基于Sentinel-2影像的河套灌区作物种植结构提取

作物识别是提取作物种植结构的基础,利用遥感技术对作物进行监测识别,对优化生产布局、调整农业生产模式有着重要意义。文中选取河套灌区杭锦后旗为研究区域,基于2019年覆盖生长周期的Sentinel-2号卫星影像数据,构建NDVI时间序列数据集,利用Savitzky-Golay(S-G)滤波对NDVI时间序列数据集进行平滑,分析不同作物不同发育期的光谱曲线特征,计算各主要作物识别关键期的光谱阈值,构建基于决策树分层分类的农作物种植面积提取模型,并用验证样本对分类结果进行精度验证。结果表明:利用整个生育期内的NDVI最大合成影像确定植被地表覆盖,NDVI曲线变化区别林地与耕地,逐层提取地物,简便易行;采用S-G滤波重构高质量的NDVI时间序列曲线,研究证明重构后曲线更加平滑符合作物生长趋势;基于Sentinel-2号遥感数据和整个生育期NDVI时序数据,构建分层分类决策树模型,作物分类总体精度达92.1%,Kapppa系数精度达0.857。本研究采用的方法满足遥感观测应用化需求,也为县级区域农作物分类提供重要参考价值。     

基于TVDI的渭干河-库车河三角洲绿洲植被生长期干旱遥感监测研究

渭干河-库车河三角洲绿洲是新疆重要农业生产区,频发的旱灾始终是制约农业可持续发展的障碍因素。因此,文中以渭干河-库车河三角洲绿洲为研究区,利用1989年和2011年植被生长期的两期TM影像提取的归一化植被指数(NDVI)和地表温度(Ts),构建Ts-NDVI特征空间,依据该特征空间设计的温度植被干旱指数(TVDI)作为旱情指标,找出适合研究区的旱情判别模式,并进行旱情对比分析。结果表明:1)在Ts-NDVI特征空间中,该绿洲1989年和2011年干旱遥感监测的干、湿边拟合方程分别为TSmax=-13.795NDVI+296.5,TSmin=5.3374NDVI+283.12和TSmax=-27.861NDVI+315.52,TSmin=4.4736NDVI+292.46。说明随着干边斜率增加,湿边斜率也增加,形成稳定的三角形形状,能较好的反映土壤干旱状况;2)从TVDI旱情等级分布图上可以得出等级为干旱的面积有所增加,且这一区域主要集中在绿洲外围,表明随着绿洲内部干旱的缓解,绿洲外围生态环境有所恶化。通过以上研究发现利用温度植被旱情指数(TVDI)法对渭干河-库车河绿洲地区进行夏季干旱动态监测是可行的。     

基于多时相影像的棉花种植信息提取方法研究

为实现区域棉花种植面积信息的快速监测,利用2014年新疆奎屯市农七7师125团棉花不同生育期内2期关键期HJ-CCD数据影像,分别运用支持向量机(SVM)的分层监督分类法和专家知识决策树(CART)分类法,基于研究区棉花与其他作物物候和光谱差异提取棉花种植面积和位置,并对两种方法的分类结果进行分析。结果发现:1监督分类法与专家决策树分类法都能有效的提取棉花的面积,棉花总面积精度达96%以上,位置精度达82%以上,专家决策树分类更优一些。2相对而言,基于专家决策树法相对简单,分类精度高,分类位置精度较好。采用环境小卫星影像结合野外调查,在提取棉花种植面积方面有着覆盖面积大、观测周期短的综合优势,而决策树分类法提取棉花面积简单有效。由此可建立一种适用于棉花信息监测系统平台,方便快捷的提取作物种植面积,为棉花长势的研究和病虫害发生区域的确定提供了技术支持。     

