不同栽培条件下的勃氏甜龙竹苗的叶片结构与光合特性研究

为探明勃氏甜龙竹不同栽培条件下的叶片结构和光合特性,采用石蜡切片技术观察了竹苗叶片解剖结构和利用苯酚硫酸法测定了相关的光合特性指标。结果表明,不同栽培条件下的竹苗叶片的气孔密度、叶片与角质层厚度及泡状细胞面积由薄到厚、由小到大依次为组培苗驯化苗一年生扦插苗3年生扦插苗,表皮细胞厚度由薄到厚依次为组培苗3年生扦插苗一年生扦插苗驯化苗,梭形细胞面积由小到大依则次为组培苗一年生扦插苗驯化苗3年生扦插苗。勃氏甜龙竹叶片净光合速率由大到小依次为组培苗驯化苗3年生扦插苗一年生扦插苗,蒸腾速率规律与之相反。可溶性糖含量由低到高依次为组培苗驯化苗一年生扦插苗3年生扦插苗,淀粉含量由低到高依次为驯化苗组培苗一年生扦插苗3年生扦插苗。勃氏甜龙竹组培苗叶片结构比充分适应环境的3年生扦插苗小而薄,其保水、支持能力较弱,体内营养物质依靠培养基提供,合成积累较少,抗逆境能力弱,甚至无抵抗力,因此组培苗必须经炼苗驯化才能移栽。     

2种基质对油橄榄扦插苗生长及光合特性的影响

将森林腐殖土、山砂、蛭石、珍珠岩按体积比6︰2︰2︰1进行复配,以苗圃土为对照,采用已扦插6个月的油橄榄苗进行盆栽试验,通过测定2种处理的土壤物理性状、苗木生长指标及光合特性,研究不同基质对油橄榄扦插苗移栽培育的效应。结果表明,配制基质显著促进了油橄榄苗木的生长及生物量积累,提高了叶片氮磷元素的含量,显著提升了植株的光合效率和水分利用率,是一种可以在生产实践中推广应用的基质配方。     

交趾黄檀扦插繁育试验

以交趾黄檀为研究对象,通过试验设计研究了NAA使用浓度(A)、基质类型(B)及插穗长度(C)对交趾黄檀扦插生根率的影响;比较了不同插穗下切口型(D)对交趾黄檀扦插生根率的影响;将已生根的交趾黄檀扦插苗移栽至6种基质配方的容器袋中,对比了苗木成活率、苗高及地径生长情况。结果表明：NAA浓度1300 mg/L(A₂)+纯黄心土(B₁)+插穗长度12 cm(C₂)组合最好,其生根率最高;比较3种插穗下切口型的扦插生根情况,以平切面(D₁)和双削面(D₃)的生根效果较优;将已生根的交趾黄檀扦插苗移栽至6种基质配方容器中,以E₅配方(黄心土∶泥炭土∶谷壳=5∶4∶1)的综合生长情况最佳。     

光叶子花不同叶位叶片叶绿素含量和光合作用研究

本文以光叶子花炼苗60 d组培苗为材料,对光叶子花不同叶位叶绿素含量、呼吸作用(Re)、气孔导度(Gs)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)、净光合速(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、叶面饱和水汽压亏缺(Vpdl)等进行了测定。试验结果表明,光叶子花叶片单位重量和单位面积叶绿素含量、净光合速度和水分利用效率(WUE)均随叶位上升呈先增大后减小趋势变化,其最大值都出现在第6叶位叶片;叶片呼吸速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率均随叶位上升而减小;叶片胞间CO2浓度随叶位上升呈先减小后增大变化;叶面饱和水汽压亏缺随叶位上升而增大。由于光叶子花中部叶片叶绿素含量、Pn和WUE相对较高,因此在今后的栽培管理中应对中部叶片加强保护。     

