超声波引发合成阳离子聚丙烯酰胺及其表征

在超声波和VA-044引发体系下,丙烯酰胺（AM）单体和丙烯酰氧乙基三甲基氯化铵（DAC）阳离子单体通过共聚合成阳离子聚丙烯酰胺P（AM-DAC）,该方法具有反应时间短、合成效率高等优点。研究了合成过程中的关键因素对P（AM-DAC）特性粘度的影响规律,并对其合成条件进行优化。实验结果表明： 当AM∶DAC=3∶2、引发剂浓度为0.02%、超声20 min、反应体系pH值为4时,合成的P（AM-DAC）特性粘度最大。红外光谱表征结果表明,P（AM-DAC）是AM与DAC的共聚物,具有-NH₂、C=O、-CH₂-N⁺和-OH等活性基团。P（AM-DAC）在30~200 ℃范围内具有良好稳定性。     

光聚合壳聚糖基絮凝剂及其絮凝性能

壳聚糖是一种天然碱性氨基多糖物质,其分子上分布着许多功能性的氨基和羟基,使其能成为潜在的高效絮凝剂。采用紫外光引发壳聚糖(CS)与丙烯酰胺(AM)、丙烯酰氧乙基三甲基氯化铵(DAC)接枝共聚制备P(CS-AD)絮凝剂,探讨了单体浓度、壳聚糖百分比、阳离子度、光引发剂浓度、光照时间对P(CS-AD)的特性粘度的影响,确定了合成的优化条件:单体浓度为30%~40%、壳聚糖百分比为10%~20%、阳离子度为30%~40%、光引发剂浓度为0.3%~0.5%、光照时间为120 min,优化后的制备的P(CS-AD)的特性粘度最高可达1865 mg/L。同时,采用红外光谱、扫描电镜(SEM)、差热热重分析(TG-DTA)对其进行表征。采用模拟硅藻土水样验证其絮凝性能,试验结果表明:P(CS-AD)的絮凝性能显著优于市售聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)。     

CuFe2O4纳米粒子增敏Luminol-EDTA化学发光体系研究及应用

基于CuFe₂O₄纳米粒子能显著增强Luminol-EDTA体系的发光,首次建立了Luminol-EDTA-CuFe₂O₄ NPs化学发光新体系。紫外吸收光谱和化学发光光谱表明纳米CuFe₂O₄注入Luminol-EDTA体系后,未生成新发光物质,结合纳米CuFe₂O₄的特性,提出了CuFe₂O₄ NPs参与Luminol-EDTA体系可能的发光机理。研究发现芦丁能抑制Luminol-EDTA-CuFe₂O₄ NPs体系的化学发光,结合流动注射技术,将此化学发光体系应用于芦丁片中芦丁含量的测定。在优化实验条件下,芦丁浓度在2×10^-8~2×10^-5 mol/L范围内芦丁浓度的对数和相对化学发光值呈线性,芦丁浓度检出限（LOD）为1.21×10^-9 mol/L。将本方法应用于芦丁片中的芦丁含量测定,回收率为97%~102%,RSD为2.54%（c=1×10^-7mol/L,n=11）。     

氢还原竖炉的模拟分析

利用一组物料、热量守衡式及其他有关约束关系,建立了氢还原竖炉模拟模型,可定量考察消耗量、生成量和氮气、CO兑入成分、DRI金属化率、入炉煤气温度等的关系。模拟结果表明：兑入CO可使入炉煤气量从纯氢还原的1650 N·m³左右下降到1200 N·m³左右;当CO和H₂的体积之比V（CO）/V（H₂）约为0.6时,氮气兑入量约为0,竖炉能量利用最佳;当V（CO）/V（H₂）体积比为0.3时,最佳氮气兑入成分约为11%;纯氢还原最佳氮气兑入成分约为25%;兑入氮气可以减少入炉氢气的量,但不能减少入炉气体的总量。对氢还原竖炉模拟结果可为其工艺设计、操作和节能等提供参考信息。     