棉花全生育期叶片SPAD值的遥感估算模型

叶绿素含量是评估棉花生长状况的重要参数,估算叶绿素含量对于棉花生长监测具有重要意义。以渭北旱塬区种植的棉花为试验材料,测量全生育期棉花叶片SPAD值与冠层反射率光谱,将原始高光谱反射率、一阶微分光谱反射率、不同波段组合的遥感光谱参数分别与SPAD值做相关性分析,用传统回归分析方法构建五种重要光谱参数的SPAD值预测模型,同时,采用PLSR方法建立全生育期SPAD值的估算模型。最后对模型进行检验,筛选出精度最高的模型。建模结果表明,基于多种光谱参数的全生育期PLSR预测模型精度最高、预测效果最好,估算模型的决定系数R~2为0.733,验证模型R~2为0.737。PLSR方法建立的多光谱参数的SPAD值估算模型预测效果显著,利用高光谱技术对棉花SPAD值进行监测,可为全生育期棉花长势遥感监测提供依据。     

基于条件植被温度指数的干旱监测研究

以黑龙江军川农场为研究区域,应用Landsat TM卫星遥感数据计算和反演归一化植被指数和地表温度,采用条件植被温度指数(VTCI)的方法对该区域进行土壤表层水分监测.通过与同一时期的LST和NDVI模型的反演结果进行对比,结果表明:VTCI与该模型的纹理特征相似,干旱的分布规律几乎一致.应用土壤表层含水量数据对干旱监测结果进行验证,验证结果表明VTCI与土壤表层含水量有较好的线性相关性,进一步证实了VTCI是一种实时的干旱监测方法.     

基于MODIS的河南省春旱遥感监测

以河南省冬小麦旱情遥感监测为例,利用MODIS/Terra卫星产品的归一化差异植被指数(NDVI)和地表温度(Ts)数据,构建双抛物线型NDVI-Ts特征空间。基于双抛物线型NDVI-Ts特征空间的温度植被干旱指数(TVDI)数据与气象站点实测土壤湿度进行相关性分析,揭示双抛物线型NDVI-Ts特征空间能较好地反映地表10cm土壤水分状况。以双抛物线型NDVI-Ts特征空间反演得到的TVDI作为旱情遥感监测指标,评估了2000年、2005年、2010年和2015年2月26日～6月1日的河南省春旱情况,并与当地气象站降雨数据对比,揭示了河南省旱情发展的时空特点,结果表明:利用MODIS NDVI和Ts数据构建NDVI-Ts特征空间呈双抛物线型,干边可决系数R~2在0.9以上;TVDI与实测土壤湿度呈现负相关关系,两者之间的线性拟合方程通过了P≤0.05的显著性检验;进一步将TVDI监测结果与降水量数据对比分析,表明TVDI监测旱情空间分布基本与降雨量空间分布一致。因而,基于双抛物线型NDVI-Ts特征空间的TVDI可以用于研究区旱情监测;从2000年、2005年、2010年和2015年的冬小麦旱情时空分布来看,河南省中南部冬小麦主产区土壤比较湿润,基本满足冬小麦需水量要求。     

警惕双斑长跗莹叶甲加重为害北方多种作物

据内蒙古、陕西、新疆等北方省(自治区)植保站监测,原为次要害虫的双斑长跗莹叶甲[Monolepta hieroglyphica(Motschulsky)]又称双圈莹叶甲、双斑莹叶甲近年在玉米、大豆、棉花及一些蔬菜等多种作物上为害程度明显上升.具为害作物种类多、发生面积大和虫口密度高等特点,对农作物生产造成较大威胁.     

新疆耕地盐渍土遥感信息解译标志及指标探讨

目前新疆耕地盐渍土遥感调查常用方法为人工目视判读法.具体方法是:以土壤调查为基础,以盐渍土对农作物危害为主要解译标志,以地下水埋深为动态标志,进行综合解译判读;相应的解译指标为农作物的缺苗指标、农作物长势指标、地理景观特征、地下水位埋深等.新疆耕地盐渍土遥感调查结果得到了同行专家的认同,证明人工目视判读方法在新疆干旱盐碱地区是适用的.本文所提出的新疆耕地遥感调查盐渍土解译方法、标志、指标,在其它地区是否适用,需继续研究探讨.     