控根对湿加松扦插苗生长与根系形态的动态影响

以湿加松扦插容器苗为材料,设置空气切根(30,50,70cm苗床)和不切根对照处理,分析处理后半年内株高、地径、地上部生物量、根系生物量、根长、根表面积、根直径、细根比例等指标的月变化。结果表明,控根影响了扦插苗的根系形态,但对扦插苗的生长与生物量无显著影响。处理4个月后,70cm苗床的切根处理显著促进了根系的伸长生长,但5个月时,切根苗木的根系转向粗生长的阶段,与对照相比,细根比例降低,而根直径增大。苗木生长量呈现与根直径的相关性逐渐增强、而与根长度相关性减弱的趋势,表明控根苗木根系形态的动态变化有利于促进苗木的生长。建议采用70cm苗床做湿加松扦插苗的空气切根。     

不同氮素形态对油茶苗叶片解剖结构与光合特性的影响

研究不同氮素形态对油茶苗叶片解剖结构与光合特性的影响,以期筛选出适合油茶苗生长发育的氮素形态。以‘长林4号’油茶2年生扦插苗为研究材料,设置全铵(以T1表示)、铵硝混合(以T2表示)、全硝(以T3表示)3个处理组和对照组(以CK表示),测定油茶苗生长、叶片解剖结构、叶绿素和光合特性等指标。结果表明,各处理油茶苗叶片的叶绿素含量呈现T2>T1>T3>CK,且T1、T2、T3与CK差异性显著。T2处理油茶苗的叶片厚度、栅栏组织、栅海比、上下表皮厚度等叶片解剖特性值均为最大。T1、T2、T3处理的叶片净光合速率与CK相比分别显著增加了6.69%、10.41%、3.71%。与CK相比,T1、T2、T3处理的油茶苗的苗高、地径、叶片数增量、叶面积以及总干重显著提高,且T2的地上部分和地下部分干重、总干重、根冠比均显著优于其他处理。相关性分析发现,净光合速率与海绵组织、栅栏组织、叶片厚度呈现出极显著相关性(P<0.01),叶绿素总量与油茶苗生长量、净光合速率、叶片厚度、海绵组织、栅栏组织均有极显著相关性(P<0.01),因此叶片结构的变化影响叶绿素含量、净光合速率,进...     

百日青3种育苗方法及造林效果比较

针对百日青种子来源少及发芽率低等问题,分别采用扦插育苗、天然小苗移栽、天然中苗移栽方法培育了1年苗木并上山造林,结果表明:天然小苗移植效果最好,扦插育苗次之,天然中苗移植最差;扦插育苗成本最低,天然小苗移植次之,天然中苗最高;上山造林1年后,成活率和抽高最大为天然小苗移植苗,扦插育苗次之,天然中苗移植苗最低。分析认为:扦插育苗操作简单,插穗条来源相对容易,可逐步推广;扦插育苗应注意年龄效应、位置效应等技术要点;发展之初就应重视开展良种选育、仿野生环境开展混交林技术研究。     

8个油橄榄品种扦插苗苗期耐寒性评价

[目的]为探明油橄榄扦插苗苗期抗寒性评价方法。[方法]以中国北亚热带西秦岭南坡白龙江河谷地引种栽植的8个油橄榄品种2年生扦插苗为研究对象,人工模拟冷胁迫(16、12、8、4、0、-4℃),对其渗透调节物质含量,保护酶活性,光合和叶绿素荧光参数等指标进行分析。[结果]随着冷胁迫加剧,8个供试油橄榄品种幼苗叶片相对电导率(REC)、脯氨酸(Pro)、可溶性糖(SS)、可溶性蛋白(SP)含量呈上升趋势,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性在0℃前呈上升趋势,降至冰点后又开始逐渐降低;温度下降的过程中,各品种叶片叶绿素含量(ChI)、净光合速率(P_n)、蒸腾速率(T_r)、最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)、实际光化学效率(Φ_PSⅡ)均呈现下降趋势,气孔导度(G_s)在4℃前呈下降趋势。应用半致死温度(LT₅₀),渗透调节物质、保护酶活性参数隶属函数,光合和叶绿素荧光参数隶属函数3种评价体系进行了相关分析,8个油橄榄...     

