要分布在山东省西北部和胶东半岛东部；承灾体暴露性偏高，中、高暴露性地区占总面积的70.66%，高暴露性地区主要分布于山东省西部和南部，中部也有部分区域暴露性较高；承灾体脆弱性略高，中、高脆弱性地区占总面积的48.1%，高脆弱性地区主要分布在山东省西南部；防灾减灾能力较强，中、高防灾减灾能力地区占总面积的50.87%，高防灾减灾能力地区主要分布在胶东半岛和北部部分区域；山东省干旱综合风险性偏高，中、高综合风险地区占总面积的54.04%，主要分布在西部和中部，东...     

农产品安全风险评估方法及应用探讨

风险评估是解决当前农产品质量安全问题的科学依据。农产品安全风险评估主要针对农、畜、水等产品中化学和生物危害。针对化学和生物两种不同危害风险评估过程,分析了危害识别、危害描述、暴露评估、风险描述四步工作需要考虑的具体因素和采用的具体方法。探讨了许多国家和组织建立相应机构或委员会并应用浓度模型、预测微生物学技术、Monte—Carlo模拟等方法开展化学和生物危害风险评估的情况。结合中国风险评估技术基础薄弱的特点,提出中国应重点在机制建设、监测数据积累、预测模型方面进行研究。     

基于GIS的农业面源污染风险评估

为满足农业面源污染控制实际需要,建立一种农业面源污染风险评估方法。该方法以农业面源污染风险影响因素分析为基础,建立面向农业面源污染风险评估的GIS空间分析模型,在GIS支持下,实现模型所需数据的提取及分析运算,获得多尺度农业面源污染风险程度分布图,为农业面源污染控制提供工作目标区。以杭埠河流域为样区进行模型应用,获得了较精确的计算结果;农业面源污染风险评估方法对监测地区基础数据要求不高,是一种可行的污染监测新途径。     

2015年国家农产品质量安全风险评估项目“农产品病虫害残余物和致病微生物污染调查与产品安全性评估”启动会在北京召开

<正>笔者从中国农业科学院植物保护研究所了解到,由该所农业部农产品质量生物性危害因子风险评估实验室(北京)主任郑永权研究员主持的2015年国家农产品质量安全风险评估项目"农产品病虫害残余物和致病微生物污染调查与产品安全性评估"启动会于近日在北京召开。国家农产品质量安全风险评估机构农业部农产品质量标准研究     

在我国花生上登记的多种农药对鸟类和蜜蜂的风险或不可接受

<正>广州禾立田生物科技有限公司等单位研究人员采用现有的风险评估标准方法,评估了在我国花生上登记农药对鸟类和蜜蜂的初级风险。结果表明,在喷施农药中,辛硫磷、毒死蜱和多菌灵对鸟类的风险商值均大于1,风险不可接受;溴氰菊酯、代森锌和多效唑对蜜蜂的风险不可接受。在所评估的8种种子处理农药中,毒死蜱、辛硫磷、吡虫啉、呋虫胺和噻虫嗪对鸟类的     

基于格网的河北省精细化暴雨洪涝灾害风险区划

基于IPCC最新风险评估理论模型,以高精度地理信息数据、长序列均一化气象资料和2010基准年社会经济数据等资料为基础,运用统计建模方法,从气象致灾因子危险性、暴露度和脆弱性3个方面对河北地区暴雨洪涝灾害进行精细化风险评估与区划,并根据区划结果提出防御措施。结果显示：滦河流域下游以及沿海诸河流域的暴雨洪涝风险最高;平原地区的暴雨洪涝灾害风险普遍高于山区,流域下游风险高于上游,河道周边风险高于远离河流的区域。     

