三峡库区消落带不同垂直高程土壤重金属污染调查与评价

为了揭示三峡库区消落区不同垂直高程土壤重金属污染状况,笔者通过对三峡库区消落带不同垂直高程（145~155、155~165、165~175 m）土壤样品的分析,结果表明三峡库区消落带土壤重金属污染以As、Cd为主,Hg、Pb污染程度相对轻微。从长寿到巴东,即从库区的上游到下游,重金属含量普遍呈下降趋势。综合评价结果表明：三峡库区9个区县消落带中,除涪陵的3个垂直高程土壤重金属超过背景值,处于轻度污染状态,其余区县的3个垂直高程土壤重金属处于警戒线以下,土壤未受污染。总体来说,长寿、涪陵地区消落带土壤受重金属污染,控制污染源是防止消落带土壤重金属含量增加的有效方法。     

中国南北人群在中性环境下的生理适应性和主观评价

研究中国南北人群在中性环境下,生理适应的自主神经调节和主观评价差异。采用实验设计,遴选16名南方大学生和16名北方大学生,测试生理参数,包括皮肤温度、心率、心率变异性（HRV）、血容量（BVP）、肌电（EMG）,填写主观问卷。实验结果发现：1）中性环境,北方人群感觉是舒适的,各项评价指标接近中性和适中,数据较集中;南方人群感觉稍热,评价数据较离散,但热舒适（TCV）（p=0.106>0.05）、可接受程度（p=0.838>0.05）等几个主观评价与北方人群相比没有显著差异,说明南方人群有较宽的热中性温度区和较好的环境忍耐力;2）南北人群在中性环境下,平均皮肤温度有显著差异（p=0.006<0.05）,且身体躯干部位的皮肤温度显著高于四肢皮肤温度（p=0.009<0.05;p=0.043<0.05;p=0<0.05;p=0<0.05;p=0.002<0.05）,四肢皮肤温度差异不显著,肌电无显著差异（p=0.961>0.05）。心率和心率变异性的LF/HF比值,均值有差异,但不显著（（p=0.265>0.05;p=0.618>0.05）,但BVP有显著差异（p=0<0.05）。     

非线性Mohr-Coulomb破坏准则下边坡可靠度上限

传统边坡可靠度分析往往在岩土参数服从线性Mohr-Coulomb（简称线性M-C）破坏准则的假设条件下进行,并且常常采用极限平衡法或有限元法计算安全系数。然而,岩土介质破坏准则具有一定的非线性。为能更加实际地描述岩土破坏机理和得到严格精确的解,基于非线性Mohr-Coulomb（简称非线性M-C）破坏准则,结合极限分析上限法和蒙特卡洛法,进行边坡可靠度上限分析。当非线性参数m=1时,与等效的线性M-C破坏准则进行对比计算,验证了方法的可行性。同时,将初始粘聚力、内摩擦角arctan（c₀/σ_t）和非线性参数作为随机变量且服从截断正态分布,进行了参数变异性和敏感性影响分析。研究表明：非线性M-C破坏准则下,边坡可靠度随初始粘聚力、内摩擦角arctan（c₀/σ_t）和非线性参数变异性的增大而减小;边坡可靠度随初始粘聚力和内摩擦角arctan（c₀/σ_t）的增大而增大,随非线性参数的增大而减小。     

基于农户意愿的三峡库区消落带弃耕经济补贴标准估算及影响因素分析

目前在三峡库区消落带耕种行为给三峡库区带来生态环境恶化,通过经济补贴让农户弃耕可以防治库区生态环境恶化。采用意愿调查法,对库区消落带沿岸农户进行随机入户调查。以农户受偿意愿为依据,估算经济补贴标准,并分析影响补贴意愿值的因素。分析统计数据得出：（1）农户对消落带土地依赖性很强,72.1%的农户在消落带土地上有农作行为;（2）农户对消落带生态环境问题感知度高,94.7%的农户愿意接受经济补贴放弃消落带耕地;（3）对农户的补贴意愿值进行加权求平均值得到549.7元/年·户的受偿平均值;（4）农户补贴意愿值与消落带耕地面积呈显著正相关。     