云南红豆杉扦插苗和实生苗的生长及光合特性

为摸清云南红豆杉实生苗和扦插苗在生长和光合特性方面的特性和差异,在田间条件下,以2年苗龄的云南红豆杉实生苗和扦插苗为研究对象,用Licor-6400便携式光合作用测定系统测定了实生苗和扦插苗的光响应曲线和光合生理日变化,同时对实生苗和扦插苗生长、树形和生物量进行测定分析。结果表明:云南红豆杉实生苗的生长量、生物量和光合生理指标都基本优于扦插苗。实生苗的冠幅和生物量较扦插苗优势明显,实生苗净光合速率(Pn)总体高于扦插苗。实生苗净光合速率日变化呈双峰曲线,存在明显的"光午休"现象,扦插苗光合日变化呈单峰曲线。同时,实生苗对光环境和水分环境的适应能力优于扦插苗。实生苗在光补偿点和近光饱和点之间存在的光能利用区间大于扦插苗,实生苗的Pn和WUE的日积分值都大于扦插苗。     

香荚兰水培催根催芽成苗

<正> 水培是用营养液面为培养基质,扦插香荚兰茎段组织,促进茎节上的腋芽和根原基提早解除休眠,萌发生长成苗。1986年3月至7月,我们采用大田废弃苗为材料(每插条3—5节),室内试验插条133条,出苗移栽111株;室外水池(水池面积0.22米~2)试验,插条450条,出苗移栽654株,共移栽765株。经3个月后,测定生长量,最短苗10厘米,最长苗64厘米,平均长30.8厘米,冬前(10月底)调查,现成活658株,成活率86％。现将试验结果初报如下:     

一品红组培苗移栽期叶片生理与解剖变化

一品红(Euphorbia pulcherrima),别名象牙红、老来娇、圣诞花、猩猩木,为大戟科大戟属的重要花卉,世界各地广为栽培,为圣诞节、元旦、春节的优良装饰花卉。目前我国市场的矮化一品红主要由进口种苗培育而成,国内利用组织培养技术培育矮化一品红种苗已有不少成功的报道(钟士传等,1999;蒋小满等,2002),但一品红试管苗移栽时叶片较易萎蔫、成活率较低,为其种苗生产带来了困难。本试验研究一品红试管苗在移栽驯化过程中叶片蒸腾、光合特性及解剖结构的变化,探索提高其移栽成活率的方法,以便为矮化一品红种苗产业化提供技术支持。1材料与方法1·…     

The dynamics of rooting in Triplochiton scleroxylon cuttings: their relation to leaf area, node position, dry weight accumulation, leaf water potential and carbohydrate composition

Single-node, leafy stem cuttings of Triplochiton scleroxylon K. Schum. were collected from successive nodes down the uppermost shoot of 2-shoot stockplants. The leaves were trimmed to 10, 50 and 100 cm(2) before the cuttings were set under intermittent mist to root. Batches of cuttings were harvested after 0, 14, 28 and 42 days to assess leaf water potential, dry weight and carbohydrate content of their leaf and stem portions. Cuttings with leaf areas of 10, 50 and 100 cm(2) increased in total dry weight by 29, 61 and 90%, respectively, during the 6-week period. The increase in dry weight was accompanied by increases in reflux-extracted soluble carbohydrates (RSC), water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC) and starch. By contrast, increase in leaf area reduced leaf water potential of cuttings before root emergence. Fewer large-leaved cuttings rooted than smaller-leaved cuttings, suggesting that rooting ability is at least partially determined by the balance between photosynthesis and transpiration. Fewer roots per cutting were produced on cuttings with 10 cm(2) leaves than on cuttings with larger leaves. Node position affected increments in dry weight, carbohydrate content and leaf water potential, with differences between nodes on day 0 generally being lost or slightly reversed by day 14. Rooting ability was not related to initial (day 0) carbohydrate content, suggesting that rooting is dependent on carbohydrates formed after severance. During the rooting period, the proportions of total non-structural carbohydrate as WSC and starch were reversed, from mostly WSC on day 0 to mostly starch by day 42. These changes in WSC and starch occurred most rapidly in large-leaved cuttings.     

