棉花杂种优势与几种生理生化指标的相关性

对８个陆地棉杂种及其亲本的四种生理生化指标进行了测定，并研究了这些指标与杂种产量优势的相关性，结果表明：幼芽匀浆互补法对Ｆ１皮棉超亲优势、中亲优势的预测相符率分别为８７．５％和７５．０％；杂种萌动种子ＡＴＰ含量普遍高于双亲平均值。超亲优势、中亲优势与杂种ＡＴＰ含量及双亲ＡＴＰ含量的平均值均呈正相关，且中亲优势与杂种ＡＴＰ含量相关显著（ｒ＝０．７１８８，Ｐ〈０．０５）；杂种产量优势与盛蕾期、盛花期的     

陆地棉与海岛棉种间杂种产量品质优势的研究

本研究探讨陆地棉与海岛棉种间杂种在长江中游棉区的杂种优势表现。试验涉及１０个陆地棉亲本和１０个海岛棉亲本及其３３个杂种，分别于１９８９年（１６个杂种）、１９９１年（９个杂种）和１９９２年（８个杂种）进行。陆地棉种问杂种的产量、铃数、子指、株高和纤维品质的中亲优势十分明显，与双亲平均值比较，皮棉产量平均高出８３．８％，成铃数增加３９．９％。但与陆地棉对照品种比较；种间杂种产量严重降低，平均下降３２．８％。陆海杂种结铃性强，成铃数比对照高出８６．１％，但许多青铃在后期不能正常成熟。采用早熟陆地棉与适应性较好的海岛棉杂交，产量下降幅度小，在秋季雨水少、降温迟的年份甚至出现增产的少数组合。大多数种间杂种纤维长度＞３４ｍｍ，比强度＞２５ｇ／ｔｅｘ，麦克隆值＜３．７，中亲优势均超过１０％，大多数杂种竞争优势超过１５％，甚至优于海岛棉，表现超显性遗传，而纤维整齐度降低幅度很小（－１．２％）。     

陆地棉品种间杂种优势利用研究进展

本文概述了陆地棉品种间杂种优势的研究和利用状况。理论研究和生产实践均表明，陆地棉品种间杂种存在明显的产量和品质优势。杂交棉高产、优质的重要原因是其适应性广、抗逆性强和稳产性好。陆地棉品种间杂种Ｆ１和Ｆ２皮棉产量的竞争优势分别在１５％和１０％左右，产量构成因素中对产量优势作用最大的是单株结铃数。目前，Ｆ１和Ｆ２均有一定的利用面积，其中印度主要利用Ｆ１，我国主要利用Ｆ２。陆地棉品种间杂种优势有广泛的应用前景。     

细胞质雄性不育陆地棉与海岛棉间杂种优势初步研究

利用棉花细胞质雄性不育系及其恢复系,配制海岛棉与陆地棉种间杂种和陆地棉与陆地棉种内杂种,并以常规棉品种作为对照,比较和研究了两类组合的优势表现。结果表明,利用细胞质雄性不育的海陆种间杂种在株高、果枝数、果节数、单株结铃数和不孕子率上显著地高于陆地棉种内杂种,但单铃重和衣分则显著地低于陆地棉种内杂种,单铃重前者最高为3.3 g,后者最低也有4.7 g。一般地,海陆种间杂种的小区皮棉产量显著低于陆陆种内杂种,但也有个别组合,如海陆1号的皮棉产量,与陆地棉品种中棉所 12 和陆陆种内杂种浙杂 166 没有显著差异。在品质性状方面,海陆种间杂种在长度、整齐度、比强度、伸长率和麦克隆值都显著地好于陆陆种内杂种,尤其是长度、比强度和伸长率最高分别达到 35.3 mm、43.6 cN·tex 1 和7.8%。     

栽培番茄与秘鲁番茄种间杂种的DNA指纹鉴定

本研究在胚珠培养获得秘鲁番茄与栽培番茄的种间杂种的基础上,利用分子标记技术从DNA水平上分析亲本及杂交后代间的遗传差异性和相似性。通过2个随机引物的RAPD指纹分析发现4个胚培养植株具有一致的RAPD指纹,杂种继承了双亲的特征谱带。利用19个随机引物、2对RGA引物和1对SRAP引物进行分子标记分析,共产生了319个标记位点,这些标记在双亲及杂种中的分布表现了6种模型,统计分析表明种间杂种整合了栽培番茄和秘鲁番茄的遗传信息,杂种的230个位点中包含了30．4％的栽培番茄特有信息、20．9％秘鲁番茄特有信息、46．5％共有信息;种间杂种与母本栽培番茄的基因组相似性达72．5％,而与秘鲁番茄的基因组相似性为50．8％,杂种明显偏向母本栽培番茄。     

