六盘山华北落叶松林的结构随林龄变化及其水文影响

[目的]探讨林分结构随林龄的变化及其所带来的水文影响,为六盘山半干旱区森林植被建设和经营管理提供理论依据。[方法]在六盘山半干旱区叠叠沟小流域,以主要人工林类型—华北落叶松人工林为研究对象,基于1993—2002年的日气象数据,应用林分结构耦合模型和BROOK90生态水文模型,通过情景模拟,得到植被结构(平均树高、胸径、郁闭度、LAI)随林龄的变化,及其对水分平衡分量(截留量、蒸腾量、土壤蒸发量、产流量)的影响。[结果]华北落叶松林随林龄的增加可分为快速生长期(林龄5～15 a)、缓慢生长期(林龄15～40 a)和稳定期(林龄大于40 a)。在快速生长期,林分平均树高、平均胸径、郁闭度和冠层LAI均随林龄的增加而快速增大,年均增长率分别为0.48 m·a^-1、0.54 cm·a^-1、0.03、0.19;在缓慢生长期,林分平均树高、平均胸径和郁闭度呈缓慢增大趋势,而冠层LAI则呈先增大后减小的趋势;在稳定期,林分结构基本稳定。在快速生长期,年均截留量和蒸腾量随林龄增加而快速增大,年均增长率分别为1.91、24.13 mm·a^-1     

人工林马尾松晚材率、年轮宽度和组织比量变异研究

对22年生人工林马尾松木材年轮宽度、晚材率和组织比量进行系统的测量、统计和分析，结果表明，年轮宽度随树龄增加先增加后减小，而随树干高度的增加先减小后增加。晚材率随着树龄增加呈波动增大，而随树干高度的增加呈逐渐减小趋势。木射线比量和树脂道比量随树龄增加呈波动增大，但总体变幅不大，而前者随树干高度的增加呈波动减小，后者先减小再增大。管胞比量随树龄增加呈波动减小，而随树干高度的增加先增加，达到一定值后减小，然后再增加。方差分析表明，年轮宽度、晚材率、组织比量在各年轮间、各高度间差异显著或极显著。     

广西猫儿山森林群落土壤物理性质空间变异及其环境影响因素

探索土壤物理性质沿环境梯度的变异规律及其影响因素,对森林群落物种分布格局和森林水文研究具有重要意义。以猫儿山不同海拔典型森林群落为研究对象,采用野外调查、实验分析与冗余分析(RDA)相结合的方法,研究了猫儿山海拔梯度上常绿阔叶林、常绿落叶阔叶混交林、常绿针阔叶混交林和山顶矮林等典型森林土壤物理性质的空间变异及其对环境因子的响应。结果表明:0~60 cm层土壤容重随海拔的增加而降低,土壤总孔隙度、非毛管孔隙度、毛管孔隙度、土壤含水量、最大持水量和毛管持水量随海拔的增加而增加,局部有所波动。除常绿阔叶人工林和常绿针阔叶混交林外,其他森林土壤容重均随土壤深度的增加而增大,土壤总孔隙度和毛管孔隙度随土壤深度的变化趋势则表现各异。土壤容重、毛管孔隙度和总孔隙度在0~10 cm层变化最为剧烈。土壤含水量、土壤最大持水量和毛管持水量的垂直变化规律均随土壤深度的增加而减少。RDA结果显示,海拔和植被类型是影响猫儿山土壤物理性质的主要因素,共解释了土壤物理性质变异的46.1%。海拔通过水热状况影响植被类型及其分布,进而影响林下土壤物理性质。     

海南尖峰岭热带林乔灌木层物种多样性沿海拔梯度分布格局

沿海南尖峰岭林区海拔梯度设立164块25 m×25 m样地,分析乔灌木层物种多样性沿海拔梯度的变化规律,同时分析森林采伐对这种分布格局的影响.结果表明:尖峰岭物种丰富,164块625 m2样地共记录植株65 144个,分属84科253属596种;原始林的物种丰富度沿海拔梯度呈现双峰型的分布格局,主要受尖峰岭地区水热、光照、群落特性等因素控制;径级择伐后森林物种丰富度沿海拔梯度波动上升;皆伐后森林物种丰富度随着海拔梯度剧烈波动;原始林的Simpson物种多样性指数随海拔增高而缓慢上升;径级择伐森林Simpson物种多样性指数首先随海拔增高而平缓上升,海拔800 m处最高,之后缓慢下降;皆伐林中Simpson物种多样性指数随海拔增高先上升,海拔680m处达到一个峰值,然后下降,海拔850 m处又开始继续上升;和原始林相比较,径级择伐森林总体而言沿海拔梯度的Simpson物种多样性指数有所上升,而皆伐森林的Simpson物种多样性指数有所下降.     