Photosynthetic productivity of aspen clones varying in sensitivity to tropospheric ozone

Rooted cuttings from three aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) clones (216, 271 and 259, classified as high, intermediate and low in O(3) tolerance, respectively) were exposed to either diurnal O(3) profiles simulating those of Michigan's Lower Peninsula (episodic treatments), or diurnal square-wave O(3) treatments in open-top chambers in northern Michigan, USA. Ozone was dispensed in chambers ventilated with charcoal-filtered (CF) air. In addition, seedlings were compared to rooted cuttings in their response to episodic O(3) treatments. Early in the season, O(3) caused decreased photosynthetic rates in mature leaves of all clones, whereas only the photosynthetic rates of recently mature leaves of the O(3)-sensitive Clone 259 decreased in response to O(3) exposure. During midseason, O(3) caused decreased photosynthetic rates of both recently mature and mature leaves of the O(3)-sensitive Clone 259, but it had no effect on the photosynthetic rate of recently mature leaves of the O(3)-tolerant Clone 216. Late in the season, however, photosynthetic rates of both recently mature and mature leaves of Clone 216 were lower than those of the control plants maintained in CF air. Ozone decreased the photosynthetic rate of mature leaves of Clone 271, but it increased or had no effect on the photosynthetic rate of recently mature leaves. Photosynthetic response patterns of seedlings to O(3) treatment were similar to those of the clones, but total magnitude of the response was less, perhaps reflecting the diverse genotypes of the seedling population. Early leaf abscission was observed in all clones exposed to O(3); however, Clones 216 and 259 lost more leaf area than Clone 271. By late August, leaf area in the highest O(3) treatment had decreased relative to the controls by 26, 24 and 9% for Clones 216, 259 and 271, respectively. Ozone decreased whole-tree photosynthesis in all clones, and the decrease was consistently less in Clone 271 (23%) than in Clones 216 (56%) and 259 (56%), and was accompanied by declines in total biomass of 19, 28 and 47%, respectively. The relationship between biomass and whole-tree photosynthesis indicates that the negative impact of O(3) on biomass in the clones was determined largely by lower photosynthetic productivity of the foliage, rather than by potential changes in the carbon relations of other plant organs.     

水肥处理对杨树光合特性的影响

以杨树扦插苗为试验对象,通过采用不同的水肥处理研究水肥对杨树叶片的叶绿素含量和光合指标的影响。结果表明:杨树叶片叶绿素含量随着水肥处理量的增加而上升;水肥处理对杨树叶片的光合指标也影响显著,光合速率和水分利用效率都是在高水量的施肥处理中较高,而蒸腾速率在低水量施肥处理中较高。     

油茶不同叶龄叶片形态与光合参数的测定

为了探讨油茶叶片形态特征、光合特性与叶龄的相关性,从而为油茶的生产经营提供理论参考,利用CI-203叶面积分析仪和LI-6400便携式光合仪测定了油茶新梢不同叶龄叶片的形态特征和光合参数。结果表明:油茶叶面积和叶片鲜质量,从第1到第3位叶逐渐变大,又从第3到第7位叶逐渐减小;叶片的叶绿素含量和净光合速率均随着叶龄的增大而增大;叶龄与蒸腾速率和气孔导度均呈极显著正相关,而与胞间CO2浓度呈极显著负相关;叶片比叶面积与胞间CO2浓度间呈极显著正相关,而与净光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度间均呈极显著负相关;叶片干物质含量比值与其净光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率间均呈极显著负相关;叶片生长20 d,叶面积等形态特征基本发育完全,经过60 d的生长后,基本成为主要功能叶。     

Leaf physiological versus morphological acclimation to high-light exposure at different stages of foliar development in oak

