菌糠替代苜蓿干草对奶牛生产性能的影响

试验选择年龄、胎次(2～4胎)、生产性能相近,体重600kg左右健康德系荷斯坦奶牛70头,随机分为试验组和对照组,每组35头。对照组饲喂全混合日粮,试验组用菌糠等量代替全混合日粮中的苜蓿干草,试验期测定奶牛采食量、产奶量、乳品质等生产性能,并分析经济效益。结果表明:试验组奶牛采食正常,两组间采食量无显著差异(P>0.05);试验组和对照组产奶量有一定差异,但未达显著水平(P>0.05),且随着试验的进行,试验组的产奶量有提高的趋势,还延长了其高产时间;试验组多项乳品质指标较对照组有所改善,但差异均不显著(P>0.05);试验组每产1kg标准奶比对照组节约饲料成本0.10元。     

Malignant hyperthermia in dogs

Malignant hyperthermia (MH) is an anesthetic agent-induced hypermetabolic state. Human beings and several other animal species, including dogs, have been described to be genetically predisposed to development of MH. The halothane-triggered MH syndrome was characterized in genetically predisposed dogs, and in vitro contracture sensitivity of biopsied gracilis muscle exposed to halothane and caffeine was quantitated. Within 1 hour of halothane administration, each MH-susceptible dog developed rapid increases in CO2 production and rectal temperature. Reversal of the hypermetabolic state was achieved when halothane was discontinued and dantrolene sodium was given i.v. Biopsied gracilis muscle from MH-susceptible dogs had abnormal in vitro contracture responses to halothane and caffeine. These findings were consistent with those observed for MH-susceptible human beings and pigs in which a loss in regulation of muscle cell Ca(+)+ is believed to be the primary etiologic event for induction of MH.     

Dominance in domestic dogs revisited: Useful habit and useful construct?

In the last decade, the validity and relevance of the dominance model was regularly put into question regarding relationships between canids like dogs and wolves, and consequently, human–dog relationships as well. The concept underlying this model, scientifically defined as an intervening variable reflecting status difference between individuals, is applicable when formal status signals symbolize the long-term relationship between individuals, resulting in a formalized dominance hierarchy. This article reviews the basics underlying the concept of dominance and reflects on the value and importance of some new quantitative studies on the applicability of the concept of dominance in domestic dogs. The conclusions are, first, that formal dominance is present in the domestic dog, expressed by context-independent unidirectional formal status signals. Consequently, formal dominance (e.g., submission) plays an important role in assessing status in dog–dog relationships. Second, that nonverbal status–related communication in humans resembles that in dogs to a considerable degree, and hence dogs may be well able to interpret this human status–related nonverbal communication from their perspective. Dominance is therefore also likely to play a role in human–dog relationships. Hence, the dominance concept might be useful to explain the development of certain problems in dog–dog and dog–human relationships. However, enforcing a dominant status by a human may entail considerable risks and should therefore be avoided.     

Comparison of Three Skin Preparation Techniques in the Dog Part 1: Experimental Trial

Premeasured, clipped areas of skin on both sides of 30 adult dogs were prepared with povidone-iodine (PI), chlorhexidine gluconate (CG) with a saline rinse, or 4% CG with a 70% isopropyl alcohol rinse. Skin bacteria were quantified with Replicating Organism Detection and Counting (RODAC) plates and cultured for identification before, immediately after, and 1 hour after skin preparation. The percentages of bacterial reduction immediately and at hour 1 and the percentages of negative cultures, cultures with more than five colony-forming units (CFUs), and skin reactions were analyzed by analysis of variance and chi-square. The percentage of reduction in skin bacteria for all techniques was significant and comparable with that reported in humans. There were no significant differences between PI and CG results except that acute contact dermatitis was observed more frequently after skin preparation with PI. The authors conclude that for similar application times, PI and 4% CG rinsed with saline or 70% isopropyl alcohol are equally effective for up to 1 hour in the preoperative skin preparation of dogs.     