改性钢渣的制备及其吸附除磷性能

研究了改性钢渣吸附除磷影响因素、等温吸附线特征和吸附动力学,并对生物处理后的出水进行吸附除磷研究。结果表明：在初始磷浓度10 mg/L,投加量10 g/L、pH为7时,改性钢渣吸附后总磷浓度为0.687 mg/L,去除率达93%;改性钢渣对磷的吸附符合Langmuir模型,理论饱和吸附量是1.977 mg/g,吸附动力学符合准二级动力学模型（R²>0.99）;实际生活污水的吸附除磷中,投加量为50 g/L,反应2 h后出水总磷浓度达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》（GB 18918-2002）一级B标的排放要求。     

混凝法去除水中TiO2纳米颗粒

为了探讨混凝法去除水中纳米颗粒的可行性及最佳条件,研究了无机混凝剂（PAC、PFS、PAFC）和有机絮凝剂（CPAM、APAM、NPAM）对TiO₂纳米颗粒的去除效果,并考察了投加量、pH、沉淀时间、水力条件及有机无机复配对TiO₂纳米颗粒去除效率的影响。单独投加PAC、PFS和PAFC时,三者对应的最高去除率分别为92.51%、84.43%、95.66%。单独投加CPAM、APAM、NPAM时三者对应的去除率仅为61.72%、29.06%、55.37%。复配最佳混凝条件为：投加40 mg/LPAC和3 mg/LCPAM,pH值为9,G值143.5/s,沉淀时间15 min,此时,TiO₂纳米颗粒去除率为99.6%。     

镍钴硫化物的制备及其反应温度对形貌和超级电容器性能的影响

采用一步溶剂热合成法制备了镍钴硫化物纳米微球,利用X射线衍射光谱（XRD）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）和X光电子能谱（XPS）对制备的材料进行了表征。采用循环伏安和恒电流充放电等电化学方法考察了镍钴硫化物用作超级电容器的电极材料的性能。160℃制备的材料在2 mA/cm²的电流密度下,测得的质量比电容和面积比电容分别为1 298 F/g和1.13 F/cm²。在电流密度为10 mA/cm²下,经过10 000圈的循环稳定性测试后,比电容保持了原来的70.8%。此外,通过对反应温度的控制,研究了反应温度对其超级电容器性能的影响。结果表明,反应温度对生成物的形貌几乎没有什么影响,对其电化学性能有一定的影响。     

含磷农用保水剂的制备及性能研究

【研究目的】为了修复土壤墒值,缓解干旱对我省作物和林木的影响,制备一种含磷农业保水剂;【方法】采用水溶液聚合法,以磷尾矿粉作为主要添加量,以N,N'-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺为交联剂,过硫酸铵为引发剂,丙烯酰胺（AM)和部分中和的丙烯酸(AA)为单体;【结果】经实验优化,当聚合温度为75oC,单体中和度为60%,丙烯酸浓度为15%,AA与AM质量比为4：1,引发剂用量为单体质量的0.5%,交联剂用量为单体质量的0.02%,磷尾矿粉添加量为10g时制备的保水剂,其吸蒸馏水量为621g/g,吸盐水量为52.71g/g;【结论】通过本实验,研制出一种含磷农用保水剂,除具有保水复墒作用外,还可以累计释放磷元素,帮助作物生长的同时,还能缓解磷尾矿粉对环境造成的压力。     

