中黄35超高产群体的生理参数

为探索新疆绿洲农田生态条件下大豆超高产(≥5 625 kg hm^-2)栽培的产量形成机理,在2006和2007年超高产栽培试验中测定了中黄35的群体生理指标和生态参数,分析了品种群体结构。结果表明,中黄35和新大豆1号(对照)的最大叶面积指数(LAI_max)分别为4.31和3.64,LAI＞3的天数分别持续50 d和36 d;全生育期的总光合势(LAD)分别为2 766 375 m² d和2 385 645 m² d;中黄35生育前期(出苗后第16~58天群体的光合生产率为3.3~5.2 g m^-2 d^-1,而后期(出苗后第72~114天)则为2.52~5.0 g m^-2 d^-1,对照分别为3.8~6.0和0.6~3.5 g m^-2 d^-1;中黄35的生物产量、籽粒产量和经济系数为13 943.2 kg hm^-2、5 521.5 kg hm^-2和39.6%,对照则为13 108.1 kg hm^-2、4 666.5 kg hm^-2和35.63%。和对照相比,中黄35最大叶面积指数持续时间长,全生育期的总光合势高,后期群体的光合生产率大,经济系数高是达到超高产目标的基础。中黄35在新疆绿洲农田栽培,具有良好的适应性。     

转2-Cys Prx基因烟草抗氧化酶和PSII电子传递对盐和光胁迫的响应

以转2-Cys Peroxiredoxins (2-Cys Prx)基因的烟草(Nicotiana tabacum)为材料,非转基因烟草为对照,调查盐和光胁迫对转基因烟草幼苗叶片抗氧化酶和叶绿素荧光特性的影响,揭示2-Cys Prx基因在植物抗逆方面的功能。结果表明,弱光(200 μmol m^–2 s^–1)下,随着盐浓度增大,转基因烟草和对照的SOD活性皆增加,APX活性变化不大,H₂O₂含量稍有升高;强光(1000 μmol m^–2 s^–1)下,随着盐浓度增大,转基因烟草SOD活性增强,APX活性下降,H₂O₂含量增加缓慢,而对照的H₂O₂含量迅速升高,转基因烟草叶片的PSII电子传递速率(ETR)、最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)和实际光化学效率(Ф_PSII)均高于对照,而且PSII电子受体侧的受抑制程度明显低于对照。结果暗示在强光和盐胁迫使APX活性降低的情况下,2-Cys Prx可有效清除细胞中过量H₂O₂,增强光合电子传递链的稳定性,特别是PSII电子受体侧的电子传递,有效减轻盐和高光胁迫引起的PSII光抑制。     

“三定”栽培对双季超级稻养分吸收积累及氮肥利用率的影响

为探讨南方双季超级稻对氮、磷、钾养分的吸收积累及利用规律,于2008—2010年在湖南长沙和浏阳以超级早稻陆两优996、陵两优268和超级晚稻丰源优299、天优华占为材料进行大田定位试验,比较了“三定”栽培、免耕摆栽和传统栽培条件下双季超级稻不同生育期植株体内氮、磷、钾吸收积累特点及氮肥利用率。与传统栽培相比,“三定”栽培双季超级稻生长前期(分蘖中期)氮、磷、钾的吸收量较低,幼穗分化期差异甚小,而齐穗期(早季平均为10.71、2.23和11.82 g m^-2,晚季平均为12.25、2.69和16.37 g m^-2)和成熟期(早季平均为13.61、3.01和13.71 g m^-2,晚季平均为17.16、3.31和18.31 g m^-2)较高;氮肥的偏生产力(平均为53.40 kg kg^-1)、吸收利用率(平均为55.98%)、农学利用率(平均为22.27 kg kg^-1)较高,分别提高29.00%、88.92%和46.67%。免耕摆栽双季超级稻不同生育时期氮、磷、钾的吸收特点与“三定”栽培相似,但其氮肥的偏生产力、吸收利用率和农学利用率(平均为50.24 kg kg^-1、52.75%、19.33 kg kg^-1)分别比“三定”栽培降低6.29%、6.12%和15.19%。由此可见,双季超级稻生产采用“三定”栽培技术有利于提高氮肥利用率。     

