新时期我国粮食行业结构优化问题研究

粮食流通的特点和粮食商品自身的特性,要求必须具有与之相适应的行业结构,以保障粮食流通各环节的顺利对接。粮食行业结构优化与否,并不仅仅涉及粮食流通自身的问题,它与粮食生产的发展和粮食消费保障之间也存在着密切的联系。对我国粮食行业结构现状进行了分析,指出了现行不合理的粮食行业结构对粮食商品流通产生的不利影响,在此基础上就新时期如何进一步优化粮食行业结构,保障国家粮食安全提出了具体的建议。     

退耕还林工程与二元结构问题研究

退耕还林工程所面临的是一个由二元结构所衍生出的矛盾和问题,即如何解决不同地区和产业因发展阶段的差异而产生的对同一土地(坡地)不同利用方式之间需求弹性和效用函数的错位。问题的核心是协调发达的现代部门对森林的多样化需求与欠发达的传统部门对生存和发展需求之间的矛盾。现有退耕还林的政策投入仅是该工程成功的必要条件,而非充分条件。为此,应加大事后介入力度,采取综合措施来保证退耕还林工程的长远效果。     

口蹄疫病毒株AF72 VP2的结构模拟与分析

为了分析FMDV AF72VP2蛋白结构和功能的关系.以口蹄疫病毒株AF72 RNA为模板,反转录并扩增目的基因,PCR纯化产物与pGEM-Teasy载体连接并转化JM109菌株,用凝胶电泳、PCR和SpeⅠ、SphⅠ双酶切法鉴定为阳性的重组质粒进行测序.比对测序结果确定AF72 VP2的核苷酸序列,利用同源建模的方法建立AF72 VP2结构蛋白的3D结构,在此基础上,综合亲水性、可塑性、抗原指数以及表面可能性等参数预测AF72 VP2结构蛋白的B细胞抗原表位.分析表明,口蹄疫病毒VP1,VP2,VP3 和VP4在核苷酸水平上的变异率是无差异的(P>0.05);而他们在氨基酸水平上的变异率差异显著(P<0.05).该毒株与20株源于GenBank中的VP2氨基酸序列比对发现其保守区主要位于第1～23、37～51、66～76、85～101、124～142、165～199、205～219位.保守区氨基酸残基在维持VP2蛋白的空间构象和功能方面具有重要作用,其中1～10、129～140、165～176氨基酸区段是AF72 VP2结构蛋白可能的B细胞抗原表位区域,该结果将为进一步的FMDV多表位疫苗研究提供更有价值的参考信息.     

多花黄精种子结构与休眠及萌发的关系研究

本实验主要针对多花黄精种子的形态学结构、内含物等进行研究,使用机械法去除种皮及化学试剂去除种皮束缚,以探究多花黄精种子结构及其休眠类型与萌发之间的关系。结果表明,多花黄精种子粒径大小为(3.950±0.422)mm×(3.683±0.404)mm。鲜种子千粒重为(25.036±2.117)g,生活力为(83.33±5.51)%,鲜种子含水量为(45.29±2.76)%,种子吸水4 d后可达饱和;10%硫酸处理种子1 min为最佳处理方式,可有效打破休眠状态,并提高萌发率。     

长江经济带农业投入产出的能值结构、效率及其驱动因素研究

长江经济带是中国经济社会发展水平较高的战略发展区域,现代化的农业生产方式为农业土地的可持续利用带来严重的压力,本研究旨在为长江经济带高质量、绿色发展提供科学依据、数据支撑与合理建议。本研究基于能值分析方法,通过对长江经济带2010—2018年投入产出项目计算并构建能值效率指标体系,对该地区农业投入产出的能值结构和效率进行深入研究。结果表明,长江经济带在2010—2018年间总能值投入和总能值产出均呈上升趋势,总能值产出始终低于投入,不可更新工业辅助能投入占比较高,农业土地利用结构不合理,资源利用效率较低,农业系统到2018年已发展为轻度不可持续状态,其中在这9年间对农业可持续状况影响最大的因素是投入结构。因此长江经济带需要积极调整农业投入结构,减小对外界辅助能值尤其是不可更新工业辅助能的依赖,提高资源利用效率,才能最终实现农业的可持续发展。     

FMDV Asia1/HeB病毒株结构蛋白基因的克隆测序及B细胞抗原表位预测

对口蹄疫病毒Asia1/HeB株P1结构蛋白基因进行了扩增、克隆及序列测定.采用DNAStar Protean软件对P1蛋白的二级结构、可塑性、亲水性、表面可及性及抗原指数等参数进行分析,综合预测其B细胞表位分布.结果表明,FMDV Asia I/HeB株P1基因长2 199 bp,包含完整的开放阅读框,编码733个氨基酸,其中VP1长633 bp,编码211个氨基酸,VP2长654 bp,编码218个氨基酸,VP3长657 bp,编码219个氨基酸,VP4长255 bp,编码85个氨基酸.P1结构蛋白的二级结构较为复杂,含有较多的β片层结构和转角结构,VP1、VP2和VP3上均有多个区域为B细胞优势表位,VP4上也有少量的潜在B细胞表位.与已鉴定的B细胞表位相比较,该方法预测的结果有较高的准确度.为试验确定FMDV AsiaI/HeB株P1结构蛋白的B细胞表位和反向疫苗学设计提供了理论基础.     