山东滨海盐渍棉田盐分和养分特征及对棉花出苗的影响

 在黄河三角洲6个县区随机选择318块盐渍棉田,对0～20 cm土层盐分、有机质和主要养分含量分析表明,轻度（含盐量<2.5 g·kg^-1）、中度（2.5～4.49 g·kg^-1）和重度（>4.5 g·kg^-1）盐碱地所占的比例分别为44.3%、40.6%和15.1%。中度盐碱地N、P、K含量皆中等偏下,轻度盐碱地则是钾含量偏低;种植年限短的重度盐碱地有机质含量很低,碱解氮和有效磷含量严重不足,但含钾量高;种植年限较长的重度盐碱地有机质、碱解氮和有效磷的含量中等,但速效钾较低。滨海盐碱棉田土壤含盐量（y）和土壤溶液（水：土=5：1）电导率（x）回归方程为y=3.4058x + 0.1427（n=27,R²=0.9964^**）。当土壤含盐2 g·kg^-1 以下时,棉花基本能正常出苗、成苗;当含盐2～3 g·kg^-1时,只有60％～78%的种子可以出苗,45％～55%的种子能够成苗;含盐超过 4 g·kg^-1时,出苗率40%左右,成苗率不足30%。根据滨海盐碱地的盐分和养分特征,采取合理的成苗技术和施肥技术是实现棉花高产的保证。     

棉秆腐解物的化感作用及其主要化学成分分析

 将棉秆接种少量根际土,35 ℃下恒温腐解60 h后,用1：1的丙酮、乙酸乙酯混合液浸提（V：W = 5：1）5 d并浓缩,对所得浸膏进行生物测定,并用气相色谱-质谱（GC-MS）联用技术分析其中的化学成分。结果表明,棉秆腐解后对棉花种子萌发及幼苗生长产生化感作用,在0.5g·L^-1、1.0g·L^-1、1.5g·L^-1的腐解物浓度下,对棉花种子萌发大体表现出“低促高抑”的化感作用;对棉花幼苗生长影响较大,0.5 g·L^-1的浓度即有明显的抑制作用（P<0.01）,表现为根系活力减弱、叶绿素含量降低、幼苗鲜重与苗高降低,抑制强度随腐解物浓度增大而增强,浓度达1.5g·L^-1时棉苗死亡。腐解物浓度从低到高,植株体内SOD和POD酶活性呈现先升后降的趋势,高浓度下MDA含量增加。腐解物中含有4-羟基-4-甲基-2-戊酮（27.31％）、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯（7.87％）、棕榈酸（6.69％）、双(1-甲基丙基) 琥珀酸甲酯（6.40％）、亚油酸（5.43％）等24种主要成分,其中多种为常见化感物质。     

Role of Arbuscular Mycorrhizae in the Alleviation of Ionic, Osmotic and Oxidative Stresses Induced by Salinity in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea)

Salinity stress causes ion toxicity and osmotic imbalances, leading to oxidative stress in plants. Arbuscular mycorrhizae (AM) are considered bio‐ameliorators of saline soils and could develop salinity tolerance in crop plants. Pigeonpea exhibits strong mycorrhizal development and has a high mycorrhizal dependency. The role of AM in enhancing salt tolerance of pigeonpea in terms of shoot and root dry weights, phosphorus and nitrogen contents, K⁺ : Na⁺, Ca²⁺ : Na⁺ ratios, lipid peroxidation, compatible solutes (proline and glycine betaine) and antioxidant enzyme activities was examined. Plants were grown and maintained at three levels of salt (4, 6 and 8 dSm^?1). Stress impeded the growth of plants, led to weight gain reductions in shoots as well as roots and hindered phosphorus and nitrogen uptake. However, salt‐stressed mycorrhizal plants produced greater root and shoot biomass, had higher phosphorus and nitrogen content than the corresponding uninoculated stressed plants. Salt stress resulted in higher lipid peroxidation and membrane stability was reduced in non‐AM plants. The presence of fungal endophyte significantly reduced lipid peroxidation and membrane damage caused by salt stress. AM plants maintained higher K⁺ : Na⁺ and Ca²⁺ : Na⁺ ratios than non‐AM plants under stressed and unstressed conditions. Salinity induced the accumulation of both proline and glycine betaine in AM and non‐AM plants. The quantum of increase in synthesis and accumulation of osmolytes was higher in mycorrhizal plants. Antioxidant enzyme activities increased significantly with salinity in both mycorrhizal and non‐mycorrhizal plants. In conclusion, pigeonpea plants responded to an increased ion influx in their cells by increasing the osmolyte synthesis and accumulation under salt stress, which further increased with AM inoculation and helped in maintaining the osmotic balance. Increase in the antioxidant enzyme activities in AM plants under salt stress could be involved in the beneficial effects of mycorrhizal colonization.     

