中药免疫增强剂的研究进展

中药免疫增强剂能非特异性地与抗原结合而增强其特异性免疫原性，调节、增强、恢复机体免疫功能，增强机体免疫应答或改变免疫应答类型，是治疗和预防疾病的重要物质，特别是对疫苗发挥作用具有独特的效果。本文综述了中草药免疫增强剂的物质基础及其免疫增强的作用机理、研究进展和未来的研究方向，为其在畜禽生产领域的应用提供理论参考。     

浅谈中草药免疫增强剂研究进展

免疫增强剂是指单独使用或者与抗原联用均能增强机体免疫应答的物质。现已证明，具有免疫增强作用的物质不下几十种，常用的有蜂胶、福氏佐剂、维生素E、左旋咪唑、转移因子和干扰素等。然而市售免疫增强剂制备复杂，价格昂贵，有的还有副作用。中草药除具有离体抑菌效力外，与西药不同     

中草药免疫增强剂对动物免疫作用的研究进展

中草药免疫增强剂能够特异性或非特异性地增强机体的免疫力,从而提高机体的抗病力和抵抗力该文阐述了中草药免疫增强剂对机体免疫器官发育、畜禽特异性免疫和非特异性免疫等的促进作用     

中草药免疫增强剂在养猪业中的应用

有些中草药含有多糖类、有机酸类、生物碱类、甙类和挥发油类等物质通过作用于动物机体可增强动物免疫功能,起到防病治病的作用。本文就中草药免疫增强剂在养猪中的应用作详细的阐述。1中草药免疫增强剂中的有效成份现代医学研究表明,很多中草药含     

中草药免疫增强剂的免疫机制及在畜禽业的应用

中草药免疫增强剂能非特异性地改变或增强机体对抗原的特异性免疫应答,增强相应抗原的免疫原性或改变免疫反应类型,在治疗、预防动物机体疾病和动物疫苗免疫过程中发挥着重要的作用.文章对中草药免疫增强剂的免疫机制和在畜禽业中的应用进展进行了综述,以期为中草药免疫增强剂在畜禽业中的应用提供理论参考.     

中药对鸡免疫器官及血液中T-淋巴细胞的动态观察

大量研究资料表明，许多中草药能全面启动机体的免疫系统，增强机体的免疫功能”，而且中草药资源丰富、价格低廉、毒副作用小。动物机体免疫功能的高低与机体的T、B淋巴细胞的数量有密切的关系。试验利用黄芪、党参、茯苓、白术、白花蛇舌草、大青叶等中草药提取物制成的免疫增强剂——“疫佳灵”供鸡饮用，进行了鸡免疫器官发育和T淋巴细胞数量的动态观察，旨在为中草药免疫增强剂临床应用提供理论依据。     

中草药及提取物的免疫增强及抑制作用

中草药免疫增强剂,是指具有增强机体免疫功能的中草药之剂,亦称免疫促进剂。近些年来,在用现代科技先进方法挖掘天然物中草药宝库中发现了许多天然物中草药或有关成分（多糖等）具有增强免疫功能的作用。     

中草药及其提取物的免疫增强及抑制作用

中草药免疫增强剂,是指具有增强机体免疫功能的中草药之剂,亦称免疫促进剂。近些年来,在用现代科技先进方法挖掘天然物中草药宝库中发现了许多天然物中草药或有关成分（多糖等）具有增强免疫功能的作用。     

中草药及其提取物的免疫增强及抑制作用

中草药免疫增强剂,是指具有增强机体免疫功能的中草药制剂,亦称免疫促进剂。近些年来,在用现代科技先进方法挖掘天然物中草药宝库中发现了许多天然物中草药或有关成分（多糖等）具有增强免疫功能的作用。     

中草药的免疫调节作用研究进展

现代医学研究表明,中草药含有多糖类、皂甙类、生物碱、挥发性物质和有机酸等多种免疫活性物质,是一类机体免疫增强剂。其作用主要是通过激活网状内皮系统,使白介素含量显著提高,提高抗体和补体水平,激活巨噬细胞和T、B淋巴细胞,增强细胞免疫与体液免疫,从而增强机体免疫力,提高动物抗病能力。文章从中草药对机体免疫器官发育、特异性免疫及对机体非特异性免疫的影响等几个方面进行了阐述。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …     

鸡败血支原体垂直传播模式及其阻断方法

以国际标准强毒Ｒ株人工感染非免疫产蛋鸡,定时扑杀,分别从鼻窦、眶下孔、气管、肺、气囊、卵巢和输卵管分离ＭＧ,并收集感染鸡所产蛋分离ＭＧ。结果表明,人工感染４８小时后上、下呼吸道及肺已被全面感染,９６小时气囊已被感染,１２０小时输卵管已能分离到ＭＧ,卵巢始终分离不到ＭＧ。人工感染鸡自１４４小时便能在其所产蛋中分离出ＭＧ。药物治疗能在７２小时内消除感染,油乳剂苗则需２４天后逐渐降低蛋内ＭＧ分离率,药物卵内注射、种蛋药浴、高温处理均能杀死卵内ＭＧ,但以研制的种蛋浸泡剂药浴效果为最好。