茸鹿人工选育品种品系数量性状遗传参数的统计分析

对我国人工选育的梅花鹿和马鹿 6个品种品系的 2 0多个数量性状的遗传参数 ,进行了统计分析 ,结果表明 ,变异系数除鲜茸重的较高之外 ,其他很小 ;公鹿的留种率很低 ,茸重性状的选择差很大 ;遗传力和重复力均较高 ;世代间隔较短 ;鲜茸重的遗传进展和年改进量较大 ;梅花鹿种公鹿的种用年限较短 ,并明显低于马鹿的 ;梅花鹿品种品系间和马鹿亚种间杂交F1茸重性状和繁殖成活率性状的杂种优势率非常显著 (P <0 0 1 )。此项统计分析为茸鹿的优质高效育种、提高纯繁选育速度、杂种优势利用、杂交培育新品种和育种规化及模式提供了科学依据。     

中国人工选育茸用鹿品种(品系)的种质特性

从品种(品系)形成、体质外貌特征、生产性能(产茸、繁殖)和遗传性能等方面对中国人工选育的双阳梅花鹿品种、长白山梅花鹿品系、天山马鹿清原品系、西丰梅花鹿品种、乌兰坝马鹿品种等茸用鹿品种(品系)的种质特性进行了详细介绍，为充分合理利用茸用鹿种质资源，提供了科学依据。     

提高鹿茸产量十一法

1饲养优良品种或品系鹿 近16年,我国人工育成了双阳梅花鹿和西丰梅花鹿两个品种,一个长白山梅花鹿品系;育成天山马鹿清原品系和一个塔里木马鹿品种;杂交繁育了东天杂交和花马杂交等杂交鹿.这些鹿在相同饲养管理条件下,可比未经培育的鹿种提高鹿茸产量30%～60%.若能饲养这些优良品种或品系,尤其是饲养纯种中的特级、甚至超特级种公鹿的后代,且神经类型为安静型、茸型呈眉枝小和根细上冲乃至肥大的多头茸,遗传呈显性的,则增产效果尤为显著.     

提高鹿茸产量的几种方法

1驯养优良品种或品系 近几年,我国人工育成了双阳梅花鹿和西丰梅花鹿2个梅花鹿品种,1个长白山梅花鹿品系;育成天山马鹿清原品系和1个塔里木马鹿品种;杂交繁育了东天杂交和花马杂交等杂交鹿。这些鹿在相同饲养管理条件下,比未经培育的鹿种可提高鹿茸产量30％．60％。若能购买饲养这些鹿,尤其购买其中的特级,甚至超特级种公鹿的后代,且神经类型为安静型,茸型呈眉枝小和根细上冲乃至肥大的多头茸,遗传呈显性的,则增产效果尤为显著。     

我国人工选育的茸用鹿品种(品系)简介

中国是养鹿大国．驯养茸鹿具有悠久历史，目前驯养茸鹿近50万头．主要以梅花鹿、马鹿为主。近十几年来．中国茸鹿育种取得了巨大成绩．先后培育出了具有高产优质等特点的双阳梅花鹿品种(1986)、长白山梅花鹿品系(1993)、天山马鹿清原品系(1994)、西丰梅花鹿品种(1995)、乌兰坝马鹿品种、兴凯湖梅花鹿品种(2003)等6个优良品种(品系)．对改良低产茸鹿．促进我国养鹿业发展起到了巨大作用。     

我国人工饲养的茸用鹿品种

目前世界上共有鹿科动物47种,其中我国就多达15种。我国家养茸用鹿主要有梅花鹿和马鹿,经多年的人工培养已形成新的品种（或品系）,对促进我国养鹿业的发展发挥了积极作用。现将人工饲养的主要茸用鹿品种简介如下,供新上养鹿户在生产中参考： 　　一、 梅花鹿 　　我国梅花鹿共有6个亚种,现在饲养的全部是东北亚种梅花鹿,已分布全国各地。 　　1、双阳梅花鹿：双阳梅花鹿是在双阳型梅花鹿的基础上人工培育而成的品种,1986年通过品种鉴定。该品种具有早熟高产的特点,成年公鹿体高在101－111厘米之间,体长103－113厘米左右,体重约130千克;额宽平,身宽深,身上白花大而鲜,茸粗长,肥嫩上冲。鉴定时1－10锯公鹿平均鲜茸重2.9千克以上,58.2％公鹿鲜茸达3千克。母鹿繁殖成活率达82％,仔鹿初生重5.62－5.76千克,遗传性稳定,具有较高的育种价值。     