滴灌条件下不同盐水平对棉花根系分布的影响

 通过盆栽试验研究膜下滴灌土壤盐分分布对棉花根系生长的影响。结果表明：受滴灌水分运移的影响,在0～30 cm土层形成脱盐区,土壤盐分明显下降,养分含量也很低,30 cm以下是积盐区。土壤盐分对棉花根系分布影响显著,0.32 dS·m^-1、1.12 dS·m^-1和1.90 dS·m^-1处理总根长分别为26.35 m、49.54 m和34.40 m,但在土层表现不同。在0～30 cm脱盐区内,1.12 dS·m^-1和1.90 dS·m^-1处理的根长密度明显高于0.32 dS·m^-1处理,而在40～50 cm却低于0.32 dS·m^-1处理。研究认为,在盐胁迫条件下,棉花根系分布进行适应性变化,产生补偿效应,通过显著的增加脱盐区（0～30 cm土层）根系数量,来获得更多的水分、养分保证棉花生长的需要。     

基于滤食鱼类天然产力的安康库区生态负荷量测定

为厘清汉江水体鱼类集约养殖与生态负荷量的关系,测定安康库区滤食性鱼类天然鱼产力,测算Ⅱ类水质限定条件下的安康库区生态负荷量,并与以水体磷含量为标准的计算结果比较。结果表明,设定网箱深度3 m,单位水体生态负荷量为193.44 g/m³,总产量控制为10.47×10⁴ t。库区网养单产为100 kg/m³时,网箱养殖面积控制为1.93‰,网箱生态养殖面积与单位面积产量呈反比。     

玉米和高粱用于碳同化和光呼吸的电子效率估算

为了探讨C₄植物碳同化和光呼吸的电子效率,运用Li-6400光合仪同时测定玉米和高粱在30℃和380 μmol CO₂ mol^-1下叶片的气体交换和叶绿素荧光,结果表明,直角双曲线修正模型可较好地拟合所测的光响应曲线和快速光曲线,其拟合值与实测值较为一致。在此基础上算得玉米和高粱在光呼吸条件下参与碳同化的电子流分别为198.60 μmol m^-2 s^-1和178.00 μmol m^-2 s^-1,所占比率分别为75.34%和74.81%;参与光呼吸的电子流分别为7.04 μmol m^-2 s^-1和7.84 μmol m^-2 s^-1,所占比率分别为2.67%和3.29%。而根据Valentini和Epron的方法算得玉米和高粱碳同化的电子流分别为210.45 μmol m^-2 s^-1和188.54 μmol m^-2 s^-1,所占比例分别为82.68%和79.24%;参与光呼吸的电子流则分别为45.67 μmol m^-2 s^-1和49.40 μmol m^-2 s^-1,所占比率分别为17.32%和20.76%。以前法研究表明,玉米和高粱在光呼吸条件下,来自PSII的电子除流向光呼吸和碳还原外,还存在其他消耗电子的途径,证明其他消耗电子的途径并不能被忽略或其他途径所消耗电子的量并不是常数。后法过高地估算了玉米和高粱叶片中来自PSII的电子用于光呼吸的消耗量。两法的结果相差6倍左右。这对重新评估光呼吸在植物的光保护中所起的作用提供了理论依据。     

施氮水平对啤酒大麦植株氮素吸收与利用及籽粒蛋白质积累和产量的影响

2004—2006年连续两个生长季,以苏啤3和单2两个啤酒大麦品种为材料,探讨施纯氮0、75、150、225和300 kg hm^-2条件下,啤酒大麦氮素积累和转运、氮素利用及籽粒产量和蛋白质积累的特性。在0~225 kg hm^-2施氮量范围内,啤酒大麦花前植株氮素积累量和转运量均随施氮水平的提高呈上升趋势,但施氮量提高至300 kg hm^-2后,提高幅度变小;而花前氮素转运效率及其对籽粒氮的贡献率则均随施氮水平提高呈单峰曲线变化。籽粒谷氨酰胺合成酶和谷-丙转氨酶活性也随着施氮水平的提高而上升,促进蛋白质积累,提高籽粒蛋白质含量,而当施氮量低于197 kg hm^-2时籽粒蛋白质含量才低于12%,符合啤酒大麦酿造要求。经回归分析,在施氮量为241 kg hm^-2时产量最高。此外,氮肥回收效率以225 kg hm^-2施氮处理为最高,氮素生理利用效率和氮收获指数随施氮量增加而显著降低。综合考虑各项指标,建议在类似本试验条件的啤酒大麦生产区,施氮量以150~197 kg hm^-2为宜。     