口蹄疫病毒结构蛋白VP1上B细胞表位的筛选鉴定

以口蹄疫病毒株AF72 RNA为模板,反转录并扩增结构蛋白VP1基因,PCR纯化产物与pGEM-T easy载体连接并转化JM109菌株,对经凝胶电泳、PCR和EcoRⅠ酶切法鉴定为阳性的重组质粒进行测序,通过序列比对获得AF72 VP1的核苷酸序列和推导氨基酸序列,综合分析结构蛋白VP1的亲水性、可塑性、抗原指数以及表面可能性等参数,预测其潜在B细胞抗原表位并人工合成表位肽段,利用间接ELISA对潜在表位肽段进行筛选鉴定,结果显示,表位VP1a和VP1d为病毒株AF72结构蛋白VP1的优势B细胞表位,该结果为进一步的FMDV多表位疫苗研究提供有价值的参考依据.     

棉花高密度种植群体结构的研究

通过对棉花3种高密度种植模式与常规种植模式进行试验,研究不同密度棉花个体及群体营养生长、生殖生长的变化规律。结果表明：随着种植密度的增加,个体生长发育减弱,而群体的生长发育则以株距加密（26.1万株/hm2）的模式最强,表现群体结铃数多、产量最高。在产量构成中,棉株中下部铃占总产的85%以上,而棉株内围铃占总产的90%。据此认为,在进行棉花高密度栽培生产时,应选用株型紧凑的Ⅰ、Ⅱ类分枝型品种,中等肥力田,采用株距加密（理论株数26.1万株/hm2）的模式进行种植,并加强管理,促进中下部多结玲,可望实现更加理想的产量。     

褐蘑菇多糖结构的初步研究

了对构效关系提供理论依据。通过使用红外光谱仪、紫外可见光谱仪、高效液相色谱仪对多糖结构进行了分析。结果表明,褐蘑菇多糖无核酸和蛋白质吸收峰为均一组分;褐蘑菇多糖中含有单糖、葡萄糖、木糖、有无半乳糖和果糖需要进一步研究。纯化多糖为一种β-吡喃多糖。     

水对淀粉结构的影响及其作用的研究

综述了淀粉中的水对淀粉颗粒结构和性质的影响,及其研究历史和发展现状。详细论述了水在参与淀粉颗粒结晶过程中的作用,水分对于淀粉颗粒结晶性质和糊化回生过程的影响。     

Hierarchical self-localization of underwater wireless sensor network nodes

The follow-up application of underwater wireless sensor network is influenced by accuracy of self-localization of nodes. The self-localization of nodes is discussed in this paper. First of all, nodes of underwater wireless sensor network are classified into several levels according to the accuracy of position of nodes and the levels are from the first to the fifth in accordance with accuracy of nodes from high to low respectively. Secondly, the level of anchor nodes can be known by those unknown nodes from the information given by the anchor nodes themselves, At the same time the unknown nodes are able to be located in the area controlled by the first level of anchor nodes that are as the aggregation. Then the positioning algorithm is designed correspondingly in accordance with the accuracy level of nodes. Finally, the positioning algorithm is simulated and analyzed. The result shows that the unknown nodes can be located effectively by hierarchical control.     

Implications of the population effect in the selection of soybean progeny

The goal of this study was to verify the influence of the population effect in the estimates of genetic and phenotypic components and to identify the best soybean progeny or lines in a commercial soybean breeding programme. We evaluated 292 populations for grain yield and absolute maturity during three agricultural years. To quantify the efficiency of the inclusion of the population's effect in the model, we estimated genetic gain with the selection, the Spearman's correlation, the coincidence index, the realized gain and correlated response of selected genotypes with and without the effect of the population. It was found that the variance components, heritability and coefficient of experimental variation were better estimated when the effect of the population was included, providing greater gain with selection for grain yield and absolute maturity. Coincidence and ranking among the selected progeny with and without the effect of the population are of greater magnitude in more advanced inbreeding generations and at higher percentage of selected progeny. The use of the population effect has greater importance in earlier generations of inbreeding.     

