山西南部苹果花期冻害时空分布特征及综合防御技术

利用1997—2016年山西南部苹果主产县(市、区)苹果花期逐日最低气温及日平均气温观测资料,根据苹果花期冻害等级划分指标,采用最小二乘法对花期冻害日数进行线性倾向估计,并用Mann-Kendall非参数检验方法对花期冻害日数的变化趋势进行显著性检验,分析山西南部苹果花期冻害的时空分布特征。结果表明: 山西省南部苹果产区发生花期冻害日数年均为3.1 d,各县花期均温介于13.0℃~13.8℃之间。运城地区4月中上旬易发生冻害,临汾地区吉县与隰县4月下旬易发生冻害;山西南部苹果花期冻害日数近20 a气候倾向率为-0.666 d·（10 a）^-1（P≤0.01）,花期极端最低气温气候倾向率为0.165 d·（10 a）^-1（P≤0.01）,花期极端最低气温与冻害日数具有极显著负相关关系。山西南部苹果花期冻害日数突变点在2008年,且在2015年之后苹果花期冻害日数突破α=0.05显著性水平下限。对于苹果花期冻害的综合防御措施,可采用“以防为主,抗补结合”策略。     

陕西省苹果花期冻害风险评估

以Tmin≤-1℃为冻害指标,基于模糊数学和信息扩散理论,把1970～2008年38 a间日最低气温Tmin≤-1℃的低温天气事件作为风险源,计算陕西省27个苹果主要生产基地县在每年4月各时段发生花期冻害的风险水平,并确定各基地县花期冻害的重点防御时间及开始疏花的时间.结果表明,4月全省苹果基地县出现Tmin≤-1℃的风险概率均大于十年八遇,而4月10日和20日后出现Tmin≤-1℃的风险概率均小于两年一遇及十年一遇;此外,分别用50%和20%的风险概率作为指标,确定各基地县花期重点防御结束时间和安全疏花起始时间,两个时间均从东南向西北逐渐推迟.     

甘肃平凉市苹果花期冻害风险分析及区划

利用平凉7县（区）气象资料、6个县（区）的苹果物候观测资料和产量资料,对苹果花期冻害指标、因冻减产情况及不同等级冻害发生频率进行了分析。根据平凉近年来苹果花期冻害实地调查,将花期冻害分为三种强度等级即重度（T≤-3.5℃）、中度（T≤-1.5℃）和轻度（T≤0℃）,不同冻害等级对应不同的减产率。 在平凉7个县（区）中,华亭花期冻害发生最严重,不同等级的冻害发生1年1～2次,崇信花期冻害则最轻,不同等级冻害3年1次,其他县（区）1～2年1次,全市不同等级冻害的频率分布表现出轻度＞中度＞重度的特点。在此基础上,以冻害灾损率作为风险区划指标,将苹果花期冻害风险分为3个区：高风险区、中风险区和低风险区。本市多数区域属于中风险区和低风险区,重度冻害发生较少,但中度冻害和轻度冻害发生仍较频繁。建议全市在目前果园布局的基础上,应进一步加大中东部低风险区的苹果种植。     

北京7号桃树(Prunus armeniaca)盛花期霜冻害指标试验研究

以北京7号桃树为研究对象,低温强度为主导指标、≤0℃温度持续时间为辅助指标,建立桃树盛花期霜冻害指标体系。采用大田试验,低温霜箱模拟,并结合霜冻历史调查资料分析的方法,得到北京7号桃盛花期花器发生轻霜冻(受冻率≤30%)、中霜冻(受冻率31%～60%)、重霜冻(受冻率61%～80%)和特重霜冻(受冻率≥81%)不同强度霜冻灾害的温度指标分别为最低气温≥-1.8、-1.9～-3.2、-3.3～-4.1、≤-4.2℃;气温≤0℃持续时间分别为≤2.6、2.7～5.2、5.3～7.0、≥7.1h。     