浙江省雷电灾害脆弱性分析

雷电灾害是最严重的自然灾害之一,雷电灾害脆弱性反映了人类社会经济遭受雷电灾害损害的程度或可能性。本研究结合雷电灾害致灾因子、孕灾环境和各地抗灾能力,以雷暴日数、人口密度、地均国民产值、河网密度、海拔高度、地形起伏程度和地均年财政收入等要素作为指标,采用层次分析法确定各因子的权重,建立雷电灾害脆弱性计算模型,定量评估了浙江省各县的雷电灾害脆弱性。根据各县雷电灾害脆弱性大小,将浙江省分为高脆弱性、中脆弱性和低脆弱性3个区,为浙江省做好雷电灾害防护提供依据。     

北方冬小麦干旱灾损风险区划

本文基于风险分析的原理,利用北方冬麦区长年小麦产量资料和气象资料,建立了适用于北方冬小麦干旱灾损风险评估的指标体系,包括自然水分亏缺率风险指数、减产率风险指数和抗灾性能趋势向量系数等风险评估指标的意义、表达模式和估算技术、计算和分区。结果表明,北方冬小麦各项风险评估指标均具有明显的区域差异和一定的连     

农业部农药检定所在北京举办农药风险评估技术培训班

正本刊讯记者从农业部农药检定所获悉,6月13~14日,该所在北京举办农药风险评估培训技术班,内容包括农药残留风险评估、健康风险评估和环境风险评估三个方面。农业部农药检定所严端祥副所长指出,农药是保障农业生产、粮食安全不可或缺的生产资料,使用不当也会影响公众健康和环境安全。开展农药风险评估是社会公众的要     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

A note on the origin of Kalanchoë x vadensis Boom & Zeilinga (Crassulaceae)

Summary K x vadensis is a hybrid of K. blossfeldiana and K. marmorata obtained after doubling the number of chromosomes.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Avoidance of leaf rust fungi in wild relatives of cultivated cereals

Summary Avoidance of rust fungi that was based on poor appressorium induction was previously found in Hordeum chilense. In the present study 95 accessions of Triticeae were screened for avoidance of Puccinia hordei. The percentage of appressorium formation per germinated spore ranged from 6 to 90%. On none of the 41 accessions of Aegilops, Agropyron, Elymus, Secale, Thinopyrum or Triticum studied was the rate of appressorium formation lower than 25%. Lower rates of appressorium formation were, however, found on accessions of wild barley species Hordeum brachyantherum, H. marinum, H. parodii and H. secalinum. Its implications in cereal breeding are discussed.     

Variation in forage grasses as hosts of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne naasi (Franklin) and selection for resistance in ryegrass

Summary Reactions of 13 grasses to Meloidogyne naasi varied with species; ryegrasses, fescues and their hybrids were generally susceptible and cocksfoot and timothy resistant. Marked variation in host resistance levels occurred between genotypes within cultivars.Selection of single plants, followed by tests on replicate tillers, identified resistant and susceptible genotypes in both Italian and perennial ryegrass cultivars. Resistant plants had few nematode-induced galls and fewer females and eggs than susceptibles. There was more or less continuous variation, with many genotypes intermediate between extremes of resistance and susceptibility. Selected resistant and susceptible genotypes are of use in assessing variation in nematode populations and as controls for breeding and selection programmes.     

Current and future strategies in breeding lentil for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Lentil production is limited by lack of moisture and unfavorable temperatures throughout its distribution. Waterlogging and salinity are only locally important. Progress has been made in breeding for tolerance to drought through selection for an appropriate phenology and increased water use efficiency and in breeding for winter hardiness through selection for cold tolerance.The diseases rust, vascular wilt, and Ascochyta blight, caused by Uromyces viciae-fabae, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lentis, and Ascochyta fabae f. sp. lentis, respectively, are the key fungal pathogens of lentil. Cultivars with resistance to rust and Ascochyta blight have been released in several countries and resistant sources to vascular wilt are being exploited. Sources of resistance to several other fungal and viral diseases of regional importance are known. In contrast, although the pea leaf weevil (Sitona spp.) and the parasitic weed broomrape (Orobanche spp.), and to a lesser extent the cyst nematode (Heterodera ciceri), are significant yield reducers of lentil, no sources of resistance to these biotic stresses have been found. Directions for future research in lentil on both biotic and abiotic stresses are discussed.     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...