天山马鹿数量性状相关的统计分析

探讨了凉泉天山马鹿上锯公鹿的体重、茸重、茸的鲜干比例性状与鹿年龄、茸重性状与体重 ,体重、体尺和茸尺性状与茸重的关系。结果表明 :在一定年龄段 ,这些数量性状除了体尺中角基距性状与茸重呈强负相关 (-r,P <0 0 1 )外 ,多呈极显著正相关 (P <0 0 1 ) ,少数呈显著正相关 (P <0 0 5 ) ,并建立了线性回归方程 ,为预测并比较天山马鹿各锯时的体重、茸重、体尺、茸尺和茸的鲜干比例水平及制审定其检测标准提供了科学依据。     

梅花鹿、马鹿及杂种鹿茸料比的分析

以较大样本数为基础 ,采用加权法对我国 1988～ 2 0 0 2年家养的 14种茸用鹿鲜茸的茸料比进行了统计分析及选择。结果表明 ,3个地方品种即东北梅花鹿、东北马鹿和天山马鹿的茸料比分别为 5 773,5 6 0 3,11 76 0 ;2种杂交鹿花马杂交F1和东天杂交F1的茸料比分别为 8 6 6 2和 11 2 17;人工选育品种品系长白山品系、双阳、四平、西丰和敖东品种梅花鹿的茸料比分别为 7 346 ,6 15 6 ,6 0 5 6 ,5 75 2 ,5 6 13,天山马鹿清原品系和清原塔里木、乌兰坝马鹿品种的茸料比分别为 11 76 0 ,12 894 ,11 175 ,7 35 8。     

茸鹿的繁殖与饲养技术

(一)茸鹿的性成熟茸鹿的性成熟与品种、类型、性别、遗传状况、营养情况及个体发育等因素有关,梅花鹿比马鹿早,雌性早于雄性,同一品种鹿营养状况好和个体发育快的性成熟也早。一般性成熟期:梅花母鹿约在16月龄左右,发育良好的鹿7月龄就达到性成熟,公鹿为20月龄左右;马鹿约为28月龄,但有部分鹿16月龄即达到性成熟。适宜的初配年龄,梅花母鹿为16月龄、公鹿为40月     

茸鹿茸重和体重性状与年龄相关的统计分析

近20年来,在开展农业部"中国鹿类资源调查"、"鹿系列标准化"等多项畜牧业重点科研课题研究,以及梅花鹿和其它种类的茸鹿品种品系选育工作中,对13种茸鹿的茸重性状和8种茸鹿的体重性状观测至今,已积累了10几年的观测数据,现将它们与年龄之间相关性的统计结果汇总报道如下.     

梅花鹿锯茸时出血特点及止血药物的研究

为达到更好的锯茸止血效果,对梅花鹿锯茸时出血特点及锯茸止血药物应用效果进行了观察:收取初角茸时呈渗出状出血;收取二杠茸时呈线状出血;收取三杈茸和畸型茸时呈喷射状出血,并且有节律地进行搏动。出血量随着鹿茸的产量和茸根围度的增加而增多,但是当收取茸根围度为(20.3±0.6)cm的畸型茸时却不存在这种明显的相关关系。同一茸型不同年龄的鹿,因茸重、茸根围度的不同出血亦有差别。根据鹿茸的组织结构、生长规律和梅花鹿生理特点,选用由中药组成的外用锯茸止血药方剂,通过锯茸止血试验,结果表明,该锯茸止血药无刺激性,止血快,抗感染能力强,创面愈合良好,对再生茸产量没有明显影响(P>0.05)。     

Biometrics,Testosterone, Cortisol and Antler Growth Cycle in Iberian Red Deer Stags (Cervus elaphus hispanicus)

In this article, we aimed to describe the changes related to mating season in red deer, especially those related to antler growth, body condition score, testosterone and cortisol. Antler growth was studied in 17 Iberian red deer males, including body weight, antler length, biometric measures and testosterone and cortisol determination during 15 months. Body weight, body condition score, thoracic perimeter (TP), neck perimeter (NL) and testicular diameter (TD) showed the highest values immediately before mating season (autumn), decreased during it and remained constant at winter. Antler growth lasted 158 days and produced antlers with a final length of 80.8 ± 2.0 cm. Testosterone and cortisol showed seasonal changes with maximum values at September and May, respectively. Final antler size was related positively to cranial longitude, TP, NL, TD and body weight at casting time. No relationship between weight loss during precedent mating season and current antler size was found, but spring recovery weight was positively related to final antler size. Final length was related to the descent in testosterone values during previous mating season and to body weight before it. Spring recovery weight was related to relative weight loss during previous mating season. These results suggest that there is no relationship between the reproductive effort performed during one season and the next year size of the antler. In contrast, antler size was positively related to spring recovery weight, in the sense that those deer that recover a higher percentage of body weight at the early stages of antler growth develop higher antlers.     