伽师县种植作物土壤有机质与盐分的相关性分析

为提高伽师县不同耕作土壤施肥的精度、减少浪费、降低盐分含量及轮流种植作物等方面提供科学依据。采用野外取样、GPS定位、统计分析和空间分析方法,在SPSS 17.0 和ArcGIS 9＋的支持下,研究不同耕作土壤有机质与盐分之间进行相关性分析。研究结果表明：（1）种植甜瓜土壤各层有机质平均含量高于种植玉米和种植棉花土壤。（2）不同耕作土壤不同土层中各盐离子变异系数的差异比较明显,有机质与盐离子具有不同程度的相关特征。其中,种棉土壤中有机质与K+＋Na+、Mg2+盐离子呈显著正相关,其余都是呈显著负相关;种植甜瓜土壤有机质与Cl-、Mg2+盐离子呈显著正相关,其余都是呈显著负相关;种植玉米土壤中有机质与SO42-、K+＋Na+、Mg2+盐离子呈显著正相关,其余都是呈显著负相关。（3）种植棉花土壤的盐分含量从表层到底层呈逐渐增加趋势;种植甜瓜土壤的盐分含量分别为表层含量高,中层和底层的盐分含量差异不大;种植玉米土壤的盐分含量呈先增加后减少的趋势。     

氢还原竖炉的模拟分析

利用一组物料、热量守衡式及其他有关约束关系,建立了氢还原竖炉模拟模型,可定量考察消耗量、生成量和氮气、CO兑入成分、DRI金属化率、入炉煤气温度等的关系。模拟结果表明：兑入CO可使入炉煤气量从纯氢还原的1650 N·m³左右下降到1200 N·m³左右;当CO和H₂的体积之比V（CO）/V（H₂）约为0.6时,氮气兑入量约为0,竖炉能量利用最佳;当V（CO）/V（H₂）体积比为0.3时,最佳氮气兑入成分约为11%;纯氢还原最佳氮气兑入成分约为25%;兑入氮气可以减少入炉氢气的量,但不能减少入炉气体的总量。对氢还原竖炉模拟结果可为其工艺设计、操作和节能等提供参考信息。     

CuFe2O4纳米粒子增敏Luminol-EDTA化学发光体系研究及应用

基于CuFe₂O₄纳米粒子能显著增强Luminol-EDTA体系的发光,首次建立了Luminol-EDTA-CuFe₂O₄ NPs化学发光新体系。紫外吸收光谱和化学发光光谱表明纳米CuFe₂O₄注入Luminol-EDTA体系后,未生成新发光物质,结合纳米CuFe₂O₄的特性,提出了CuFe₂O₄ NPs参与Luminol-EDTA体系可能的发光机理。研究发现芦丁能抑制Luminol-EDTA-CuFe₂O₄ NPs体系的化学发光,结合流动注射技术,将此化学发光体系应用于芦丁片中芦丁含量的测定。在优化实验条件下,芦丁浓度在2×10^-8~2×10^-5 mol/L范围内芦丁浓度的对数和相对化学发光值呈线性,芦丁浓度检出限（LOD）为1.21×10^-9 mol/L。将本方法应用于芦丁片中的芦丁含量测定,回收率为97%~102%,RSD为2.54%（c=1×10^-7mol/L,n=11）。     