Morphological and Physiological Responses of Plantain (Plantago lanceolata) and Chicory (Cichorium intybus) to Water Stress and Defoliation Frequency

Plants are often subjected to periods of water stress. There are little data examining the effect of water stress on the forage species Plantago lanceolata and Cichorium intybus. In two pot experiments with P. lanceolata and C. intybus, morphological responses under optimum, dry, and very‐dry water treatments with weekly, fortnightly and 3‐weekly defoliation intervals and physiological responses under optimum and very‐dry water treatments were measured. A third experiment compared the rooting depths of P. lanceolata and C. intybus under field conditions. These findings suggest that both P. lanceolata and C. intybus can survive and continue to grow under water stress conditions with the main differences between the two species being attributable to morphological characteristics (root mass, taproot diameter and shoot mass fraction) rather than differences at a physiological level. Overall, the results suggest plantain may be more productive under moderate drought due to its greater shoot mass fraction, whereas chicory may be more productive and persistent under severe drought due to its greater root mass, taproot diameter and root depth under field conditions.     

Role of Arbuscular Mycorrhiza in Alleviating Salinity Stress in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Grown Under Ambient and Elevated CO2

Plant growth and development are influenced by future elevated atmospheric CO₂ concentration and increased salinity stress. AM (arbuscular mycorrhiza) symbiosis has been shown to improve plant growth and resistance to environmental stresses. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential role of AM fungus in alleviating salinity stress in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plants grown under ambient and elevated CO₂ concentrations. Wheat plants inoculated or not inoculated with AM fungus were grown in two glasshouses with different CO₂ concentrations (400 and 700 μmol l^?1) and salinity levels (0, 9.5 and 19.0 dS m^?1). Results showed that salinity stress decreased and elevated CO₂ increased AM colonization. AM inoculation increased plant dry weight under elevated CO₂ and salinity stress. Stomatal conductance, density, size and aperture of AM plants were greater than non‐AM plants. AM fungi enhanced NUE by altering plant C assimilation and N uptake. AM plants had higher soluble sugar concentration and [K⁺]: [Na⁺] ratio compared with non‐AM plants. It is concluded that AM symbiosis improves wheat plant growth at vegetative stages through increasing stomatal conductance, enhancing NUE, accumulating soluble sugar, and improving ion homeostasis in wheat plants grown at elevated CO₂ and salinity stress.     

UPLC-MS/MS测定AM真菌侵染丹参植物脱落酸含量

旨在建立一种分析丹参植物体内脱落酸含量的方法,揭示AM真菌对丹参脱落酸含量的影响。本研究采用超高效液相色谱-三重四级杆质谱(UPLC-MS/MS),植物激素采用异丙醇:水:HCI(2:1:0.002)提取液提取,二氯甲烷萃取,进而应用超高效液相色谱-质谱联用,以多反应监测(MRM)进行定量分析。脱落酸在线性范围内的相关系数(r)为0.9986;检出限为0.0466 ng/m L;植物根和叶片高、中、低3个浓度加标回收率在80.48%~96.41%之间;日内和日间精密度RSD均低于10.0%;稳定性和重复性RSD均低于5.0%,接种AM真菌丹参植物根和叶片中脱落酸含量均显著低于对照组。该方法具有良好的灵敏度、精密度和回收率,适用于丹参植物内源激素脱落酸的含量检测。     

桐花树果实乙酸乙酯部位体外抗氧化活性研究

为了研究桐花树果实乙酸乙酯部位的抗氧化作用,考察了乙酸乙酯部位对DPPH自由基,羟自由基的清除效果,测定了其总还原力以及对H₂O₂诱导小鼠氧化溶血和对小鼠肝匀浆MDA生成的抑制作用。结果表明：桐花树果实乙酸乙酯部位对DPPH自由基和羟自由基的清除率随着样液质量浓度的增加而升高。0.01、0.05、0.1 mg/mL桐花树果实乙酸乙酯部位对H₂O₂对小鼠红细胞溶血抑制的抑制率分别为47.64%、67.09%、81.99%。与阴性对照组相比,0.5~2.0 mg/mL桐花树果实提取物均可极显著地抑制小鼠肝匀浆自发的产生MDA(P<0.01)。可见,桐花树果实乙酸乙酯部位具有明显的抗氧化活性。     