我国玉米自交系叶片保绿性及其与产量的关系

选用我国75个常用不同基因型玉米自交系,对其叶片保绿性参数进行了定点动态测定。结果表明,不同自交系抽丝后叶片保绿度的变化均符合方程y = ae^b-cx/ (1+e^b-cx),成熟期的绿叶数、成熟期叶绿素含量和相对绿叶面积平均衰减速率(V_m)可作为区分玉米保绿型与非保绿型的关键指标。按照Hiechical聚类分析方法,筛选出12个保绿型自交系,其成熟期相对绿叶面积在60%以上,其V_m平均值为0.687% d^-1,在生长季内相对绿叶面积无大幅度衰减,成熟期绿叶数多,叶绿素含量较高;其余63个为非保绿型自交系,还可分为植株叶片衰老较快型与植株叶片衰老较慢型两个亚类。不同自交系抽丝后叶片保绿性与叶面积持续期、单株产量均呈正相关。保绿型的叶面积持续期和单株产量比非保绿型分别高20.02%~23.87%和50.44%~59.38%;与非保绿型自交系相比,保绿型在籽粒灌浆期绿叶面积大,叶绿素含量高,群体光合速率高,光合作用时间长,因而生物产量较高。     

沼液与尿素配施对冬小麦光合特性及产量的影响

2007—2009年度,在总施氮量相同的条件下,比较了沼液与尿素氮肥不同基追比对冬小麦品种温麦28光合特性及产量的影响。在基施沼液的基础上追施尿素,提高叶片PSII潜在活性(F_v/F_o)、PSII光化学最大效率(F_v/F_m)和荧光光化学猝灭系数(q_P),降低荧光非光化学猝灭系数(q_N),其PSII量子效率(ΦPSII)和电子传递速率(ETR)优势明显,具有较高的光合速率,尤其是基施25%沼液氮+追施75%尿素氮处理,光合功能强,籽粒产量最高,2007—2008年度达8 277.90 kg hm^-2,2008—2009年度为7 318.07 kg hm^-2。整个生育期单施沼液处理使小麦营养生长过旺,荧光参数变劣,光合速率下降,产量显著降低。单施尿素氮肥处理F_v/F_o和F_v/F_m在开花期前具有明显优势,但在开花期后不再延续前期优势,Φ_PSII和ETR参数年度间存在差异,q_P值持续低于基施沼液追施尿素的配施处理,而q_N值表现相反,荧光参数间不够协调,产量较基施沼液追施尿素处理降低,而较单施沼液处理显著提高。     

小麦/玉米/大豆和小麦/玉米/甘薯套作对土壤氮素含量及氮素转移的影响

为探讨小麦/玉米/大豆套作对氮素营养的种间促进机制, 采用叶片¹⁵N富积标记法研究了小麦/玉米/大豆(A1)和小麦/玉米/甘薯(A2) 2种套作系统中不同施氮水平下的土壤培肥效果和氮素转移规律。结果表明,施氮可以提高小麦、玉米的土壤总氮含量,以施纯氮150~300 kg hm^-2处理最高;大豆较甘薯更有利于保持土壤肥力,施氮0、150、300和450 kg hm^-2水平下种植大豆后的土壤总氮含量比种植大豆前(小麦收获后)高38.6%、20.2%、9.4%和16.7%,而种植甘薯则降低总氮含量3.1%、1.8%、14.0%和3.8%。A1系统中小麦和玉米季土壤中NO₃-N含量低于A2系统,且随施氮量的增加而增加;大豆季土壤中NO₃-N含量高于甘薯季。A1和A2系统均存在¹⁵N的双向转移,¹⁵N转移量随施氮量的增加而降低,且A1的¹⁵N净转移量和转移强度高于A2;A1系统中小麦、玉米和大豆的¹⁵N净转移量比A2系统的¹⁵N净转移量分别高3.3%~12.1%、27.0%~166.2%和26.2%~78.7%。玉米与小麦之间的¹⁵N净转移方向为从玉米向小麦,玉米与大豆之间的¹⁵N净转移方向为从大豆向玉米,玉米与甘薯之间的¹⁵N净转移方向为从玉米向甘薯。     

Preparation of the supplementary cementitious material offerronickel submerged arc furnace slag and its properties

The ferronickel submerged arc furnace slags are stored up more and more, as a result, seriously influenced the sustainable development of the nickel industry. By grinding, the ferronickel submerged arc furnace slag is mechanically activated, then can be used as supplementary cementitious material, thus a comprehensive utilization way of ferronickel submerged arc furnace slag is developed. Using such processed slag to replace cement from 10% to 40% in mass, with the increase of replacing dosage, the water demand of standard consistency of cement paste is lowered, the fluidity of mortar is raised; the compressive strength of mortar is decreased; the flexural strength is increased followed by a decrease after the dosage is above 10%, the ratio of flexural strength to compressive strength is increased. The experimental results indicate that the ferronickel submerged arc furnace slag can be used as supplementary cementitious material and has an increase of flexural strength and effect of plasticizing and water reducing.     