西南岩溶农业区典型土地利用对土壤氮素特征的影响

为探究岩溶地区不同土地利用类型对土壤氮素特征的影响,阐明土壤氮素在不同土地利用类型、不同深度下的迁移特征及影响因素,以花溪河流域中凯掌水库周边不同利用类型的土壤（草地、河滨带、水田、旱地）为研究对象,测定了土壤的基本理化性质、全氮、硝态氮及铵态氮含量,分析了岩溶地区不同土地利用状态下土壤不同形态氮素空间分布特征、氮素的组成比例以及氮素与各环境因子的相关关系。结果表明：研究区农用地（水田、旱地）土壤全氮含量均值高于非农用地（草地、河滨带）垂直方向上呈“表聚”现象,整体呈随深度增加而减少的特征;硝态氮受农业活动影响,农用地含量要高于非农用地,在垂直方向上在农用地中变化幅度较大,整体呈随着深度而减少的趋势;铵态氮含量在不同土地利用类型下差异不大,在垂直剖面上整体较为稳定;对比硝态氮及铵态氮在无机氮中的占比,表明研究区土壤无机氮主要以铵态氮为主;研究区各环境因子中土壤有机质含量与各氮素呈极显著正相关关系(P<0.01),土壤pH与氮素呈显著负相关(P<0.05)。农用地土壤氮素含量普遍高于非农用地,不同土地利用类型对氮素分布具有显著影响。     

栗茶间作模式对土壤酶活性和土壤养分的影响

为了揭示栗茶间作模式对土壤养分和土壤酶活性的影响,对不同种植模式的土壤酶活性与土壤养分进行了采样分析。结果表明：所有模式的土壤过氧化氢酶、脲酶、蔗糖酶、多酚氧化酶的季节变化趋势一致,栗茶间作模式的土壤养分和酶活性高于单作模式。土壤酶活性与土壤养分的相关分析结果显示：脲酶酶活性与速效钾（r=0.9425）、全氮（r=0.8128）、全磷（r=0.8569）、有机质（r=0.8428）、水解性氮（r=0.8102）、全钾（r=0.7581）和速效磷（r=0.7401）均呈极显著正相关;过氧化氢酶活性与水解性氮（r=0.5812）和有机质（r=0.5658）极显著正相关;蔗糖酶与速效钾（r=0.5510）和全钾（r=0.5315）极显著正相关,因此土壤酶活性可以作为土壤养分评价的一个重要指标。     

武汉与重庆典型地质结构下的地埋管换热性能

地埋管地源热泵换热器的换热性能受到不同地质结构的影响。以武汉和重庆地区的典型地质构成为边界条件,建立了三维地埋管的单孔双U管换热模型,通过模型计算,获得了两种地质条件下的地埋管换热性能,以重庆地区的地源热泵热响应测试结果以及工程运行数据出发,对模型的计算结果进行了验证,结果表明,模型吻合度较好,可以应用于工程分析。以模型为条件,进行地质结构对换热性能的影响度分析,预测了两地地埋管地源热泵的换热性能并计算得到换热器的平均换热系数分别为武汉地区K₁=1.65（W/m·K）,重庆地区K₂=1.51（W/m·K）。     

长期施肥对不同有机质含量农田黑土胡敏酸、富里酸含量的影响

腐殖质是土壤有机质的主体部分,并且在碳截获、土壤结构、养分保持、生物地球化学循环等方面都占有重要的作用。本文以5种不同有机质含量农田黑土为主要研究对象,对比分析了长期施肥对不同有机质含量农田黑土富里酸(FA)、胡敏酸(HA)、胡敏素(HM)的含量的影响。结果表明:5种农田黑土FA、HA、HM的含量随土壤有机质含量的增加而增加,长期施肥可以增加农田黑土FA、HA、HM的含量,5种农田黑土FA含量差异达到了显著水平(P0.05)。相关分析表明:FA、HA含量与土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷呈显著正相关,与土壤pH值呈显著负相关(P0.05),HM含量与土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷含量、土壤p H值之间差异没有达到显著水平(P0.05)。     

减少化肥配施有机肥对滴灌棉花N、P吸收和产量的影响

施用有机肥是作物增产和提升地力的有效途径。本试验在连续定位施肥的第3年,研究了常规单施化肥(CF)和化肥减量20%~40%、配施3000~6000 kg·hm-2不同种类的有机类肥料对棉株干物质质量,产量,氮、磷吸收量,土壤保水性以及养分利用率的影响。结果表明,与单施化肥相比,减化肥配施有机肥各处理的生物量在蕾期、铃期和吐絮期分别增加4.3%~30.0%、16.8%~35.1%和18.5%~38.8%;棉花产量在第3年提高了6.9%~18.5%,其中施用6000 kg·hm-2生物有机肥获得最高产,子棉产量为7578 kg·hm-2。施用有机肥能增加棉株对氮、磷养分的吸收,且显著提高了氮肥利用率(P0.05)以及田间持水量,生物有机肥对磷肥利用率的提高优于普通有机肥。     

