Bilateral ectopic ureters in a male dog with unilateral renal agenesis

A 1-year-old neutered male mixed-breed dog was evaluated because of signs of urinary incontinence. Retrograde positive contrast urethrocystography and excretory urography with pneumocystography revealed bilateral intramural ectopic ureters and absence of the right kidney. During abdominal exploratory surgery, only the left kidney was located. The left intramural ectopic ureter was repaired by neoureterostomy (creation of a new opening for the ureter to enable urine to empty into the bladder). The right ectopic ureter was ligated at its entrance into the urinary bladder serosa. Results of excretory urography (performed immediately after surgery and repeated 8 weeks later) revealed successful correction of the left intramural ectopic ureter. Twelve weeks after surgery, the dog remained continent. To the authors' knowledge, there are few reports of ectopic ureters in male dogs; furthermore, the urinary tract abnormalities detected concurrently in this dog are also unusual.     

Surgical treatment of a duplicated and ectopic ureter in a dog

An eight‐month old female bull mastiff was referred for evaluation of urinary incontinence. Contrast‐enhanced computed tomography identified complete duplication of the left ureter with ectopic insertion of the duplicate ureter into the proximal urethra. Ureteroneocystostomy was performed, which improved but did not resolve urinary continence. To the authors’ knowledge, this report details only the second reported case of duplicated ectopic ureter in the dog and the first documenting surgical reimplantation; thus, double‐system ureteral ectopia should be considered as a possible differential diagnosis for urinary incontinence.     

Urinary incontinence in a dog with an ectopic ureterocele.

A 7-month-old, female English cocker spaniel was examined because of a complaint of urinary incontinence. Excretory urography revealed a small right kidney and right-sided hydroureter, ectopic ureter, and ureterocele. Ureteronephrectomy and ovariohysterectomy were performed, but the distal ureter and ureterocele were left in situ. Recurrent urinary tract infections and intermittent urinary incontinence persisted after surgery. Vaginourethrography demonstrated the presence of a urethral diverticulum associated with the ureterocele. Ureterocelectomy was performed, and the dog remains continent 4 years after ureterocelectomy. Persistent urinary incontinence and urinary tract infection were attributed to failure to resect the ureterocele.     

Unilateral renal agenesis associated with additional congenital abnormalities of the urinary tract in a Pekingese bitch

An eight-month-old Pekingese bitch with urinary incontinence was found to have three congenital anomalies of the urinary tract: left renal agenesis, bilateral ectopic ureters with a left cranial blind-ending ureter, and urinary bladder hypoplasia. The diagnoses were made by retrograde vaginourethrography, excretory urography, ultrasonography and duplex Doppler ultrasonography. Although urological anomalies associated with renal agenesis have been frequently observed, a cranial blind-end ectopic ureter has not, to the authors' knowledge, been described in the bitch. The dog was managed medically with a restricted protein diet because of a compromised unilateral kidney with hydronephrosis and hydroureter.     

Ectopic ureter in a dog: extension from the kidney to the urinary bladder and to the urethra

An ectopic ureter extending to the urinary bladder and to the proximal portion of the urethra was diagnosed in a 6-month-old dog with urinary incontinence. The diagnosis was made by use of excretory urography. The kidney and ureter were removed. When urinary incontinence continued, positive-contrast cystography was performed. The ectopic ureter was found to bypass the bladder via a submucosal extension that emptied into the urethra.     

Urinary incontinence due to ectopic ureter in a male dog.

Urinary incontinence was associated with an ectopic ureter in a 5-month-old, male Wire Fox Terrier. The dog regained urinary continence after transplantation of the ureter from the urethra into the urinary bladder. Of the 3 reported cases of extopic ureters in male dogs, 2 have been associated with urinary incontinence. These observations do not support the hypothesis that ectopic ureters are more frequently recognized in female than in male dogs because urinary incontinence is more commonly associated with the disorder in female dogs.     

Delayed-onset urinary incontinence in five female dogs with ectopic ureters

This case series describes five female dogs with congenital ectopic ureter presenting with delayed-onset urinary incontinence out of 22 female dogs diagnosed with ectopic ureter over a 102-month period at a veterinary teaching hospital. All five dogs improved following surgical treatment of ectopic ureter, but only three remained continent long-term without further intervention. Delayed-onset urinary incontinence in female dogs with ectopic ureters may be more common than the current literature suggests. Congenital ectopic ureter should be considered and investigated as a possible contributing factor in female dogs presenting with delayed-onset urinary incontinence.     