六盘山半干旱区华北落叶松人工林林下日蒸散特征及其影响因子

【目的】在半干旱的六盘山北侧叠叠沟小流域研究华北落叶松人工林的林下日蒸散变化特征,分析其对环境变化的响应规律,以期为准确计算和预测森林蒸散、实现森林精细化管理和缓解林水矛盾提供科学依据。【方法】选择华北落叶松人工林典型样地,在2013年8—10月,监测林内外气象条件,并选取能代表多种气象因子综合作用的潜在蒸散作为影响林下蒸散的气象指标;在样地内代表性地点布设11个微型蒸渗仪,其中5个保持自然状态,6个进行防雨处理,以加大土壤湿度变化范围和利于分析土壤湿度对林下蒸散的影响;逐日监测林下蒸散量和蒸渗仪内土壤湿度;分析林下蒸散对土壤湿度和气象因子的响应规律,在此基础上建立考虑二者综合影响的林下日蒸散模型。【结果】研究期间的林下日蒸散波动幅度较大,但随气温、太阳辐射、降雨量逐渐降低而逐渐减小;林下蒸散明显受到诸多气象因子影响,但主要气象因子存在月份和天气类型差异,从8月份的饱和水汽压差变为9月份的太阳辐射和10月份的日最高气温,多云天为潜在蒸散和太阳辐射,晴天为温度,阴雨天为潜在蒸散;除潜在蒸散这个体现多个气象因子综合影响的气象指标外,土壤湿度也是影响林下蒸散的重要因素,且其影响在防雨和自然处理下表现一致;林下日蒸散随潜在蒸散和土壤湿度增加均呈先快速升高、后缓慢升高、在达某个阈值(日潜在蒸散4.5 mm·d~(-1),土壤体积含水量35%或相对含水量0.56)后趋于平稳的变化趋势;建立了耦合日潜在蒸散(PET,mm·d~(-1))和土壤体积含水量(VSM,%)影响的林下日蒸散(ET_U,mm·d~(-1))模型,并基于实测数据拟合了模型参数:ET_U=(-0.045PET~2+1.392PET)[1-EXP(-1.292VSM)],精度较高(R~2=0.80)。【结论】六盘山半干旱区华北落叶松人工林林下日蒸散量随潜在蒸散和土壤湿度增加而升高,后增速渐缓并在超过阈值后趋于平稳,综合考虑这二者影响的林下蒸散模型能准确计算和预测林地蒸散。     

华北落叶松人工林草本植物丰富度与生物量研究

以华北落叶松人工林为研究对象,采用30m的样带法,比较了林分草本植物丰富度和生物量的变化规律。结果表明:华北落叶松人工林林缘草本植物Menhinick丰富度指数随距林缘距离的增大而减小。密度为630株/hm2时,随林缘距离的变化不明显,其他密度林分林缘草本植物Menhinick丰富度指数与距林缘距离呈明显的幂函数关系,相关系数均大于0.873 5。低密度林分林下草本植物生长好于高密度林分,不同林分林下草本植物生物量与林分密度呈明显的幂函数关系。草本植物Menhinick丰富度指数和生物量能较好地反映华北落叶松的林缘效应。     

森林植被净初级生产力与气候因子关系研究——以京津冀地区为例

森林生态系统生产力在区域生态发展和气候变化研究中具有重要的现实意义,而植被净初级生产力(NPP)的计算是生态系统生产力研究的重要内容。基于遥感和GIS技术,利用MODIS遥感产品MOD17A3数据和气象数据,研究了2000—2014年间NPP的分布及其与气候因子的关系。采用相关分析的方法分别从空间上与时间上研究森林植被NPP与气候因子的相关关系,探究京津冀地区近15 a NPP时空分布变化规律及其对气候变化的响应规律。从空间分布整体情况来看,气温和降水量均对NPP有正相关影响。从时间相关性来看,NPP与年降水量为正相关关系,NPP随年降水量的增大而增大。并根据所得结论为京津冀地区生态发展提出提高植被生产力的相关建议和对生态现状的改进措施。     