A Primary Investigation on Concrete Made from Iron and Steel Slags for Building Ecological Artifical Reefs

A method of orthogonal test was used to optimize the strength of the cementitious material for preparing the concrete of high-strength artifical reefs.The results show that with the ratio of iron slag:steel slag=7:1,and when 10% cement clinker and 10% gypsum of Flue Gas Desulfurization Waste (FGDW) was mixed with 80% iron and steel slags powder,the mixed cementitious material had an optimized strength.The optimized specific surface area are 480 m 2/kg and 550 m 2/kg for iron slag and steel slag powder respectively.The ordinary portland cement can be totally substituted by such a mixed cementitious material with iron and steel slags as its major components in preparing the concrete for building high-strength artificial reefs.A concrete with a compressive strengh over 65MPa can be prepared by using such a mixture as a cementitious material and steel slag grains as its fine and coarse aggregats which have been stubilized by a hot-simmering method. Hydration processes of net slurry were analysized by XRD and SEM methods. The results show that the hydration products in the system are mainly AFt and C-S-H gel. The results also show that the pozzolanic reaction of iron slags could be largely promoted by the coordinations of steel slags,clinker and FGDW.     

STUDY ON PRODUCING A RED CEMENT WITH RED CLAY AS A RAW MATERIAL

This paper studies the production of a red cement with red clay as a raw material.It is produced by a direct calcine method using red clay as a coloring agent and red slag as an additive agent,then mixing it with white cement.     

Preliminary Discussion on Mixing Design of Porous Concrete

Porous concrete is an eco-concrete with high porosity and high strength,whose application was restricted to some extent,because there is lack of appropriate and unitive mixing design method.According to the features of porous concrete,proportion design idea of porous concrete whose major design parameter was porosity and strength was satisfied by changing variety of cementing material and aggregate size.The design method of porous concrete was that the raw materials were selected according to design requirement at first,secondly,aggregate dosage per unit volume of porous concrete was calculated,thirdly,dosage of cementing material was calculated by apparent density of aggregate and porosity of design requirement,finally,cement dosage of the unit physical volume and water dosage were calculated by water cement ratio deter mined by requirement of forming process.The test result indicated that this mixing design method of porous concrete was reliable and feasible.     

MgO对高铝高炉渣脱硫的影响及其动力学分析

随着廉价高铝铁矿石的不断使用,高炉炉渣内Al₂O₃含量也随之升高,这势必会影响高炉炉渣的各项冶金性能。为深入研究高铝高炉渣脱硫性能,明确MgO含量对高铝渣脱硫性能的影响,笔者通过改变高铝渣中MgO的含量,分别设定渣中MgO含量为5%、9%、13% MgO,研究不同MgO含量高炉高铝渣的脱硫性能及其脱硫动力学。结果表明：MgO含量不仅对高铝渣的黏度、脱硫能力有不同的影响,还使炉渣的脱硫速率发生了很大的改变。MgO含量越高对应的黏度越低,脱硫能力越大;但脱硫速率却表现出了不同规律,9% MgO的脱硫速率表现为最大;经过综合比较,当碱度固定为1.1、Al₂O₃含量固定为17%时,MgO含量为9%的炉渣同时具有较好的粘度和脱硫性能。     

The Study on Smelting Ti-Si Ferroalloy by DC Electrothermal Process Using PISC Blast Furnace Titaniferous Slag

The new process for semiting Ti-Si ferroalloy using Panzhihua Iron & Steel Company (PISC) blast furnace titaniferous slag is introduced. The reduction and impoverishment law of TiO2 in slag and the effects of DC on smelting Ti-Si ferroalloy are studied when smelting Ti-Si ferroalloy by electrosilicothermal method,Ti-Si ferroalloy containing about 20% Ti can be produced by electrosilicothermal method. and Ti recovery rate is less than 60 %. And then, electrosilicoaluminothermal method is developed, by which Ti-Si ferroalloy containing Ti more than 30% and Si less than 35 % can be produced, and Ti recovery rate is higher than 80%. Ti-Si ferroalloy can replace TiFe martially in steelmaking,and residue slag can be used to make cement.     