The use of computed tomography in the diagnosis of an ectopic ureter in a Quarter Horse filly

This report describes a 4‐month‐old Quarter Horse filly with an ectopic ureter. The filly presented with signs of urinary incontinence, which had been present since birth. Computed tomography (CT) examination and cystoscopy confirmed a diagnosis of a unilateral ectopic ureter. A nephrectomy of the left kidney was performed and renal function was closely monitored post operatively. The filly was treated for abdominal chylous effusion as a post operative complication. The filly survived to discharge from the hospital, and maintained normal urinary function at 12 months post operatively.     

Congenital ectopic ureters in a continent male dog and cat

A male dog and cat were evaluated because of clinical signs associated with hydronephrosis. Both animals had ectopic ureters, but neither had urinary incontinence. The diagnoses were made by use of ultrasonography, excretory urography, retrograde urethrocystography, and surgery. In both animals, hydronephrosis was bilateral but of unequal severity, such that unilateral ureteronephrectomy could be performed. Both animals underwent ureteroneocystostomy of the remaining ureter. This treatment resulted in good clinical outcome during follow-up periods of 18 months and 3 years.     

Ectopic ureterocele in a cat

A 9-month-old, castrated male domestic shorthair cat with urinary incontinence was referred for surgical correction of an ectopic ureter. Excretory urography revealed hydronephrosis of the right kidney, right hydroureter, and ureterocele. A partial ureterocelectomy and neoureterocystostomy were performed. This report describes the surgical modification of the ureterocele and ectopic ureter to correct ipsilateral hydronephrosis, hydroureter, and urinary incontinence.     

ULTRASONOGRAPHIC FINDINGS IN 14 DOGS WITH ECTOPIC URETER

To evaluate ultrasonography as an alternative to contrast radiography for diagnosis of ectopic ureter in dogs, ultrasonography of the urinary tract was performed prospectively in a series of urinary incontinent dogs anesthetized for contrast radiography. Fourteen dogs had ectopic ureter based on surgical, necropsy or unequivocal contrast radiographic findings. There were eight females and six males of a variety of breeds; five were Labrador retrievers. Mean (range) age at the time of diagnosis was 1.2 (0.2–4) years for females and 3.5 (0.3–5) for males (p < 0.05). Ectopic ureters were unilateral in five dogs (2 left; 3 right) and bilateral in nine dogs. Both ultrasound images and contrast radiographs were positive for 21 (91%) ectopic ureters; the same two ectopic ureters were not detected using either modality. The termination of each of the five normal ureters was visible on ultrasound images; two (40%) were visible on radiographs. Other ultrasonographic findings included dilatation of the ectopic ureter and/or ipsilateral renal pelvis in ten (43%) instances, evidence of pyelonephritis in two dogs (with enlargement of the contralateral kidney in one dog), and urethral diverticuli in one dog. Ultrasonography is a practical diagnostic test for ectopic ureter in dogs. In this series there was close correlation between the ultrasonographic and contrast radiographic findings for each ectopic ureter, but ultrasonography enabled more accurate determination of normal ureteral anatomy.     

Bilateral ureterocystostomy in a 450-kg horse with ectopic ureters.

A 450-kg yearling Clydesdale filly was determined to have bilateral ectopic ureters. The resulting incontinence caused severe malodorous perineal dermatitis. Bladder capacity was measured at 800 ml. The urethral sphincter lacked tone, and the horse was seen to urinate in a normal manner only 2 or 3 times a week. A midline celiotomy was performed, and the ureters were identified by cannulation from the ectopic openings. The ureters were ligated, and the cut ends were anastomosed to the dorsal bladder surface by an extravesicular end-to-side technique. A partial thickness seromuscular layer of the bladder was sutured over the ureters in a cranial direction from the anastomosis site for 15 mm. This fixed the ureters to the dorsal surface of the bladder and protected the anastomosis site from tension. After surgery, the horse urinated n a normal manner many times a day. Urinary incontinence continued, but gradually improved. Bladder capacity increased over 13 months to 4.3 L. Surgical (urethral extension) and medical (phenylpropanolamine and estrogen) treatments were instigated to increase urethral sphincter tone. Urinary incontinence continued to improve and, at 11 months after surgery, incontinence was negligible, and the perineal dermatitis had healed.     

Four cases of lowered urethral pressure in canine ectopic ureter

To evaluate the function of the constrictor urethrae of dogs that had urinary incontinence and were diagnosed as having ectopic ureter, the urethral pressure profile (UPP) was measured by means of a microchip catheter transducer. The UPPs (14.5 +/- 3.3 mmHg) of the four dogs suffering from ectopic ureter were much lower (p<0.001) than the UPPs of clinically healthy female dogs (35.3 +/- 5.7 mmHg). In the cases of ectopic ureter, it was shown that the UPP was lowered, and it was suggested that this would lead to the expression of urinary incontinence.     