Establishment of a crop evapotranspiration calculation model and its validation

In order to contribute knowledge on the method used to calculate the actual crop evapotranspiration, soil, crop, atmosphere, and water spatial structure were integrated into a complete system. Based on the energy balance equation and aerodynamic equation, the meteorological data was reduced and the crop physiological parameter was increased, then the crop evapotranspiration calculation model under natural conditions was derived. The crop evapotranspiration calculation model was verified by the water balance formula using data generated from corn, potato, and flue-cured tobacco grown under field conditions for three consecutive years from 2017 to 2019. The results showed that: from 2017 to 2019, the average root mean square error for measured and calculated evapotranspiration of corn, potato, and flue-cured tobacco at different growth times were 0.5948, 0.4753, and 0.3326, respectively, the mean deviation, mean absolute error, and mean relative error were small, and the coefficient of determination and consistency index were both greater than 0.9100. The measured and calculated crop evapotranspiration of the selected crops increased at first and then decreased gradually as the crops matured, and finally decreased to harvest evapotranspiration, showing a parabolic trend. The crop evapotranspiration calculation model not only reflects the actual evapotranspiration of crops at different growth time but also reflects the change law of actual crop evapotranspiration. The model does not need the correction of soil moisture content, irrigation method, and crop coefficient and can directly calculate the actual crop evapotranspiration. It has the characteristics of consistency between the calculated value and the measured value, strong applicability, simple calculation process, and high accuracy and has the best effect on monitoring soil moisture and crop water shortage sensitivity. The model is significance in that it guides for monitoring soil moisture, determining actual crop evapotranspiration, crop water shortage index, and high yield and efficiency under water-saving conditions.     

基于人行为影响的住区建筑多主体集成能耗模型

在城市建筑节能研究中,政府常常依赖城市能源与碳排放模型工具制定并评估节能策略。而当前的城市建筑能耗模型受限于开发技术等因素,尚存在诸多不足,例如,考虑人行为对建筑能耗的影响,建立行为、日常活动及与环境相关的综合能耗模型。关于此类模型合理的数学形式、参数选择的方法以及不同行为的模拟方式等问题还尚待进一步研究。采用多主体（Multi-Agent）建模技术,设计集成建筑能耗模型,以住区中的居民作为模型中活动的主体,模拟使用者行为习惯、活动对建筑能耗的影响;采用ISO 13790标准模拟建筑的供热和降温需求,并在集成环境中设计统一的描述框架,以相对独立的环境模拟、行为模拟模块形式进行交互,实现热环境模拟和基于主体活动的设备能耗模拟的有机结合。研究表明,住区居民的用能行为是影响城市建筑能耗密度变化的重要因素,实现对住区主体行为特征的引导是实现城市建筑节能目标的有效途径。     

基于层次模型及权重分析的湖北省雷电灾害易损度区划

利用湖北省2008-2011年闪电监测数据和2000-2009年雷电灾害统计数据,选取雷击大地密度、大于50kA强雷击密度、雷电灾害频度、生命易损模数及经济易损模数作为湖北省雷电灾害易损性评估指标。提出了对雷灾频度因子的修正,只有把该参数放到同一起点比较,雷电灾害易损性分析及风险区划才具科学性,同时引入大于50kA强雷击密度作为雷电灾害易损性评估指标之一。采用层次模型及权重分析对雷电灾害易损性指标划分了5个等级,最后形成湖北省雷电灾害易损度区划。研究结果表明：高风险区的城市主要特征是雷灾频度较高、经济发展水平较好、人口密集;低风险区则与之相反。雷电灾害易损度不仅与单位面积上的雷电密度、雷灾频度关系密切,还与单位面积上的经济发展水平、人口密度息息相关。     

An overview of the crop model

is a model that has been developed at INRA (France) since 1996. It simulates crop growth as well as soil water and nitrogen balances driven by daily climatic data. It calculates both agricultural variables (yield, input consumption) and environmental variables (water and nitrogen losses). From a conceptual point of view, relies essentially on well-known relationships or on simplifications of existing models. One of the key elements of is its adaptability to various crops. This is achieved by the use of generic parameters relevant for most crops and on options in the model formalisations concerning both physiology and management, that have to be chosen for each crop. All the users of the model form a group that participates in making the model and the software evolve, because is not a fixed model but rather an interactive modelling platform. This article presents version 5.0 by giving details on the model formalisations concerning shoot ecophysiology, soil functioning in interaction with roots, and relationships between crop management and the soil–crop system. The data required to run the model relate to climate, soil (water and nitrogen initial profiles and permanent soil features) and crop management. The species and varietal parameters are provided by the specialists of each species. The data required to validate the model relate to the agronomic or environmental outputs at the end of the cropping season. Some examples of validation and application are given, demonstrating the generality of the model and its ability to adapt to a wide range of agro-environmental issues. Finally, the conceptual limits of the model are discussed.     