腾冲县天然林景观格局垂直梯度分析

基于腾冲县1∶50 000数字化地形图和森林资源二类调查小班图层,利用Arcmap 10.0处理矢量数据、Fragstats 4.1计算景观格局指数、Excel进行数据统计和图表制作,将腾冲县天然林景观分为29个海拔带,选择景观面积、类型面积、面积比例和斑块丰富度4个景观格局指数对天然林景观的垂直梯度变化进行了分析。结果表明:景观面积随海拔梯度先增大后减小,中等海拔梯度天然林面积大,低海拔和高海拔梯度天然林面积小;不同海拔梯度天然林的主要森林类型不同,海拔2 900m以下和3 300 m以上变化较缓和,2 901~3 300 m范围内变化较剧烈;不同海拔梯度的优势森林类型不同,海拔1 400 m以下是云南松林,1 401~3 100 m是栎类林,3 101 m以上是竹林;不同森林类型的适宜分布海拔梯度不同;中等海拔梯度分布的森林类型较多,低海拔和高海拔分布的森林类型较少;海拔2 300 m以下的天然林受人为干扰比较严重。     

立地条件、林分郁闭度对华北落叶松更新幼苗生长的影响

以河北省木兰林管局北沟林场华北落叶松为研究对象,调查了华北落叶松林下天然更新幼苗的当年生长量。结果表明：①幼苗的生长量随立地条件的变差而变小;②幼苗的生长量随幼苗等级的变化而变化;③幼苗的生长量随林分郁闭度的减小而增大。     

海拔对毛竹林土壤物理性质和水分特性的影响

在毛竹分布南缘的中亚热带与南亚热带气候过渡区,选择土壤类型、坡度、坡向、经营水平等一致的3个海拔梯度毛竹林,对土壤物理性质和水分特性指标进行了测定,结果表明：相同海拔梯度毛竹林随土层的加深,土壤容重、总孔隙度、非毛管孔隙度、饱和持水量、田间持水量、粘粒和砂粒含量增大,而毛管孔隙度和粉粒含量减小;海拔对毛竹林30cm土层的土壤容重、总孔隙度、毛管孔隙度、田间持水量影响不显著,而土壤非毛管孔隙度、饱和持水量随海拔升高而显著增大;不同海拔梯度毛竹林30cm土层的土壤微结构颗粒组成为砂粒〉粉粒〉粘粒,粘粒、粉粒含量随海拔升高而减小,砂粒含量趋于增大;试验区随海拔的升高,土壤物理性质和水分特性趋于有利于毛竹林生长变化。     

公路沿线森林景观评价及更新方法

文章以浙江省庆元县54省道黄田镇区段杉木林景观改造设计为例,尝试建立公路沿线森林景观敏感度评价标准体系,为森林景观更新方案的设计建立相对客观的判别依据,并基于三维虚拟现实技术模拟不同的方案效果以供对比和检验,提出了符合实际的公路沿线森林景观更新设计方法。       

区域融合视域下东北国有林区发展趋势探析

区域融合发展是市场化开放型经济的必然产物,是贯彻新发展理念、实现高质量发展的重要途径。国有林区改革任务总体完成后,东北国有"林区"的内涵逐渐向国有"林"演变和回归,这种内涵上的变化也成为林区适应新常态、把握新机遇的一个关键变量,并客观上形成了林区与地方之间融合发展的积极条件。东北国有林区与地方之间的融合发展以一体化规划、协同性发展为原则,顺应经济社会发展规律,以打破林区与地方生产要素、制度要素、文化要素、管理要素等多重边界为基本前提。积极探寻东北国有林区经济社会发展的新趋势,加快适应后改革时期持续深化国有林区定位布局常态,对国家生态建设及区域可持续发展都具有重要的现实意义。     

帽儿山地区次生林椴树单木胸高断面积生长模型的研究

应用帽儿山天然次生林区不同林分条件下选设的20块椴树（Tilia amurensis）固定样地的解析木调查资料,分析多个单木竞争指标与对象木胸高断面积定期生长量的相关关系,在椴树单木胸高断面积生长模型中引入林木自身大小、单木竞争指标和立地因子,应用回归分析法建立帽儿山地区天然次生椴树单木胸高断面积生长模型。研究表明：天然次生林下椴树的胸高断面积定期生长量与对象木相对直径（RD）和竞争压力指数（SCI）等指标存在比较明显的相关关系。应用主分量线性组合的方法构造的综合竞争指标（MCI）包含了各竞争指标与胸高断面积生长量之间的绝大部分的相关信息,可以作为竞争指标应用于单木胸高断面积生长模型。     