苹果极端气象灾害气温极值的分布及重现期预测

研究气温极值的分布以预测重现期是客观评价出现在农作物关键期的极端气象灾害强度的一种方法。本研究以苹果为例,根据苹果严重气象灾害指标,利用陕西种植区代表站逐日气温数据,建立了苹果开花期严重冻害(4月最低气温<-2℃)和果实膨大期严重高温热害(6~8月最高气温>40℃)气温极值的分布模型及重现期预测,对北扩地区苹果树越冬期冻害频次进行了分析。结果表明:陕北、渭北局部10 a的重现期出现开花期严重冻害,在100 a的重现期中不会出现严重高温热害;关中、渭北大部分地区40~50 a的重现期出现严重冻害,30~80a的重现期出现严重高温热害;相同重现期陕北、渭北局部极端最低气温和极端最高气温均明显低于关中、渭北大部分地区;在苹果北扩基地县中,甘泉、米脂、吴起、志丹、子洲平均每年越冬期都出现低温,米脂、吴起、志丹越冬期低温频次出现较多,达2~3次/a。     

天水市1961-2010年积温变化特征

运用天水市7个国家基本(一般)气象站1961-2010年温度资料,借助于气候变化率、Mann-kendall等方法,对该地近50年农业气候热量资源变化规律进行了分析。结果表明:1961-2010年,该地年平均气温、年平均最低气温呈明显上升趋势;≥0℃的积温及≥0℃的日数、≥5℃的积温及≥5℃的日数、≥10℃的积温及≥10℃日数均有明显增加趋势;<0℃的积温及<0℃的日数呈减少趋势。气温升高、正积温及其天数增加和负积温及其天数减少有利于农业生产。建议根据气候变化,科学调整种植结构,充分利用农业气候热量资源。     

运城市主要果树花期冻害指标研究

运城市主要果树近年来均有不同程度花期冻害发生,为减少冻害损失,制定更具生产指导意义的农业气象灾害指标以及农业气象灾害标准,文中以运城市主要种植果树苹果、梨、桃、杏花器官为研究对象,利用智能人工气候箱模拟自然降温进行研究.结果表明:运城市苹果花期、梨花期、杏花期遭受冻害临界温度均为-2℃,桃花期遭受冻害临界温度为-3℃;...     

气候变暖对内蒙古东部地区农牧业气候资源的影响

选取内蒙古东部地区48个气象站1961-2014年的日气温、降水资料,计算了与农牧业生产相关的热量、水分等要素,深入分析了气候资源对气候变暖的响应及其对农牧业生产的影响。结果表明:1987-2014年比1961-1986年增温明显,特别是最低气温的增幅最为显著,冬季增温高于其它季节;≥0℃、≥10℃积温和无霜期均有所增加,积温线向西北方向推进;冬季≤-25℃低温天数明显减少;作物生长季降水量基本持平,但降水变率增大。因气候变暖,热量资源显著增加,长生育期作物扩种,设施农业冻害风险降低,有利于牲畜安全越冬度春,但会导致天然牧草退化,病虫害虫卵易于越冬;降水变率增大使干旱发生概率变大。     

石河子市近57年积温变化趋势特征研究

利用石河子市57年的地面气温资料,分析了近57年石河子市≥0℃、日均温≥10℃积温变化趋势,并探讨了积温变化对农业生产的影响。近57年来,石河子市≥0℃日均温初日提前不明显,终日延迟10d,持续日数延长约13d,≥0℃积温增加538.1℃;≥10℃初日提前10d,终日推后21d,持续日数延长30d,≥10℃积温增加626.4℃;后20年平均值与前20年相比,≥0℃、≥10℃持续日数分别延长8d、15d,≥0℃、≥10℃积温分别平均增加376.6℃、427.27℃。总体而言,石河子市近57年≥0℃和≥10℃积温变化均为增加趋势,且近20年二者增加的趋势较前20年更为明显。该研究可为当地掌握热量资源变化特征及调整农业布局提供理论依据。     

关中近40a冬小麦生育期热量资源变化及影响分析

利用关中10个代表站点1971-2010年气象资料和1986-2010年冬小麦生育期观测资料,采用数理统计方法分析冬小麦生育期热量资源变化及其影响。结果表明:近40a关中热量资源总体呈增加趋势,但年际波动较大,90年代增温较为明显。≥0℃初日呈明显提前趋势,终日略有推后,冬小麦越冬期推后。80年代开始14℃终日推后,18℃终日提前,冬小麦适宜播种期延长。≥0℃积温及日数呈明显增加趋势,越冬期负积温及日数均呈减少趋势。1986-2010年小麦生育期≥0℃积温平均增加180(℃·d)·10a-1,生育期天数减少6d·10a-1。冬前积温≥500℃·d且≤700℃·d保证率达80%的适宜播期为9月28日~10月11日。随着热量资源的增加,冬小麦适宜播期应比传统播期延迟3~5d,利于防止小麦旺长受冻。但实际播期受多种因素影响,应依据实际气候特点播种,提高热量资源利用率。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

Characterization of Sclerotinia minor populations in Texas peanut fields

In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population.     