标记型柱头外露种质系与陆地棉亲本间杂种优势与配合力分析

采用ＮＣⅡ遗传交配设计,对５份标记型柱头外露种质系和３份陆地棉亲本交配后,杂种Ｆ１的１１个性状的杂种优势和配合力进行了分析。结果表明,主要产量性状霜前皮棉产量,超高优势的幅度为－２８．８８％～１３．１７％,平均为－３．０６％,６个组合具正向的杂种优势;中亲优势的幅度为１８．１４％～８０．１２％,平均为５３．０８％,１５个组合均具有正向的中亲优势;竞争优势的幅度为－１５．３２％～４６．４３％,平均为１１．２７％,１０个组合具有正向的竞争优势。其它产量性状中单株铃数的杂种优势最为明显。纤维品质性状,２．５％跨长和比强度的优势明显,麦克隆值的负向优势明显。高亲值、中亲值和低亲值与Ｆ１平均值的相关关系表明,多数产量性状Ｆ１代平均值与高亲值相关性密切,因此在组合筛选时应注意对常规亲本的选择。配合力上,ＧＣＡ效应显著的性状,中棉所１９和石３２１分别在产量、品质性状方面表现较优,９６－１、９６－６７、９６－３３等３份标记型柱头外露种质系表现较优;ＳＣＡ效应显著的８个性状中,Ａ１Ｂ２８个性状的ＳＣＡ效应值均为正,Ａ２Ｂ２和Ａ４Ｂ１均有７个性状的ＳＣＡ效应为正。文中对标记型柱头外露种质及亲本选配等问题进行了讨论。     

栽培大麦（Hordeum vulgareL.）与纤毛鹅观草（Roegneria ciliar…

采用幼胚培养技术，获得了栽培大麦与纤毛鹅观草之间的属间杂种。研究了杂种Ｆ１，Ｆ２和ＢＣ１的形态和细胞学特点。结果表明：杂种形态介于双亲之间，不同生育阶段其主要特征分别倾向双亲这定。在结实率和主要经济性状上Ｆ２和ＢＣ１较Ｆ１有相当大的提高，但生育期进不大。根尖染色体计数和花粉母细胞减数分裂构型分析表明：Ｆ１，Ｆ２和ＢＣ１均为混倍全。Ｆ１平均染色体数为２２．１４条，其中以２８条染色体的细胞所占比例较高     

甘蓝型三系杂交油菜秋播制种技术研究：II母本摘苔对杂种纯度和产量影响的？

父母本于９月上、中旬育苗移栽，较好的水平管理，抽苔现蕾后，通过连续两次摘苔可延迟开花２０天以上，盛花期微粉减少到１．３￣１．４级，杂种不育株率下降到８％￣１５％，制种每公顷可达到９００．０￣１３５０．０ｋｇ。     

陆地棉与澳洲2个野生棉杂种细胞学研究

本文首次报道了陆地棉×南岱华棉杂种Ｆ１的细胞学研究结果，并与陆地棉Ｘ斯特提棉的杂种进行了对比分析。供分析的细胞数均在７００个以上，中期Ⅰ染色体构型种类占总ＰＭＣ的百分率（构型率）均在７％以下，陆地棉与斯特提棉和南岱华棉杂种Ｆ１的染色体平均构型分别为２１．９７Ⅰ＋７，９７Ⅱ＋０．３５Ⅲ＋０．０１Ⅳ和２０．６２Ⅰ＋８．３７Ⅱ＋０．５２Ⅲ＋０．０２Ⅳ，单一细胞环状二价体、染色体桥和二价体交叉率分别是０．５３与０．４８、７．４４与７．８９和１．０７及１．０６。在２个杂种中均观察到八价体，但为数极少。中期Ⅰ时期二价体和多价体集中于细胞赤道面上，而单价体分散在周围。后期Ⅰ及以后，单价体分布完全随机，形成多个染色体块或片段。四分体形成时期，小孢子数目和大小及形状变异均较大。主要表现在小孢子不是规则的团体，体积大小相差可达２～４倍，单一ＰＭＣ中的数目从ｌ至１３，但其四分体占多数，均在６０％以上。且微核变幅较大，０～６个。经过比较分析，说明两个棉种亲缘关系很近，与陆地棉的种间关系差异也不大。     