Growth performance and intestinal morphology of Hyline chickens fed diets with different diet particle sizes

The effect of feed particle size on the growth performance and intestinal morphology of Hyline chickens was studied. Sixty one‐day‐old chickens were randomly assigned into two groups with five replicates per group and six chickens per replicate. The control group (CG) was fed pelleted feed and the experimental group (EG) was fed crumbled feed. The geometric mean diameter (GMD) of the pelleted and crumbled feed was approximately 1.2 and 0.8 mm respectively. The trial was carried out from day 15 to day 69 of the lives of the chickens. During the experimental period, the average daily feed intake (ADFI), average daily gain (ADG) and feed conversion rate ( FCR) were calculated. At 42 and 69 days of age, fifteen chickens from each group were slaughtered for the intestinal morphology analyses. The morphologies of various segments of the intestine were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results showed that from 15 to 42 days of age, the FCR of the CG was higher than that of the EG, but the final body weight was lower in the CG than in the EG (p < 0.05). The villi heights in the duodenum, jejunum and ileum were shorter in the CG than in the EG (p < 0.05). The villi tips in the duodenum and jejunum of the CG were broken, but they were protected in the EG. At 69 days of age, the BW and the whole intestinal villi height of the CG were greater than those of the EG (p < 0.05). The villi in the duodenum and jejunum in the CG were better than 42 days, but the tips of the duodenal villi in the EG were slightly broken. In conclusion, feeding chickens crumbled feed from 15 to 42 days of age and then feeding them pelleted feed was beneficial to the growth performance of the Hyline chickens, as the pelleted feed would break the intestinal villi of young chickens, but the intestinal villi become stronger with the chicken growth.     

The suitability of dogs as guide dogs for the blind: criteria and testing procedures

Criteria and testing procedures with regard to the suitability of dogs as guide dogs for the blind were developed on the basis of a literature study and own observations. A profile of the guide dog comprising physical characteristics, skillfulness, behaviour, and obedience was drawn up. As a rule, the testing procedures concern health and skills of the dogs. In the skill test some elements of the behavioural and obedience test were included. The final evaluation is based on the results of physical examination and the skill test, unless testing of behaviour and/or obedience appears necessary as well. A method for evaluating the performance of the dogs as objectively as possible is described. Some implications of using and testing guide dogs are discussed.     

Association between postoperative outcome and results of magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography in working dogs with degenerative lumbosacral stenosis

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether results of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) are associated with postoperative outcome in working dogs with degenerative lumbosacral stenosis. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. ANIMALS: 12 dogs treated surgically for degenerative lumbosacral stenosis. PROCEDURE: The lumbosacral vertebral column was examined before surgery by use of MRI and CT and after surgery by use of CT. Outcome, based on performance in standardized training exercises, was assessed 6 months after decompressive surgery. Associations between imaging results and postoperative outcome were determined by use of a Fisher exact test and logistic regression. RESULTS: None of the dogs were able to perform their duties before surgery. By 6 months after surgery, 8 of 12 dogs had been returned to full active duty. Nerve tissue compression was effectively localized by use of CT and MRI. Significant associations between results of imaging studies and postoperative outcome were not identified. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Surgical intervention is justified in high-performance working dogs with degenerative lumbosacral stenosis. However, results of imaging studies may be less important than clinical or surgical factors for predicting outcome in affected dogs.     

Alarelin active immunization influences expression levels of GnRHR,FSHR and LHR proteins in the ovary and enhances follicular development in ewes