Ultrasonographic diagnosis of unilateral ectopic ureter in a Labrador dog

A 3-month-old, Labrador bitch presented with urinary incontinence. A unilateral, ectopic ureter was diagnosed with ultrasound without the aid of additional contrast radiographic techniques. Ipsilateral hydroureter and mild hydronephrosis were also present. At the level of the bladder trigone the ectopic ureter became intramural and this was clearly demonstrable with ultrasound. The opening of the ectopic ureter into the proximal urethra was, however, not visualised owing to its intrapelvic location.     

EXCRETORY UROGRAPHY AND ULTRASONOGRAPHY IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF BILATERAL ECTOPIC URETERS IN A FOAL

A 7-week-old Appaloosa filly was admitted for persistent urinary incontinence since birth. Vaginal speculum examination revealed urine flowing from an opening in the right vaginal wall. Cystoscopy demonstrated that the ureters did not terminate at the bladder. The endoscope passed easily from the vagina directly into a dilated right ureter. An excretory urogram confirmed the vaginal termination of at least one ureter, based upon extensive filling of the vagina with contrast media in the absence of bladder filling. Bilateral hydroureter and dilated renal pelves were demonstrated both by excretory urography and by ultrasonography. Euthanasia was requested by the owner in lieu of attempted surgical correction. At necropsy, it was confirmed that the right ureter entered the vagina and the left ureter terminated at the urethra. The diagnosis of bilateral ectopic ureter in this foal was suggested by the history and clinical signs, supported by endoscopy and ultrasonography, and confirmed by excretory urography and necropsy. This case establishes the value of diagnostic imaging techniques in the antemortem diagnosis of ectopic ureter.     

Ectopic ureter in a male cat

A male cat with persistent urinary incontinence is described. Definitive diagnosis of unilateral ectopic ureter was obtained by intravenous urography, after which surgical re-implantation of the ureter into the bladder was performed. The literature on ureteral ectopia in cats is discussed.     

Ectopic ureter in a male cat

A male cat with persistent urinary incontinence is described. Definitive diagnosis of unilateral ectopic ureter was obtained by intravenous urography, after which surgical re-implantation of the ureter into the bladder was performed. The literature on ureteral ectopia in cats is discussed.     

Unusual anatomic variation of bilateral ectopic ureters in a dog

An unusual anatomic variation of bilateral ectopic ureters was diagnosed in a 6-week-old female Siberian Husky with urinary incontinence. Assessment during surgery revealed bilateral ectopic ureters with a common opening in the proximal portion of the urethra. Ureteroneocystostomy was performed bilaterally. After surgery, intermittent urinary incontinence continued, but was less severe. After resection of a persistent hymen in the 6-month-old dog, incontinence appeared to resolve, but then recurred, and has been controlled by phenylpropanolamine administration.     

An unusual case of urinary incontinence in an intersex West Highland white terrier

A 5-year-old neutered female West Highland white terrier dog was presented with a history of congenital urinary incontinence that had become refractory to medical management. Complex urogenital anomalies including urethrovestibular and vestibuloperineal fistulae with low vulvar position along with a penoclitoris were present. Vaginectomy with perineal urethral reconstruction resolved the incontinence.     

Creation of a Urethral Conduit from a Preputial Indirect Flap in a Dog with Perineal Hypospadias

Objective— To report a surgical technique for creation of a urethral conduit using a preputial indirect flap.
Study Design— Case report.
Animals— Male Doberman Pinscher (6 weeks old).
Methods— A urethral conduit was constructed using a multistage preputial indirect flap in a dog with severe perineal hypospadias.
Results— Successful transfer of a perineal located urethral meatus to a more anatomically normal inguinal location was achieved with a preputial flap. The procedure was performed to aid control of recurrent urinary tract infections after anal and urethral separation in a dog with imperforate anus, urethrorectal fistula, and proximal perineal hypospadias.
Conclusions— Creation of a urethral conduit from a tubed bipedicle flap using redundant preputial tissue eliminated fecal contamination of the urethral meatus, aiding control of urinary tract infection. A good functional and cosmetic outcome was achieved.
Clinical Relevance— This technique should be considered in aiding control and prevention of urinary tract infections in dogs with proximal perineal hypospadias where a preputial remnant exists.