Combining input uncertainty and residual error in crop model predictions: A case study on vineyards

As crop modelling has matured and been proposed as a tool for many practical applications, there is increased need to evaluate the uncertainty in model predictions. A particular case of interest that has not been treated before is that where one takes into account both uncertainty in the model explanatory variables and model residual error (the uncertainty in model predictions even when the explanatory variables are perfectly known). The specific case we consider is that of a model for predicting water stress of a vineyard. For many of the model explanatory variables, the vine grower (or the farmer advisor) has a choice between approximate values which are easily obtainable and more precise values that are more difficult (and more expensive) to obtain. We specifically discuss the explanatory variable “initial water stress” which is directly based on the initial soil water content and can be estimated or measured (precise but expensive). The vine grower is interested in the decrease in uncertainty that would result from measuring initial water stress, but it is the decrease in total uncertainty, including model residual error, that is of importance.We propose using accurate measurements of water stress over time in multiple vineyards, to estimate model residual error. The uncertainty in initial water stress can be estimated if one has approximate and precise values of initial water stress in several vineyards. We then combine the two sources of error by simulation thanks to an independence hypothesis; the model is run multiple times with a distribution of values for initial water stress, and on each day a distribution of model residual errors is added to the result.The results show that the resulting uncertainty is quite different in different fields. In some cases, uncertainty in initial water stress becomes negligible a short time after the start of simulations, in other cases that uncertainty remains important, compared to model residual error, throughout the growing season. In all cases, residual error is a substantial percentage of overall error and thus should be taken into account.     

Recovery of 15N-Labelled Urea Applied to Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in the Ethiopian Highlands as Affected by P Fertilization

Soil degradation and depletion of soil nutrients are among the major factors threatening sustainable cereal production in the Ethiopian highlands. Fertilizer use as a means of mitigating nutrient depletion has become widely accepted. The fate of fertilizer nitrogen (N) applied to a semidwarf bread wheat system was determined in microplots receiving 41 kg N ha^?1 in the form of urea labelled with 5.617 % atom excess ¹⁵N, without and with the application of phosphorus (P) at 20 kg P ha^?1. The study was conducted in three different agro‐ecological zones at 2200, 2400 and 2800 m above sea level (masl) (Kulumsa, Asasa and Bekoji, respectively) in the south‐eastern Ethiopian highlands. Yield and yield response to N diminished with elevation, while the response to P increased with elevation, with a significant increase in wheat grain yield observed at Bekoji (2800 masl). N harvest index and N use efficiency improved in response to P application at Asasa (2400 masl). Crop removal accounted for 25–64 and 36–64 % of the applied N without and with P, respectively. The corresponding fractions of ¹⁵N recovered in the soil ranged from 2.9 to 3.5 % and from 3.2 to 3.7 %, respectively. Recoveries of applied ¹⁵N were 67 and 52 % at Kulumsa and Asasa, but only 25 % at the highest elevation site, Bekoji. Fertilizer P significantly enhanced N recovery at Asasa (60 %) and Bekoji (36 %), but not at Kulumsa, where the soil had a high level of residual P from previous applications. The fraction of ¹⁵N recovered in the soil–plant system was rather low at Bekoji. However, the rate of ¹⁵N recovery was significantly improved (by 37 %) when fertilizer P was added to the soil. Across all locations, the unaccounted ¹⁵N may have been lost primarily through denitrification and volatilization.     

Selection indices for sugarcane improvement at three stages of selection

Summary Selection indices at different stages of selection were estimated for a biparental mating population of sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.). At the seedling stage indices constructed from primary characters are better than selection for yield alone. At the clonal stage the superiority of index selection over direct selection was marginal. In the seedling stage, selection based on index can lead to better selection efficiency in succeeding clonal stages. This was confirmed by a sample study.     

Cellular automata spatial temporal data model and forecasting approach

The standard cellular automata(CA) model is expanded to meet requests of space time dynamic simulation and forecast under the platform of geographic information system(GIS). Taking power load forecasting of the electric power industry as the specific application, the relations between dynamic model of the land use and power load space are established. The data and attribute data interactive discrete in spatial temporal data management have been solved. The CA theory is practically used to simulate the process of urban land use dynamic development, to forecast future land use types of each small area, to establish spatial load forecasting model. It breaks through the localization of all kinds of forecasting methods of traditional space time separation power prediction. The effectiveness of the prediction method is verified by example.