We investigated the effects of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist on expressions of GnRH receptor (GnRHR), follicle‐stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR) and luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) proteins in the ovaries and follicular development in the ewes. Forty‐two pre‐pubertal ewes were assigned to experimental groups 1 to 5 (EG‐I to EG‐V) and control group (CG). Ewes in EG‐I, EG‐II and EG‐III were subcutaneously injected with 200, 300 or 400 μg alarelin antigens twice (on days 0 and 14), respectively. Ewes in EG‐IV and EG‐V were subcutaneously injected with 200 μg and 300 μg alarelin antigen four times (on days 0, 7, 14 and 21). Ewes in CG were subcutaneously injected with a solvent twice (on days 0 and 14). Serum concentrations of GnRH antibody in the EGs increased and were higher than (P < 0.05) that of CG from day 14 to day 60. GnRH antibody concentrations in EG‐IV and EG‐V were higher than that in EG‐I, EG‐II and EG‐III from days 35 to 45. Expressions of GnRHR protein in EG‐IV and EG‐V were lower than that in CG (P < 0. 01). Expressions of FSHR and LHR proteins in EGs increased. Levels of FSHR and LHR proteins in EG‐IV and EG‐V (P < 0.05) were higher than CG. Ovarian weights in EGs increased. Values of follicle vertical diameter, follicle transverse diameter, follicle wall thickness, follicle externatheca thickness and follicle internatheca thickness in EG‐III and EG‐V were greater than other groups. Primordial follicles and primary follicles developed quickly in alarelin‐immunized animals. Secondary follicles and mature follicles became more abundant. Mitochondria, mitochondrial cristaes and cortical granules increased. Serum FSH concentrations of EGs remained higher than that in CG from days 28 to 70 (P < 0.05). Alarelin immunization stimulated GnRH antibody production, suppressed expression of GnRHR protein, enhanced expressions of FSHR and LHR proteins in ovaries, promoted FSH secretion and thereby accelerated the development of ovaries and follicles in ewes.     

氯丙嗪对肉用仔鸡热应激的影响

１６０只１周龄健康肉用雏鸡随机分成２组，经１周预试后进行试验。对照组和试验组鸡的日粮处理分别为：基础日粮、基础日粮＋０１％氯丙嗪。试验期５周。研究在日粮中添加氯丙嗪对慢性热应激肉用仔鸡生产性能及某些生理生化指标的影响。结果表明：试验组鸡的料肉比比对照组鸡低，增重是对照组鸡的１１７３８％，且试验组鸡的胸肌／体重、腿肌／体重的比值高于对照组鸡，试验组鸡的甲状腺重量高于对照组鸡，Ｔ３／Ｔ４的比值极显著高于对照组鸡，试验组鸡的肾上腺重量小于对照组鸡，血清中皮质醇（Ｃｏｒ）的含量较对照组鸡低。     

Evolutionary approach to communication between humans and dogs

Dogs and humans have been sharing a common environment for a long time. Some aspects of their social interaction are described as communication in which members of both species influence each other’s behaviour by special behaviour signals. Recent research is aimed at providing an evolutionary account for the emergence of communicative interactions between dogs and people. The present review summarizes how carefully applied experimental methods can be utilised to answer such research questions, in order to separate different processes that may underlie the mental abilities in dogs.     

Serum Serotonin Concentrations in Dogs with Degenerative Mitral Valve Disease

Background: Increased serotonin (5HT) signaling has been implicated in valvular disease of humans and animals, including canine degenerative mitral valve disease (DMVD). High circulating 5HT concentration is a potential source of increased signaling, and serum 5HT concentrations have not been previously reported in dogs with DMVD.
Hypothesis: Dogs with DMVD and small breed dogs predisposed to DMVD have higher serum 5HT concentrations than large breed controls.
Animals: Fifty dogs affected with DMVD, 34 dogs predisposed to DMVD but without cardiac murmur or echocardiographic evidence of DMVD, and 36 healthy large breed control dogs.
Methods: Prospective analysis. Serum 5HT concentration was measured by an ELISA test.
Results: Median serum 5HT concentration was significantly higher in dogs with DMVD and in dogs predisposed to DMVD as compared with controls (DMVD, 765.5 ng/mL [interquartile range, 561.3–944.4]; predisposed, 774.9 ng/mL [528.3–1,026]; control, 509.8 ng/mL [320.8–708.8]; P = .0001). Subgroup analysis of predisposed dogs indicated significantly higher serum 5HT concentrations in Cavalier King Charles Spaniel (CKCS) dogs than in other breeds (CKCS, 855.0 ng/mL [635.8–1,088]; non-CKCS, 554.2 ng/mL [380.6–648.4]; P = .0023). Age, platelet count, and platelet morphology were not correlated with 5HT concentration in any group.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Dogs with DMVD had significantly higher serum 5HT concentrations when compared with large breed control dogs. Healthy CKCS dogs had significantly higher serum 5HT concentrations than other healthy dogs predisposed to DMVD. Additional investigation into a possible role of 5HT in the pathogenesis of DMVD is warranted.     