Tumours of Begonia and some other ornamentals,induced by Corynebacterium fascians

In 1975 many tumours were observed in plants ofBegonia Schwabenland grown in Aalsmeer. Submersion of the roots ofNicotiana megalosiphon seedlings in a homogenate of tumorous tissue, induced tumours after two weeks. Short periods of submergence yielded results similar to those obtained after longer periods. Tumour homogenates lost their infectivity after ten min at 50°C. Aphids transmitted the infectious agent.Treatment with propylene oxide did not inhibit infectivity completely. Filtration through a 450 nm filter removed the infectious agent.Tobacco tumor virus or a viroid could not be isolated. Cultures ofCorynebacterium fascians, isolated from tumours ofN. megalosiphon were highly infectious and induced tumours in healthyN. megalosiphon andBegonia. Tumorous tissue homogenates ofPelargonium zonale, Dahlia sp.,Gladiolus sp., andLilium sp. also caused tumours inN. megalosiphon, from whichC. fascians was isolated. It was not possible to produce tumours inN. megalosiphon with homogenates from roses with symptoms of bud proliferation.Samenvatting In 1975 werden vele tumoren waargenomen inBegonia Schwabenland op Aalsmeerse bedrijven (Fig. 1). De infectiositeit van tumorweefsel kon goed en snel worden vastgesteld door de wortels van zaailingen vanNicotiana megalosiphon in een homogenaat van tumorweefsel te dompelen. Tumoren ontstonden na twee weken, de eindbeoordeling geschiedde na een maand (Fig. 2). Ook verschillende andereNicotiana spp.,Melilotus officinalis (Fig. 3) enPisum odoratum (Fig. 4) werden aangetast.Bij de infectiositeitstoets gaven zeer korte dompeltijden even goede resultaten als langere (Tabel 1). Infectieus sap verloor zijn infectievermogen na 10 min verhitting bij 50°C. Bladluizen brachten de smetstof over. Propyleenoxide verminderde de infectiositeit wel, doch onderdrukte deze niet totaal. Bij filtratie door een 450 nm filter bleef het infectieuse agens op het filter achter. Het tumor-inducerende agens was ook aanwezig in die delen van planten met tumoren welke gezond leken en het ging voor een gering deel over met zaad (Tabel 2).Uit tumoren konden wij geen tabakstumorvirus of een viroïde isoleren. Culturen vanCorynebacterium fascians, geïsoleerd uit tumoren vanN. megalosiphon bleken zeer infectieus en veroorzaakten tumoren inN. megalosiphon enBegonia. Homogenaten van tumorweefsel vanPelargonium zonale, dahlia (Fig. 5), gladiool (Fig. 6) enLilium Mid Century Hybrid Enchantment (Fig. 7) veroorzaakten ook tumoren opN. megalosiphon, waaruitC. fascians werd geïsoleerd. Met sap van kroeskopzieke rozen konden wijN. megalosiphon niet besmetten.     

Eyespot of Cereals Revisited: ITS phylogeny Reveals New Species Relationships

Four species so far classified in Pseudocercosporella or Ramulispora (hyphomycetes) are associated with eyespot disease symptoms of cereals. Two of these have been linked to teleomorphs that were described in Tapesia. Sequence data derived from the Internal Transcribed Spacer region (ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2) of the rDNA operon showed, however, that the eyespot fungi associated with Tapesia are not congeneric with Ramulispora sorghi, the type of Ramulispora. The genus name Tapesia is now rejected in favour of the conserved name Mollisia, which appears to comprise heterogeneous fungi. Tapesia yallundae is not closely related to the type of Mollisia, M. cinerea, but clusters separately, being more closely allied to species with Cadophora anamorphs. A new holomorph genus, Oculimacula, is therefore proposed for teleomorphs of the eyespot fungi, while the anamorphs are accommodated in Helgardia gen. nov.