We investigated light acclimation in seedlings of the temperate oak Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl. and the co-occurring sub-Mediterranean oak Quercus pyrenaica Willd. Seedlings were raised in a greenhouse for 1 year in either 70 (HL) or 5.3% (LL) of ambient irradiance of full sunlight, and, in the following year, subsets of the LL-grown seedlings were transferred to HL either before leaf flushing (LL-HLBF plants) or after full leaf expansion (LL-HLAF plants). Gas exchange, chlorophyll a fluorescence, nitrogen fractions in photosynthetic components and leaf anatomy were examined in leaves of all seedlings 5 months after plants were moved from LL to HL. Differences between species in the acclimation of LL-grown plants to HL were minor. For LL-grown plants in HL, area-based photosynthetic capacity, maximum rate of carboxylation, maximum rate of electron transport and the effective photochemical quantum yield of photosystem II were comparable to those for plants grown solely in HL. A rapid change in nitrogen distribution among photosynthetic components was observed in LL-HLAF plants, which had the highest photosynthetic nitrogen-use efficiency. Increases in mesophyll thickness and dry mass per unit area governed leaf acclimation in LL-HLBF plants, which tended to have less nitrogen in photosynthetic components and a lower assimilation potential per unit of leaf mass or nitrogen than LL-HLAF plants. The data indicate that the phenological state of seedlings modified the acclimatory response of leaf attributes to increased irradiance. Morphological adaptation of leaves of LL-HLBF plants enhanced photosynthetic capacity per unit leaf area, but not per unit leaf dry mass, whereas substantial redistribution of nitrogen among photosynthetic components in leaves of LL-HLAF plants enhanced both mass- and area-based photosynthetic capacity.     

Changes in photosynthesis and water status of developing leaves of Brachystegia spiciformis Benth

Changes in net carbon assimilation and water status were studied during leaf development in the deciduous, tropical species Brachystegia spiciformis Benth. In this upland savanna African tree, bud-burst and leaf development occur approximately two months before the rainy season. The newly formed leaves synthesize anthocyanin until the fully expanded leaves of the whole canopy are red. This foliage is referred to as "spring flush" foliage. Subsequently, the anthocyanins are metabolized and the pre-rain leaves become green. Carbon dioxide assimilation exhibited a bimodal diurnal pattern and was similar for pre-rain green leaves and fully expanded flushing leaves, although pre-rain green leaves showed a net uptake of carbon throughout the daylight period, whereas flushing leaves exhibited only brief periods of net photosynthesis in the morning and early afternoon. Measurements of leaf water potential and relative water content showed a diurnal pattern with considerable variation throughout the day. Leaf water potential and relative water content values decreased soon after sunrise reaching a minimum at a time corresponding to the afternoon peak in CO(2) assimilation. Stomatal conductance was closely related to transpiration rate in both flushing and pre-rain green leaves, although flushing leaves had lower stomatal conductances than pre-rain green leaves. Pre-rain green leaves exhibited a compensation irradiance of approximately 180 micro mol m(-2) s(-1), whereas flushing leaves had positive net photosynthesis only at PPFDs greater than 300 micro mol m(-2) s(-1). Rate of photosynthesis (expressed per leaf area or chlorophyll unit) increased as anthocyanin concentration decreased, although the photosynthetic rate continued to increase long after the leaf anthocyanins had been degraded to low, visually undetectable amounts. Post-rain green leaves had chlorophyll concentrations, transpiration rates and stomatal conductances similar to those of pre-rain green leaves; however, photosynthetic rates in post-rain leaves were more than three times higher. Thus, during the early stages of the spring flush, carbon asimilation rates of the flushing leaves were inversely related to leaf anthocyanin concentrations. In pre-rain green leaves, photosynthesis was limited by other non-stomatal factors.     