Physical response of dogs supplemented with fish oil during a treadmill training programme

The rise in popularity of dog sports competitions has led to the evaluation of improvements in dog physical performance. The potential benefit of dietary supplementation with fish oil (FO) on the physical performance of human beings and horses has been reported. However, such effect has not been studied in dogs. We therefore evaluated the effect of FO dietary supplementation on heart rate (HR), rectal temperature (RT) and thigh circumference (TC) in dogs during aerobic treadmill training, and further determined HR response and blood lactate (BL) concentration during an incremental exercise test. Using a cross‐over design, eight male dogs were randomly assigned to two groups and received a standard balanced commercial diet (control, CG, n = 7) and the same diet supplemented with 54 mg FO/kg metabolic weight per day (FOG, n = 8). All dogs had 30‐min treadmill sessions at 8 km/hr and 7.5% slope twice a week for 12 weeks. Assessment of HR and RT was performed before and immediately after each session; HR was also assessed 5 min after the end of each session. Thigh circumference was evaluated before each session. All dogs performed an incremental exercise test on the treadmill at 0, 6 and 12 weeks to evaluate HR response and BL concentration. Data were analysed using the mixed procedure (SAS 9.4). In FOG, pre‐HR (?4.9%) and post‐HR (?2.4%) values and post‐RT (?0.3%) values were lower during treadmill training, whereas TC (+2.2%) values were higher as compared with CG (p < 0.01). Through the incremental exercise test, mean HR (week 6, ?5.3%; week 12, ?6.0%) values in FOG were lower than in CG (p < 0.05). In conclusion, FO supplementation slightly improved the physiological response of dogs to exercise during training.     

奶牛产后气虚血瘀证与血浆SOD、MDA变化的关系

选用产后健康奶牛18例和产后气虚血瘀证奶牛9例，于产后1、2、4、7、10、15、30d采血分离血浆，黄嘌呤氧化酶法测定超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性，硫代巴比妥酸法测定丙二醛(MDA)含量。结果，血浆SOD活性组内比较产后健康组整个检测期在一定范围内波动，差显不显著(P>0.05)；气虚血瘀证组产后15、30d极显著高于产后1、2d(P<0.01)，显著高于产后4d(P<0.05)；产后7、10d显著高于产后1、2d(P<0.05)。组间比较气虚血瘀证组产后1、2、4d显著低于同时间产后健康组(P<0.01或P<0.05)。血浆MDA含量组内比较产后健康组整个检测期在一定范围内波动，差异不显著(P>0.05)；气虚血瘀证组产后1d极显著高于产后10、15、30d(P<0.01)，显著高于7d(P<0.05)；产后1、2、4、7d显著高于产后15、30d(P<0.05)。组间比较气虚血瘀证组产后1、2、4、7d极显著高于同时间产后健康组(P<0.01)。结果初步表明，SOD、MDA的变化参与了产后气虚血瘀证的发生、发展与转归过程。     

An overview of the dog–human dyad and ethograms within it

This article reviews the literature on the complex and variable nature of the dog–human dyad and describes the influence of terms such as “dominance” on attitudes that humans have toward dogs. It highlights a legacy of tension between ethology and psychology and notes that some practitioners have skills with dogs that elude the best learning theorists. Despite the widespread appeal of being able to communicate with dogs as dogs do with one another, attempting to apply the intraspecific dog ethogram to human–dog and dog–human interactions may have limited scope. The balance of learning theory and ethology on our interactions with dogs is sometimes elusive but should spur the scientific community to examine skills deployed by the most effective humane practitioners. This process will demystify the so-called whispering techniques and permit discourse on the reasons some training and handling techniques are more effective, relevant, and humane than others. This article explores the mismatch between the use of nonverbal communication of 2 species and offers a framework for future studies in this domain. Technologies emerging from equitation science may help to disclose confusing interventions through the collar and lead and thus define effective and humane use of negative reinforcement. The case for a validated intraspecific and interspecific canid ethogram is also made.     