Properties of Cemented Copper Tailings Backfill with Steel Slag-Blast Furnace Slag-Fluorgypsum-Based Cementation Material

Cement is a traditional tailings cementation material, which causing the high tailings backfill cost. However, the utilization rate of industrial waste residue, such as steel slag and fluorgypsum, is low. So the steel slag-blast furnace slag-fluorgypsum-based cementation materials preparation with industrial waste residue substitutes for cement. As a result, its cementation tailings performances must be studied. According to mortar fluidity and bleeding quantity of tailing cementation slurry at different time and compressive strength change trend at different hydration ages, the performance of steel slag-blast furnace slag-fluorgypsum-based cementation materials is significantly better than P·O42.5 grade cement and two kinds of commonly used cementation agents in China. After soaking for three days, the pH value of these tailings solidification bodies leaching liquid is less than 9.0, which is much lower than the pH values of three kinds of high alkaline tailings cementation materials mentioned before. Leaching liquid fluorine ion concentration is extremely low. With less impact on environment. SEM analysis also show that these tailings solidification bodies mixing with the steel slag-blast furnace slag-fluorgypsum-based cementation materials have relatively dense microstructure.     

Analysis on the viscosity of six different compound smelting reduction slag

In combination with Huimin high-phosphorus iron smelted by smelting reduction and HIsmelt ironmaking technologywhich have the advantages of high efficient dephosphorizationCaO-SiO2-Al2O3-MgO-FeO-P2O5 slags with basicity R (mass ratio of CaO to SiO2)ranging from 0.8 to 1.4Al2O3 ranging from 6.4% to 15.4%P2O5 ranging from 0 to 3% and the content of MgO and FeO fixed as 4% and 6% respectivelyare studied.The slags are synthesized by reagent grade.The mineral composition and microstructure of the slags are studied with scanning electron microscope and the effects of changes in the composition of smelting reduction slags on its viscosity are studied by RTW-10 melt comprehensive physical properties measuring apparatus.Results show that the mineral structure of slags are mainly composed of melilite(gehlenite and akermanite)which is characterized by square and thick skeleton form.The viscosity decreases with the increasing of the slag basicity at fixed P2O5 or Al2O3 mass fractionincreases with the increasing of Al2O3 mass fraction at fixed slag basicity or P2O5 mass fractionand increases with the increasing of P2O5 mass fraction at fixed slag basicity or Al2O3 mass fraction.     

Investigation on EPS Surface Modification and EPS Thermal Insulation Mortar''s Weather-resisting and Crack-resisting

The surface of EPS is of hydrophobic nature, which can not wet binding material. As in the freshly mixed mortar, EPS particle is not affined with cement paste and has a low bulk density, which will be apt to make EPS particle buoy, and lead to the segregation of mortar, the decrease of water retentivity and affect its workability. When pretreated, the surface of EPS can be changed into that of hydrophilic nature, and be wetted by freshly mixed silicate paste. The technology channel of EPS surface modification is that select proper high-molecular binder and coupling agent, prepare polymer silicate binding material of low water-cement ratio, and utilize the double effect of binder and coupling agent to form silicate grout of hydrophilic nature on the surface of EPS, by composite binding material wrapping the surface of EPS. A new thermal insulating mortar with good properties of thermal engineering, weather-resisting and crack-resisting can be made by modified EPS as light aggregate and cement as binder, modification with fiber and polymer. This new type of insulating mortar can be used as outer thermal insulation of outside wall, which breaks the limitation of traditional insulating mortar only as interior insulation. It has been widely used in the building energy-saving model project.     

Drying shrinkage characteristics of alkali slag cement mortar

The drying shrinkage characteristics of alkali slag cement mortar from the view of irreversibility are studied. It is found that the shrinkage of alkali slag cement mortar water curing after drying is significantly greater than that of OPC mortar which is cured under the same conditions. The drying shrinkage (14 d) of alkali slag cement mortar activated with NaOH solution and water glass is respectively 5.5 and 2.2 times of those of OPC mortar. Moreover, the majority of drying shrinkage of alkali slag cement mortar is irreversible, and the proportion of this part is up to 86%(activated with water glass) and 68%(activated with NaOH solution).