Management of soil organic matter in the farming systems of the low land humid tropics of West Africa: a review

Soil organic matter is the key to successful and sustained productivity of soils of the tropics. This is because soil organic matter positively affects structure, aggregation, porosity, microbial activity, pore size distribution and water retention capacity of the soil.Furthermore, soil organic matter is the major nutrient storage site for the low-activity-clay soils of the tropics and so affect nutrient retention capacity, availability and mobility of macro- and micro-nutrients. It increases the water use efficiency, and therefore attenuate runoff and erosion and consequently the productivity of the soil.The low land humid tropics is characterised by high temperature, high relative humidity, high rainfall intensity and high microbial activity which all encourage rapid mineralisation, depletion and erosion of organic matter leading to soil deterioration.Many cultural practices and operations encourage rapid depletion of soil organic matter while others are associated with soil organic matter build up. Practices like crop rotation, multiple cropping, mulching, alley cropping, following and farm yard manuring, encourage soil organic matter accretion. However, the effectiveness of these practices in increasing soil organic matter depends on:

• 1.(a) amount and frequency of residue application;
• 2.(b) the nature and C:N ratio of the mulching material, or manure;
• 3.(c) rainfall amounts, intensity and distribution, soil moisture and clay contents.

Land clearing with heavy machinery is associated with removal of biomass from the field, while conventional ploughing and harrowing lead to soil organic matter depletion. These practices should be discouraged or modified to reduce their negative effects on soil organic matter.Effects of green manuring and burning, on soil organic matter are questionable.Research is needed on processes and pathways of crop residue decomposition to provide clues to possible interventions aimed at management of soil organic matter. Work is also needed to improve the efficiency of agro forestry systems in accreting soil organic matter in soils of the low land humid tropics.     

生物质炭对土壤特性及葡萄幼苗植株生长的影响

试验选择河北省张家口市怀来县中法庄园酿酒葡萄苗圃种植园区,研究施用生物质炭以及生物质炭与木醋液配施对土壤肥力和葡萄幼苗植株生长的影响。结果表明：生物质炭与生物质炭和木醋液配施,显著增加土壤有机质及有效态养分含量,其中有机质、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾含量分别提高了31.4%~68.4%、27.3%~30.2%、145.5%~192.1%和65.3%~82.5%。施用生物质炭及其与木醋液配施还可促进土壤微生物活性,其中微生物生物量碳显著提高60.5%~89.3%,并且显著降低土壤容重,但施生物质炭对土壤肥力特性的影响与配施木醋液相比有机质含量显著增加,其余有效养分含量无明显差异。同时,施用生物质炭及其配施木醋液显著提高葡萄幼苗植株鲜重、株高、茎直径及叶片叶绿素含量。虽未增加植株总根数及中级根(1.38~2.00 mm)根数,但显著增加粗根(>2.00 mm)根数、细根(<1.38 mm)根数和根容积,且生物质炭和木醋液配施葡萄细根根数比施生物质炭植株提高22.1%。因此,施用生物质炭可明显提高土壤中植物有效态养分的含量,降低容重,改善土壤结构,促进葡萄幼苗植株的营养生长,而且配施木醋液对葡萄的细根发育有明显的刺激作用。生物质炭在葡萄生产中具有一定的生产应用潜力。     

Effects of cover crops on soil mineral nitrogen and on the yield and nitrogen content of maize