中国西北盐碱区植被盖度遥感方法分析

通常在研究植被生态退化时,植被盖度是常用的一个监测指标。在遥感领域,使用植被指数进行植被盖度监测已经被广泛应用,本文以NDVI,MSAVI和混合像元线性分解植被成分为主要分析因子,以新疆艾比湖为实验区,经过实地调查和图像分析,认为改进后的植被指数固然提高了对弱植被信息的表现能力,但是混合像元线性分解后得到的植被丰度值更适合应用于低覆盖地区的植被动态监测。     

冬小麦生物量遥感监测模型的研究

本文利用１９９２－１９９４年乌兰乌苏农业气象试验站观测农学资料、光谱资料以及同步接收的ＮＯＡＡ／ＡＶＨＲＲ资料，计算了冬小麦生物量与比值植物指数（ＲＶＩ）和归一化差值植被指数（ＮＤＶＩ）的相关系数，并建立了冬小麦生物量的光谱监测模型和气象卫星遥感监测模型，为冬小麦长势的动态监测提供了理论依据。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

Diagnostics,genetic diversity and pathogenic variation of ascochyta blight of cool season food and feed legumes

Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However, where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas. Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes.     

Characterization of Sclerotinia minor populations in Texas peanut fields

In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population.     

Tumours of Begonia and some other ornamentals,induced by Corynebacterium fascians

In 1975 many tumours were observed in plants ofBegonia Schwabenland grown in Aalsmeer. Submersion of the roots ofNicotiana megalosiphon seedlings in a homogenate of tumorous tissue, induced tumours after two weeks. Short periods of submergence yielded results similar to those obtained after longer periods. Tumour homogenates lost their infectivity after ten min at 50°C. Aphids transmitted the infectious agent.Treatment with propylene oxide did not inhibit infectivity completely. Filtration through a 450 nm filter removed the infectious agent.Tobacco tumor virus or a viroid could not be isolated. Cultures ofCorynebacterium fascians, isolated from tumours ofN. megalosiphon were highly infectious and induced tumours in healthyN. megalosiphon andBegonia. Tumorous tissue homogenates ofPelargonium zonale, Dahlia sp.,Gladiolus sp., andLilium sp. also caused tumours inN. megalosiphon, from whichC. fascians was isolated. It was not possible to produce tumours inN. megalosiphon with homogenates from roses with symptoms of bud proliferation.Samenvatting In 1975 werden vele tumoren waargenomen inBegonia Schwabenland op Aalsmeerse bedrijven (Fig. 1). De infectiositeit van tumorweefsel kon goed en snel worden vastgesteld door de wortels van zaailingen vanNicotiana megalosiphon in een homogenaat van tumorweefsel te dompelen. Tumoren ontstonden na twee weken, de eindbeoordeling geschiedde na een maand (Fig. 2). Ook verschillende andereNicotiana spp.,Melilotus officinalis (Fig. 3) enPisum odoratum (Fig. 4) werden aangetast.Bij de infectiositeitstoets gaven zeer korte dompeltijden even goede resultaten als langere (Tabel 1). Infectieus sap verloor zijn infectievermogen na 10 min verhitting bij 50°C. Bladluizen brachten de smetstof over. Propyleenoxide verminderde de infectiositeit wel, doch onderdrukte deze niet totaal. Bij filtratie door een 450 nm filter bleef het infectieuse agens op het filter achter. Het tumor-inducerende agens was ook aanwezig in die delen van planten met tumoren welke gezond leken en het ging voor een gering deel over met zaad (Tabel 2).Uit tumoren konden wij geen tabakstumorvirus of een viroïde isoleren. Culturen vanCorynebacterium fascians, geïsoleerd uit tumoren vanN. megalosiphon bleken zeer infectieus en veroorzaakten tumoren inN. megalosiphon enBegonia. Homogenaten van tumorweefsel vanPelargonium zonale, dahlia (Fig. 5), gladiool (Fig. 6) enLilium Mid Century Hybrid Enchantment (Fig. 7) veroorzaakten ook tumoren opN. megalosiphon, waaruitC. fascians werd geïsoleerd. Met sap van kroeskopzieke rozen konden wijN. megalosiphon niet besmetten.