公路风吹雪雪害的防治研究

阐述了我国西部地区和东北地区公路雪害造成的危害和公路风吹雪防治的必要性,并提出了相应的防治措施。实践证明,这些措施是得力的,可有效抵制风吹雪对公路造成的危害,大大降低公路的养护费用。     

Determination of fire-access zones along road networks in fire-sensitive forests

Wild forest fires are one of the greatest environmental disasters affecting forest resources. Along the coastal zone of the Mediterranean region in Turkey,forested areas are classified as first-degree, fire-sensitive areas. Every year, thousands of hectares of forests have been destroyed in Turkey. In this study, fire-access zones were determined in the Mediterranean forests of Turkey, by utilizing geographic information systems(GIS) technology. The effective reach distance of fire hoses from both sides of roads was considered in order to delineate fireaccess zones. The effective reach distance can vary based on the technical capabilities and hydraulic capacity of fire trucks(minimum and maximum pressures on water pump);terrain structures(uphill, downhill and flat); and ground slope. These factors and their influences were studied in fire sensitive forest areas located in the eastern Mediterranean city of Kahramanmaras? in Turkey. First, terrain structures on both sides of the road network and groundslope classes were determined based on GIS data layers.Then, fire access zones were delineated according to water pressure data, terrain structures, and ground-slope classes.The results indicated that 69.30 % of the forested areas were within the fire-access zones, while the rest of the forest was out of reach the fire hoses. The accessible areas were also calculated for forested areas with different firesensitivity degrees. The accessible areas were 69.59, 69.96,and 67.16 % for the forested areas that are sensitive to fires at the first, second, and third degrees, respectively. This finding has implications for the monitoring and management of fire threats in areas outside of the reach distance.The outside areas should receive extra attention and monitoring during the fire season so that fires are detected ahead of time and management has sufficient time to react.Besides, new roads should be considered for these areas in order to access more lands in a shorter amount of time.     

Assessing forest sustainability trajectory with temporal changes in timber output and ecological reserve: the case of China

We classified forest resources into four modes: high timber output and high ecological reserve (Mode T-E); high timber output and low ecological reserve (Mode T-e); low timber output and low ecological reserve (Mode t-e); and low timber output and high ecological reserve (Mode t-E). Ecological reserve is stand volume per unit area of natural forests and total area of natural forests; timber output is defined as total area of timber forests and unit area of timber production. We used this classification system to examine forest development in China between 1950 and 2013. Data were acquired mainly from forest inventory statistics published by China’s Forestry Administration between the 1970s and 2013. I Information from the 1950s was acquired from relevant literature. Our analysis suggests that China’s forest resources transitioned from Mode t-E to Mode T-e during the period between the early 1950s and late 1970s, resulting in the destruction of both ecological vigor and timber resources. During the following 20 years, strategies were implemented to improve the ecological reserve and increase timber supply, resulting in a decline in the rate of forest degradation. Over the past decade, China’s forest resources have reached Mode T-E as a result of improvements in both the ecological reserve and the timber supply. Currently, the total area of timber forests is relatively low, representing the limiting factor for improvement in overall forest functionality. Nevertheless, along with increased efforts to protect natural forests and develop fast-growing forest plantations, it is hopeful that China’s forest resources will achieve a sustainable state. The four-mode TOER (timber output, ecological reserve) method introduced in this paper is a simple but an effective approach for characterizing the overall quality and quantity of forest resources. The data used for this type of evaluation are typically easy to obtain and reliable. This methodology has potential to be applied to forests in various regions and countries.     

Assessing rates of forest change and fragmentation in Alabama,USA, using the vegetation change tracker model