Current agricultural practice favours winter cover crops, which can not only optimize N management in field crop rotation; but also affect subsequent crops. Three field experiments were carried out in Eastern Slovenia to examine the effects of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.), winter rape (Brassica napus ssp.oleifera (Metzg.) Sinsk), subclover (Trifolium subterraneum L.), and crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.) as winter cover crops on the mineral N (N_min) content of soil and on the yield and N content of subsequent maize (Zea mays L.), fertilized with 120 kg N ha⁻¹. Italian ryegrass and winter rape decreased soil N_min contents before winter and in spring more than both clovers. In contrast, clovers accumulated significantly higher amounts of N in organic matter and had lower C/N ratios than winter rape and especially Italian ryegrass. In comparison to the control (bare fallow without cover crop), clovers increased the whole above ground maize dry matter yield, maize grain yield and N contents in whole above ground plants and in grain. The yields and N contents of maize following winter rape were on the same level as the control, while yields and N contents of maize following Italian ryegrass were, in two of the experiments, at the same level as the control. The effects of Italian ryegrass on the maize as subsequent crop in the third experiment were markedly negative. Maize in the control treatment exploited N much more efficiently than in treatments with cover crops. Therefore, cover crop N management should be improved, especially with a view to optimizing the timing of net N mineralization in accordance with the N demands of the subsequent crop.     

土壤肥力差异对冀中南山前平原与低平原夏玉米产量的影响

评价区域土壤基础肥力差异、明确土壤肥力对作物产量的影响,对农田土壤培肥和优化养分管理具有重要意义。本研究利用2005—2013年在冀中南山前平原和低平原区开展的967组“3414”夏玉米田间试验,系统分析了河北冀中南山前平原与低平原基础地力差异对玉米产量的影响。结果表明：冀中南山前平原土壤有机质、全氮和有效磷均高于低平原,速效钾含量略低于低平原;山前平原玉米基础产量6133 kg/hm²,高于低平原的5815 kg/hm²。基础地力贡献率分别为71.2%和69.0%;山前平原在不施肥条件下获得高产的土壤有机质、全氮、有效磷和速效钾最小值分别为14.9 g/kg、1.07 g/kg、19.1 mg/kg和127 mg/kg,低平原则为16.0 g/kg、0.76 g/kg、18.8 mg/kg和106 mg/kg。影响山前平原玉米基础产量的主要肥力因子是土壤速效钾和有效磷含量,影响程度分别为38.6%和24.8%;影响低平原玉米基础产量的主要因子是土壤有机质和有效磷含量,影响程度分别为45.0%和32.2%。本研究表明,山前平原土壤培肥要以稳定和提高土壤速效钾和有效磷含量为主攻方向,低平原则要以提高土壤有机质和有效磷含量为目标。     

三个典型植烟生态区土壤养分适宜性评价

通过明确不同烤烟种植区土壤肥力状况及植烟适宜性,为不同生态区烟草科学施肥方案的制定奠定基础。采用描述统计法、相关系数法和模糊综合评价法对四川会东、河南洛阳和安徽皖南3个植烟生态区的418份土壤样品进行分析。结果表明,会东烟区土壤pH为5.36～8.66,77.88%的土壤pH大于7.50,有机质含量较低,67%的土壤碱解氮含量低于90mg/kg,全氮含量适中,速效磷和速效钾含量丰富;洛阳烟区土壤pH呈弱碱性,有机质和碱解氮含量匮乏,70%以上的土壤有机质和碱解氮处于“缺”及以下水平,全氮和速效磷含量适中,速效磷含量变异系数达79.38%,速效钾含量丰富;皖南烟区土壤pH、有机质和全氮含量适中,碱解氮含量较高,速效钾含量缺乏,82.82%的土壤速效钾含量低于150mg/kg,速效磷含量丰富但异质性强。3个生态区植烟土壤综合肥力指数（IFI）存在显著差异（P<0.05）,表现为皖南（0.69）>会东（0.52）>洛阳（0.43）,其中皖南烟区75.76%的土壤IFI处于Ⅱ级以上,会东烟区处于Ⅱ级和Ⅲ级的比例分别为31.73%和46.15%,而洛阳烟区近50%的土壤为Ⅳ级。...     