Importance of growth during lactation on body size and antler development in the Iberian red deer (Cervus elaphus hispanicus)

Lactation appears to be an influential factor for the adult size of male deer and thus, it could also influence the size of the antlers. This study examined the effects of lactation on body weight and antler size of male Iberian red deer up to 2 years of age. Several body and antler measurements were related to the production and composition of milk and calf growth during lactation. Results showed that calf weight gains during lactation affected body weight and other parameters of calves at 1 year of age, and there is evidence that, even in ad libitum food conditions during post weaning period, some lactation effects could extend up to 2 years of age. High percentage of milk protein resulted in increased antler weight or length. Results also suggested that body growth during this early stage might affect antler size positively through growth precocity. Thus, males that reached a higher weight at weaning also developed antlers earlier. Antlers that developed earlier were also heavier and had a greater base perimeter.     

TMEM219基因可变剪切体相对表达量及其对鹿茸重量的影响

试验旨在研究TMEM219基因3种剪切体在不同重量鹿茸尖端的表达规律及TMEM219基因表达对鹿茸重量的影响,以期探究TMEM219基因对鹿茸生长发育的调控机理。利用实时荧光定量PCR技术对TMEM219基因及其3种剪切体在同一重量组鹿茸的不同组织及不同重量组鹿茸的同一组织mRNA的相对表达水平进行检测,同时测定并比较不同产茸量梅花鹿的血清中胰岛素生长因子1（IGF-1）和胰岛素样生长因子结合蛋白3（IGFBP-3）的浓度。结果表明,TMEM219基因的3种剪接体在梅花鹿鹿茸的间充质及前成软骨组织（RP）、过渡组织（TZ）及软骨组织（C）中均有表达,TMEM219-918基因相对表达量极显著高于TMEM219-1005与TMEM219-1960基因（P<0.01）,TMEM219-1005与TMEM219-1960基因相对表达量无显著差异（P>0.05）;高重量组TMEM219基因表达量显著高于低重量组（P<0.05）;同时,高重量组个体血清中IGF-1浓度显著高于低重量组个体（P<0.05）,而IGFBP-3浓度显著低于低重量组个体（P<0.05）。结果提示,TMEM219基因高表达可能会促进鹿茸的生长,增加鹿茸重量;推测其可能的机理是TMEM219竞争性结合IGFBP-3,减少与其结合的IGF-1,加强IGF-1与IGF-1R的亲和力,进而提高IGF-1对鹿茸生长的促进作用。TMEM219基因可能成为影响鹿茸生长发育的候选基因,为提高鹿茸生长提供理论基础。     

东北梅花鹿产茸性能分析

通过对东北梅花鹿产茸性能的分析 ,证明长沙市养鹿试验场东北梅花鹿产茸量基本保持在一定的水平上 ;产茸量与鹿年龄的大小存在曲线回归关系 ;头杠茸的重量与再生茸的重量不相关 ;体重与茸产量存在着很强的相关性。这些指标可为华南地区发展养鹿业提供一定的参考依据。     

梅花鹿茸鲜重与年龄的相关性研究及经济效益分析

以江苏地区的梅花鹿为对象,研究分析了梅花鹿鹿茸重量与其年龄之间的相关性。结果表明:9龄内梅花鹿的鹿茸重与年龄呈正相关(r=0.767,P<0.05),它们之间线性回归方程为y=0.345x+1.186。梅花鹿3～8锯的鲜茸单产很高,平均水平达3.28kg/锯。公鹿鲜茸重的变异系数在2～6龄之间逐渐减小,7龄之后又有上升的超势,其中以5～7龄的变异系数最小,分别为16.2%、6.1%、11.7%。相关数据分析表明,梅花鹿公鹿在1～4龄内经济效益较差,从5龄开始获利,年获利逐年增加,这种趋势与梅花鹿的茸产量变化趋势是一致的。     

Comparison of analgesic techniques for antler removal in wapiti.

The purpose of this research was to compare the effectiveness of ring block anesthesia (LA) and electroanesthesia (A) for antler removal in elk given a long-acting tranquilizer to remove stress from restraint. Thirty-two male wapiti were given 1 mg/kg body weight of zuclopenthixol acetate; the next day, they were restrained in a hydraulic chute, provided with electroanesthesia or a lidocaine ring block, and had their antlers removed. Behavioral response to antler removal was scored. Significantly more (P = 0.032) animals responded to antler removal in the EA group. Heart rates and arterial pressures were measured by a catheter connected to a physiological monitor. Heart rate increased significantly over time with EA, but not with LA. Heart rate increased from baseline significantly more in the EA group immediately prior to antler removal (P = 0.017), immediately post antler removal (P = 0.001), and at 1 min post antler removal (P = 0.037). It was concluded that EA is not as effective a method of anesthesia as is LA for antler removal.     

鹿产茸性能的调控因素

在阐述鹿茸的药理作用和营养特性的基础上,分析了鹿品种、年龄、营养及激素、骨化、光照、温度、中草药添加剂、适时收茸、体重等因素对茸鹿产茸性能的影响,为提高鹿茸产量和质量提供了理论基础。