Forest change is of great concern for land use decision makers and conservation communities. Quantitative and spatial forest change information is critical for addressing many pressing issues, including global climate change, carbon budgets, and sustainability. In this study, our analysis focuses on the differences in geospatial patterns and their changes between federal forests and nonfederal forests in Alabama over the time period 1987–2005, by interpreting 163 Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) scenes using a vegetation change tracker (VCT) model. Our analysis revealed that for the most part of 1990 s and between 2000 and 2005, Alabama lost about 2% of its forest on an annual basis due to disturbances, but much of the losses were balanced by forest regeneration from previous disturbances. The disturbance maps revealed that federal forests were reasonably well protected, with the fragmentation remaining relatively stable over time. In contrast, nonfederal forests, which are predominant in area share (about 95%), were heavily disturbed, clearly demonstrating decreasing levels of fragmentation during the time period 1987–1993 giving way to a subsequent accelerating fragmentation during the time period 1994–2005. Additionally, the identification of the statistical relationships between forest fragmentation status and forest loss rate and forest net change rate in relation to land ownership implied the distinct differences in forest cutting rate and cutting patterns between federal forests and nonfederal forests. The forest spatial change information derived from the model has provided valuable insights regarding regional forest management practices and disturbance regimes, which are closely associated with regional economics and environmental concerns.     

Forest transition in developed agricultural regions needs efficient regulatory policy

The shift from net forest loss to gain—forest transition—has been associated variously with economic development, market-driven reforestation, forest policy, and globalization. Evidence shows that governments can expedite forest transition, although economic and institutional failures can distort policy incentives. This study addresses the paucity of spatially explicit empirical research on the robustness of the forest transition hypothesis in a developed country context and identifies factors that may hasten, delay, or even reverse forest transition. We applied spatial-econometric analysis to high-resolution forest cover, climatic, socioeconomic, physiographic, and State-jurisdiction data for the Australian intensive agricultural zone from 1988 to 2014. While environmental and physiographic factors explained the spatial distribution of forests, net forest cover change was significantly associated with trends in farm-output prices inducing deforestation in Queensland, the State with less effective land clearance regulations. Changes in land clearing regulations in Queensland were significantly associated with the national forest cover trends that resulted in forest transition in Australia around 2008. Yet when land clearing regulations and their enforcement were subsequently relaxed in 2012, significant forest cover loss was once again observed in that State, particularly in remnant forests. We conclude that if forest regulatory protection is not effective, net forest loss could resume or increase, even in developed countries, in response to growing incentives for forest conversion to agriculture.     

Effects of management regimes on carbon sequestration under the Natural Forest Protection Program in northeast China

Carbon sinks constitute an important element within the complex phenomenon of global climate change,and forest ecosystems are important global carbon sinks.The Natural Forest Protection Program(NFPP) is an ecological program in China that was established after catastrophic flooding in the country in 1998.The goals of the NFPP are to curb the deterioration of the ecological environment,strengthen the protection and restoration of habitat to increase biodiversity,and rehabilitate natural forests to support sustainable development in forest regions.This study looked at changes in carbon sequestration in a forested area of northeast China after the inception of the NFPP.The program divides China's natural forests into three classes—commercial and two types of noneconomic forests—that are subject to management regimes prescribing varying levels of timber harvest,afforestation,and reforestation.During the 18-year period from 1998 to 2015,the total amount of carbon sequestration increased at an average annual rate of 0.04 MT C.This trend reflects a transformation of forest management practices after implementation of the NFPP that resulted in prohibited and/or restricted logging and tighter regulation of allowable harvest levels for specific areas.In documenting this trend,guidelines for more effective implementation of forestry programs such as the NFPP in other countries in the future are also suggested.     

National assessment of the fragmentation, accessibility and anthropogenic pressure on the forests in Mexico

Forest managers and policy makers increasingly demand to have access to estimates of forest fragmentation,human accessibility to forest areas and levels of anthropogenic pressure on the remaining forests to integrate them into monitoring systems,management and conservation plans.Forest fragmentation is defined as the breaking up of a forest unit,where the number of patches and the amount of expose edge increase while the amount of core area decreases.Forest fragmentation studies in Mexico have been limited to local or regional levels and have concentrated only on specific forest types.This paper presents an assessment of the fragmentation of all forest types at the national level,their effective proximity to anthropogenic influences,and the development of an indicator of anthropogenic pressure on the forests areas.Broadleaf forests,tropical evergreen forests and tropical dry deciduous forests show the greatest fragmentation.Almost half(47%) of the tropical forests are in close effective proximity to anthropogenic influences and only 12% of their area can be considered isolated from anthropogenic influences.The values for the temperate forests are 23% and 29% respectively.Anthropogenic pressure in the immediate vicinity of anthropogenic activities is much higher in the tropical forests(75 in a scale 0-100) than in the temperate forests(30).When considering these results jointly,the tropical forests,and more specifically,the tropical evergreen forests and tropical dry deciduous forests are under the greatest pressure and risks of degradation.