田菁改良重度盐渍化土壤的效果分析

为评价田菁改良重度盐渍化土壤的效果,试验设置4个处理：（1）只种植田菁(T);（2）种植田菁,施用二铵450 kg/hm²(TA);（3）种植田菁,施用磷石膏2250 kg/hm²(TG);（4）不种植田菁的空白处理作对照(CK)。结果表明：施用磷石膏能够显著促进田菁生长(P<0.05),TG处理地上部、地下部生物量较T、TA处理分别增加了14.24%、24.77%和8.32%、12.39%,施用二铵对田菁生长的促进作用不显著。种植田菁能够显著降低重度盐渍化土壤含盐量、容重,提高土壤速效氮、速效钾、水溶性有机质(DOC)含量,及土壤大团聚体含量、平均重量直径(MWD)、总孔隙度(P<0.05),TG处理改良效果最大。相关分析表明,盐渍化土壤含盐量、Na⁺含量、DOC、有机质是维系盐渍化土壤结构的关键性状,降低土壤含盐量、Na⁺含量,提高DOC、有机质含量是盐渍化土壤改良方向。种植田菁,同时施用磷石膏是一种快速提升重度盐渍化土壤肥力的有效方法。     

隆回植烟土壤有机质含量及其影响因素空间变异性研究

为揭示隆回县烟区植烟土壤有机质含量分布状况及其影响因素,采用地统计学方法分析该烟区植烟土壤有机质含量分布及与影响其分布的土壤类型、土壤质地、pH等因素。结果表明：（1）隆回县烟区植烟土壤有机质含量较高,变幅为5.37~84.64 g/kg,变异系数为28.09%,处于适宜范围内的样本占21.09%,空间分布上呈现从北向南增加趋势。（2）不同乡镇之间的植烟土壤有机质含量差异达极显著水平,6个主产乡镇植烟土壤有机质含量属较高水平,且处于中等及低变异。（3）不同植烟类型土壤的有机质含量差异达极显著水平,红壤和黄壤的有机质含量属适宜水平,其他类型土壤的有机质含量属较高水平。（4）不同土壤质地的植烟土壤有机质含量差异达显著水平,烟区植烟土壤有机质含量平均在32.03~34.21 g/kg。（5）不同pH的植烟土壤有机质含量差异极显著,随pH升高而升高的趋势,且pH＞7.0的植烟土壤有机质含量较高。     

White lupine as a beneficial crop in Southern Europe: I. Potential for N mineralization in lupine amended soil and yield and N2 fixation by white lupine

Two experiments were carried out at Pegões (central Portugal) to determine the potential N mineralization in a pulse amended disturbed and undisturbed soil incubated at several temperatures, and to evaluate for 2 years the yield and N₂ fixation capacity of sweet lupine (Lupinus albus L. cv. Estoril) inoculated with a mixture of rhizobia strains or nodulated by indigenous soil bacteria and submitted to conventional tillage or no-till practices. A completely randomized block design for soil mobilization with three replicates was used for the laboratory study, and completely randomized blocks for inoculation and tillage treatments with four replicates were used for the lupine yield and N₂ fixation experiment. Residue N immobilization occurred immediately after mature residue return to the soil independent of temperature, and was greater at 7 °C especially in the disturbed topsoil. Greater immobilization was also observed by doubling the amount of mature residue incorporated in the soil. This was expected since soil microorganisms would be in direct contact with the fresh organic matter and would be provided with more organic carbon under these circumstances. Nitrogen mineralization proceeded after 5 days of amendment. Potential N mineralization was higher at 25 °C than at 18 or 7 °C, for both conventional and no-till practices. At 25 °C, 42% of buried residue-¹⁵N was released over 210 days, at a smaller rate than 18 °C (49%) over 81 days. Lupine yield and N₂ fixation capacity were similar in plots that were not inoculated and those receiving the mixture of three rhizobia strains. White lupine had an efficient symbiosis with indigenous soil rhizobia at pod-filling (>99%, >100 kg N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹) which was not affected by tillage. At this stage, plant residue including visible roots and nodules accounted for a soil N input of +96 kg ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ (91% of crop N), showing the large soil N benefit by the crop at this stage. The lupine residue at pod-filling stage can be used as a green manure under the conditions of organic farming systems. The apparent N “harvest” index of the pulse at pod-filling was only 9% though at maturity phase it should result in a higher value and the legume will show a lower fertilizer N value.