磷肥对小麦籽粒HMW-GS积累及GMP粒度分布的影响

在112.5 kg hm^-2和225 kg hm^-2两种氮水平下,检测了施磷量对强筋小麦山农12籽粒高分子量谷蛋白亚基(HMW-GS)积累及谷蛋白大聚合体(GMP)粒度分布的调控效应。结果表明,小麦籽粒HMW-GS在花后14 d已形成, 成熟期籽粒HMW-GS含量表现为施磷处理高于不施磷处理。在低氮条件下,施磷有助于HMW-GS的积累,而在正常施氮条件下过多施磷则不利于其积累。在低氮条件下,粒径<10 μm GMP颗粒体积百分比随施磷量增加而显著降低;在正常氮水平下,施磷降低粒径<10 μm GMP颗粒体积百分比,其效应表现施磷0 kg hm^-2处理最大,其次为施磷40 kg hm^-2和100 kg hm^-2处理,施磷160 kg hm^-2处理最小。两种施氮水平下分别增施磷肥,粒径在10~100 μm和>100 μm GMP颗粒的体积百分比均呈现随磷肥用量增加而增加的趋势。在正常氮水平下,各施磷处理间籽粒中GMP颗粒数目百分比无明显差异。成熟期籽粒中HMW-GS含量与粒径<10 μm GMP颗粒体积百分比呈显著负相关,而与10~100 μm GMP颗粒体积百分比呈显著正相关。说明较大粒径GMP颗粒具有较高的HMW-GS含量。     

Chemical Composition and Ruminal Dry Matter and Crude Protein Degradability of Spineless Cactus

The objective of this study was to determine ruminal degradability of the dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) of 10 varieties of spineless cactus (Opuntia spp.) grown in north‐eastern Brazil. Two ruminally fistulated steers were used in a randomized complete block design. Ash, CP, acid detergent fiber, and acid detergent lignin levels ranged from 10.4 to 13.3 %, 6.2–7.7 %, 19.8–24.8 % and 3.4–5.4 %, respectively. Relative to the other cactus varieties, Redonda had the highest (P < 0.05) in situ soluble DM fraction and effective DM degradability. No differences in effective DM degradability were observed between the other cactus varieties. In situ soluble CP fraction ranged from 1.7 % of CP for the 69 IPA/UFRPE variety to 11.1 % of CP for the Gigante variety. Slowly degradable CP fraction and its rate of degradation were similar among the cactus varieties (average 90 % of CP and 9 % h^?1, respectively). The cactus variety 69 IP/UFRPE had a lower (P < 0.05) effective ruminal CP degradability (ECPD) than the other varieties, which had a similar ECPD (average 66 % of CP). It was concluded that differences in ruminal degradability exist between cactus varieties, with more variations observed for ruminal DM than for CP degradability.     

转PvP5CS1基因拟南芥植株对干旱和盐胁迫的反应

为探索普通菜豆脯氨酸合成酶基因P5CS1在植物渗透胁迫中的作用,本研究应用农杆菌介导法,将PvP5CS1基因转入拟南芥,获得6株阳性转基因株系;通过检测转基因植株与野生型植株在干旱和盐胁迫下种子发芽率,幼苗脯氨酸含量、株系电导率、相对根长和成株死亡率,分析了PvP5CS1基因的表达对改善拟南芥抗渗透胁迫的效应。结果表明,在150 mmol L^-1 NaCl和150 mmol L^-1甘露醇渗透胁迫下,转基因植株平均相对发芽率分别是野生型的1.6倍和1.62倍;150、250 mmol L^-1甘露醇和150 mmol L^-1 NaCl处理下,转基因拟南芥植株平均脯氨酸含量分别是野生型的2.68、1.30和1.30倍;平均相对电导率分别是野生型植株的85%、77%和85%;平均相对根长分别是野生型植株的1.2、1.3和1.2倍;300 mmol L^-1 NaCl处理下,转基因植株的平均死亡率为42%,显著低于野生型(90%)(P<0.05);干旱胁迫下,转基因植株的平均死亡率为56%,显著低于野生型(70%)(P<0.05),说明PvP5CS1基因在拟南芥中的表达明显改善了转基因植株的抗旱性和耐盐性。     