Effects of partial defoliation on carbon and nitrogen partitioning and photosynthetic carbon uptake by two-year-old cork oak (Quercus suber) saplings

At the end of the growing season in late July, 20-month-old cork oak (Quercus suber L.) saplings were partially defoliated (63% of leaf area) to evaluate their ability to recover leaf area after defoliation. At 18 and 127 days after defoliation, changes in starch and nitrogen pools were determined in leaves and perennial organs, and variations in photosynthetic carbon uptake were investigated. To determine the role of stored nitrogen in regrowth after defoliation, plant nitrogen was labeled in the previous winter by enriching the nutrient solution with 15N. Plants recovered the lost leaf area in 127 days. Although there was remobilization of starch and nitrogen from leaves and perennial organs, the availability of resources for growth in the following spring was not decreased by defoliation. On the contrary, starch concentration in coarse roots was higher in defoliated saplings than in control saplings, presumably as a result of the higher net CO2 exchange rate in newly developed leaves compared with pre-existing leaves.     

Decline in stomatal response to leaf water deficit in Corylus maxima cuttings

Many woody species can be propagated from leafy cuttings. However, following rooting, cuttings of Corylus maxima Mill. cv. Purpurea do not always survive the transition from a highly supportive rooting environment (e.g., fog) to a more natural environment where evaporative demand is higher. We found that it is not the supply of water to leaves, but stomatal dysfunction that leads to severe water deficits in the rooted cuttings. Two hours after well-rooted cuttings were transferred from the rooting environment, we were able to relate visible signs of leaf water deficit to high stomatal conductance (g(s)) and low relative water content (R). Small expanding leaves (L3) had unusually high g(s) and lower R than fully expanded leaves (L1). Although high cuticular conductances (g(c)) were occasionally observed in L3, SEM confirmed that increased total leaf conductance (g) was mainly a result of abnormally wide stomatal opening. We measured changes in the ability of stomata to control water loss during rooting by determining stomatal responsiveness to leaf water deficit in detached L1 and L3 harvested from cuttings during the first 75 days after severance from stock plants. Reduced stomatal responsiveness was observed within 7 days of severance, prior to adventitious root formation, and was more pronounced in L3 than in L1. A period of acclimatization after rooting (no leaf wetting, but a vapor pressure deficit of 0.20 kPa) reduced g(s) by 50% in L3 but not in L1, and partially restored stomatal responsiveness in L1 but not in L3. After rooting, the original leaves on the cutting retained substantial capacity for photosynthesis (e.g., in L1, 8 micromol m(-2) s(-1) at a photosynthetic photon flux density of 400 micromol m(-2) s(-1)). The implications of the results for post-rooting acclimatization procedures are discussed.     

Growth,photosynthetic performance and shade adaptation of rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) grown in natural shade

We compared growth, photosynthetic performance and shade adaptation of rubber (Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg.) plants growing in natural shade (33, 55 and 77% reduction in incoming radiation) to control plants growing in full sunlight. Stem diameter and plant height, measured over a 15-month period, were greatest in plants grown in full sunlight, and both parameters decreased with increasing shade. At 7 and 14 months after planting (MAP), total plant dry mass was highest in control plants and lowest in plants in 77% shade. Expansion of the fourth leaf whorl, monitored at 5-6 MAP, was slowest in plants in 77% shade and fastest in unshaded plants, which had more leaves and higher leaf areas and inter-whorl shoot lengths. In response to increasing shade, specific leaf area increased, whereas leaf weight ratio and relative growth rate decreased. Chlorophyll a/b ratio decreased with increasing shade, indicating shade-induced partitioning of chlorophyll into light-harvesting complexes. Compared to the response in unshaded plants, CO2 assimilation saturated at lower photosynthetic photon flux densities in plants in 77% shade, with a lower upper-asymptote to the light response curve. Chlorophyll fluorescence revealed no evidence of sustained photoinhibitory damage in unshaded plants. Dynamic photoinhibition decreased with increasing shade, with the greatest depression in the ratio of variable to maximal fluorescence around midday. We conclude that shade adaptation and shade-induced reductions in dynamic photoinhibition account for the enhanced early growth of rubber in light shade.