刺五加提取物对热应激奶牛生产性能和血液指标的影响

选择胎次、泌乳阶段、日产奶量相近的荷斯坦泌乳牛24头,随机分为对照组、试验1组和试验2组,每组8头。对照组、试验1组和试验2组每天日粮中刺五加提取物的添加量分别为0mg/kg、250mg/kg和1 250mg/kg。结果显示,试验1组和试验2组日平均产奶量较对照组分别提高了16.68%和17.56%;试验组较对照组能够提高乳脂肪、乳蛋白、非脂固体和冰点（P〉0.05）,且能显著提高乳密度（P〈0.05）;试验1组和试验2组中E2、PRL、TP、ALB含量都有升高（P〉0.05）,试验2组能显著提高血浆TP的含量（P〈0.05）;试验2组中淋巴细胞含量较对照组和试验1组分别提高44.81%和15.54%,但差异均不显著（P〉0.05）。研究结果表明补饲刺五加提取物能够缓解热应激对奶牛生产性能的影响。     

Cryptosporidium infection in dogs in Osaka,Japan

Cryptosporidium parvum is a zoonotic pathogen composed of genetically distinct but morphologically identical genotypes. Recent molecular study indicates that dogs may transmit the cattle genotype, which is known to be pathogenic to humans. Although large-scale studies of Cryptosporidium infection in dogs have been performed in several countries, the isolates were not accurately identified because of the lack of a method for molecular analysis. It is important to identify the isolates harbored in dogs, which come in close contact with humans, in order to control human cryptosporidiosis. The aim of the present study was to calculate the prevalence of Cryptosporidium infection in dogs in Osaka city, Japan, and to characterize the isolates molecularly. The prevalence was determined to be 9.3% (13/140) by PCR. All isolates were found to be Cryptosporidium canis (previously known as the dog genotype), which is thought to be non-pathogenic in humans, based on the sequencing of diagnostic fragments. These results indicate that PCR-based diagnostic methods are a useful tool for the diagnosis and molecular epidemiology of Cryptosporidium infection in dogs, and that dogs living in Osaka are not a significant reservoir for human cryptosporidiosis. It is unclear why C. canis is dominant in dogs. Further study is required to understand this partial parasitism.     

Evolutionary approach to communication between humans and dogs

Dogs and humans have been sharing a common environment for a long time. Some aspects of their social interaction are described as communication in which members of both species influence each other’s behaviour by special behaviour signals. Recent research is aimed at providing an evolutionary account for the emergence of communicative interactions between dogs and people. The present review summarizes how carefully applied experimental methods can be utilised to answer such research questions, in order to separate different processes that may underlie the mental abilities in dogs.     

Genetic polymorphism as a background of animal behavior

Various studies have shown the associations between differences in human behavioral traits and genetic polymorphism of neurotransmitter-related proteins such as receptors, transporters and monoamine oxidase. To clarify the genetic background of animal behavior, corresponding regions in animals have been analyzed. The study has been especially focused on primates, as the evolutionally closest animal to humans, and on dogs, as the socially closest animal to humans. In primates, polymorphisms were discovered between or within species, and the functional effects on neural transmission were found to be different by alleles. Even in apes, the closest species to humans, function was different from that in humans. In dogs, allele distributions of several genes were different among breeds showing different behavioral traits, and genes associated with individual differences in aggressiveness and aptitude of working dogs were surveyed. The survey of behavior-related genes has also been carried out in other mammals such as horses and cetaceans. Genes controlling various behaviors in birds have also been reported. The marker genes for behavior will provide useful information for human evolution, welfare of zoo animals and effective selection of working dogs and industry animals.     

奶牛胎衣不下与血浆NO、GSH-PX和MDA变化的关系

对9例产后健康奶牛和9例产后胎衣不下奶牛产后0、4、8、12、16h血浆中一氧化氮(NO)含量、谷胱甘肽过氧化酶(GSH-Px)活性和丙二醛(MDA)的含量进行了测定。结果显示,试验组血浆中NO、MDA高于对照组,差异极显著(P<0.01),GSH-Px活性低于对照组,差异极显著(P<0.01),表明血浆中NO、GSH-Px、MDA的变化参与了产后胎衣不下的发生、发展。