Effects of Fertilizer Phosphorus on Yield Traits of Dekoko (Pisum sativum var. abyssinicum) Under Field Conditions

Cool‐season food legumes (CSFLs) are important supplementary protein sources and soil fertility restorers for subsistence farmers in Ethiopia. Yields of CSFLs, however, are limited by low soil fertility, as they are grown in poor soils, often without fertilizer. Dekoko (Pisum sativum var. abyssinicum) is one of the CSFLs cultivated in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. It is highly appreciated by the local people for its taste. This paper reports on the effect of phosphorus (P) on the yield and nutrition value of Dekoko under field conditions, and compares the results with those obtained for Ater (Pisum sativum var. sativum). The experiment was conducted in the 1998 and 1999 growing seasons. Three rates of P equivalent to zero, 30, and 60 kg ha^?1 P₂O₅ were tested. Biomass, leaf area index, branches/plant, pods/m² and yield responded positively while seeds/pod and seed weight were not significantly affected by P. Tissue P contents in shoots and roots increased with an increase in P application rate, while P in the nodules was not affected. Crude protein (CP) content increased from 24.9 % of dry matter (DM) at P0 to 26.2 % at P2, and from 24.3 % at P0 to 25.2 % at P2, in Dekoko and Ater seeds, respectively, while total sugars decreased with an increase in P application rate. Cysteine in Dekoko and asparagine and threonine in both varieties decreased, while lysine and other amino acids were not significantly affected by P. P improved seed yield and CP content without greatly affecting the amino acid profile of Dekoko, when compared with that of the FAO/WHO (1991, Protein Quality Evaluation. Food and Nutrition, Paper 51. FAO/WHO, Rome) standard pattern of amino acid for children 2–5 years of age. Thus, improving yield through fertilization may help to improve nutritional quality and household food security for subsistence farmers.     

Preliminary Research on Seed Production and Nutrient Content for Certain Quinoa Varieties in a Saline–Sodic Soil

The aim of the present study was to compare the potential seed yield of eight quinoa varieties, to explore their mineral composition of seeds and to identify superior varieties in two locations with different soil properties. Compared with neutral soil conditions, seed yield in the marginal (saline–sodic) soil was decreased by 45 %. Under the latter soil conditions seed yield was negatively correlated with crop density, indicating that a considerable yield loss was due to poor and uneven plant density caused by adverse soil properties. Among the varieties, ‘RU–5–PQCIP–DANIDA–UNA’ produced the highest seed yield (>20 dt ha^?1) when grown under neutral soil conditions. Under marginal conditions, the above‐mentioned variety and ‘N 407’ produced seed yields up to 10 dt ha^?1 whereas the rest reached yields of only about 5 dt ha^?1. The majority of the varieties accumulated significantly more protein (20 %) in the seeds under saline–sodic soil conditions (lower yielding environment). The varieties originated from South America were superior in accumulating protein in the seeds at both locations. Mineral contents of calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), zinc (Zn) and manganese (Mn) in the seeds were significantly higher in the neutral soil. No differences were found for phosphorous (P), iron (Fe), copper (Cu) and boron (B) between the two locations. The South American varieties were again superior in mineral composition. Adaptation of certain quinoa varieties even under marginal environments seems promising for seed production and/or protein and mineral content in the seeds. Agronomic data are needed in a due course, over a higher number of locations and/or various climatic conditions.