稻属间杂种花粉植株的细胞遗传学研究

以栽培稻０２４２８与紧穗野生稻间不育Ｆ１杂种（２ｎ＝２４，ＡＣ）为材料进行花约培养，共接种花约３２６８８个，获得再生绿苗１３株及白化苗两株，愈伤诱导率与分化率分别为０．１４％和３４．７８％。有９朱花粉绿苗长至成熟，均表现长芒、紫柱头、强感光及易落粒等野生亲本的特性。细胞学结果进一步表明，其中４株为二倍体（２ｎ＝２４），形态上琚的Ｆ１杂种相似，花粉母细胞中期Ⅰ亦只能见到少数二价体；另５株则为四倍体（     

A note on the origin of Kalanchoë x vadensis Boom & Zeilinga (Crassulaceae)

Summary K x vadensis is a hybrid of K. blossfeldiana and K. marmorata obtained after doubling the number of chromosomes.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Avoidance of leaf rust fungi in wild relatives of cultivated cereals

Summary Avoidance of rust fungi that was based on poor appressorium induction was previously found in Hordeum chilense. In the present study 95 accessions of Triticeae were screened for avoidance of Puccinia hordei. The percentage of appressorium formation per germinated spore ranged from 6 to 90%. On none of the 41 accessions of Aegilops, Agropyron, Elymus, Secale, Thinopyrum or Triticum studied was the rate of appressorium formation lower than 25%. Lower rates of appressorium formation were, however, found on accessions of wild barley species Hordeum brachyantherum, H. marinum, H. parodii and H. secalinum. Its implications in cereal breeding are discussed.     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Mechanisms and diversity of resistance to sorghum shoot fly,Atherigona soccata

Sorghum shoot fly, Atherigona soccata, is one of the important pests of postrainy season sorghums. Of the 90 sorghum genotypes evaluated for resistance to this pest, RHRB 12, ICSV 713, 25026, 93046 and 25027, IS 33844‐5, Giddi Maldandi and RVRT 3 exhibited resistance in postrainy season, while ICSB 463, Phule Anuradha, RHRB 19, Parbhani Moti, ICSV 705, PS 35805, IS 5480, 5622, 17726, 18368 and 34722, RVRT 1, ICSR 93031 and Dagidi Solapur showed resistance in rainy season, suggesting season‐specific expression of resistance to A. soccata. ICSB 461, ICSB 463, Phule Yasodha, M 35‐1, ICSV 700, 711, 25010, 25019 and 93089, IS 18662, Phule Vasudha, IS 18551 and 33844‐5 and Barsizoot had fewer deadhearts than plants with eggs across seasons, suggesting antibiosis as one of the resistance mechanism. Five genotypes exhibited resistance with high grain yield across seasons. Correlation, path and stepwise regression analyses indicated that leaf glossiness, seedling vigour, trichome density, oviposition and leaf sheath pigmentation were associated with the expression of resistance/susceptibility to shoot fly, and these can be used as marker traits to select and develop shoot fly‐resistant sorghums.     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Reaction of tritordeum to Fusarium culmorum and Septoria nodorum

Summary Hordeum chilense is a wild barley extensively used in wide crosses in the Triticeae. It could be a valuable source of resistance to Fusarium culmorum and Septoria nodorum. Some H. chilense x Triticum spp. amphiploids, named tritordeums, were more resistant than the parental wheat line to these diseases, others were not. Average contents of ergosterol and deoxynivalenol (DON) suggested that resistance to colonization by Fusarium was the highest for Hordeum chilense, followed by tritordeum and wheat in decreasing order. In particular, the H. chilense genotypes H7 and H17 enhanced the wheat resistance to F. culmorum in its tritordeum offsprings. Resistance to S. nodorum in tritordeum was not associated with tall plant height. There is sufficient genetic variation for resistance to F. culmorum and S. nodorum among tritordeum to allow the breeding of lines combining short straw and resistance to both diseases.