畜禽养殖粪污处理和资源化利用政策解读

<正>节点一、《畜禽规模养殖污染防治条例》出台2010年《全国第一次污染源普查公报》显示,畜禽养殖业排放的化学需氧量达到1268.26万吨,占全国的42%,占农业源排放总量的96%;总氮和总磷排放量分别为102.48万吨和16.04万吨,分别占农业源排放总量的38%和56%;铜和锌排放量分别为2397.23吨和4756.94吨,均占农业源排放总量的98%。畜禽养殖粪污成为农业面源污染的主要来源。"十二五"期间,国家将农业污染源纳入总量减排管理考核体系,畜禽养殖污染物排放总量大、比重高,     

畜禽养殖污染物(水)资源化处理技术与示范

<正>一、畜禽养殖污染(一)养殖污染物排放成为我国农业面源污染的主要来源,导致湖泊、水库的富营养化,污染土壤和地下水。根据2010年《全国第一次污染源普查公告》,畜禽养殖业排放的COD达到1268.26万吨,占全国COD排放总量的41.9%;氮和磷排放量为102.48万吨和16.04万吨,分别占全国氮和磷排放总量的     

规模化养殖场粪污的生态化处理

<正>2010年2月,我国发布的《第一次全国污染源普查公报》中对农业源、生活源和工业源主要污染物的排放量进行了分析汇总。其中农业源COD和总氮排放量分别为1324.09万吨和270.46万吨,若将总氮折算为氨氮,氨氮排放量约为91.81万吨,因此,农业源COD和氨氮分别占全国排放量的43.7%和53.1%。在农业源中,畜禽养殖业的COD和氨氮排放量分别为1268.26万吨和71.73万     

加强引导落实责任综合利用促进环保型畜牧业可持续发展——首届中国环保型畜牧业发展论坛在北京举行

近年来，我国畜禽养殖业发展迅速，综合生产能力显著提高，在保障“菜篮子”有效供应、改善人民生活水平、促进农业增效和农民增收方面发挥了重要作用。然而，畜禽养殖的环境污染问题也日益突出。据统计，2012年，我国规模化畜禽养殖化学需氧量（COD）和氨氮排放量为1099万吨和63万吨，占当年全国，总排放量的45％和25％，占农业源排污总量的95％和78％，与第一次全国淆婆源普杏结果相比，畜禽养殖COD排放总量虽有所下降，但其在全国排放总量的占比反而上升。     

生猪养殖污染防治模式及应用

"十二五"以来我国规模化生猪养殖迅速发展,据环境统计数据显示:2014年我国规模化生猪年出栏量达到3.1亿头、养殖专业户年出栏量达到2.46亿头,规模化生猪养殖场达到10.9万家,占全部规模化畜禽养殖场的72%。随着生猪养殖规模化的发展,粪污的治理与利用已成为限制其进一步发展的关键因素,据环境统计资料显示:2014年全国规模化生猪养殖场COD、氨氮排放量分别为385.8万吨和47.6万吨,占整个畜禽养殖业     

长治畜禽养殖粪污处理对策

正2011年,《第一次全国污染源普查公报》信息显示,全国畜禽养殖业COD(化学需氧量,污水排放监测指标)、总氮排放量分别为1268.3万吨和102.5万吨,分别占农业源污染物排放总量的96%和38%,养殖排污已是我国重要的污染排放源之一。2014年,国务院颁布实施了《畜禽规模养殖污染防治条例》,严肃提出要促进畜牧业持续健康发展,必须加大畜禽养殖废弃物的综合利用。2017年,国务院办公厅印发《关于加快推进畜禽养殖废弃物资源化利用的意见》。2018年1月,农业部办公厅印发《畜禽规模养殖场粪污资源化利用设施建设规范(试行)》。几年时间内,国家频频出台畜禽养殖废弃物资源化利用相关政策,畜禽养殖粪污防治工作     

畜禽养殖业污染现状及治理对策

<正>根据《第一次全国污染源普查公报》,2007年我国农业面源污染物的化学需氧量(COD)排放量为1325.09万吨,占COD排放总量的43.7%,总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)排放量分别为270.46万吨和28.47万吨,分别占排放总量的57.2%和67.4%。2007年畜禽养殖业的COD、TN和TP分别占农业源的96%、38%和56%。畜禽养殖业污染已成为主要的污染源,大量的废弃物及产生的污水给周围环境带来了较大的压力对地表水、地下水及环境空气质量造成严重的污染,导致农村生态环境问题日益突出,不同程度的制约了各地畜牧业持续稳定发展,危害着人民群众的身心健康。     

创新污染治理模式 实现畜禽养殖业可持续发展

我国农村畜禽养殖业发展方式相对粗放,资源消耗高、浪费大,畜禽粪便还田比例低,环境污染较为严重,其COD排放量是工业和生活污水排放量的5倍以上。1庭院式养殖是环境保护的盲点农村小型畜禽养殖场涉及千家万户,虽然个体养殖数量少,但总体数量却不容忽视。在我国大多数地区,规模化养殖场仅是少数,地方小型养殖场数量远远超过规模化养殖场,并且粪污大部分未经治理或未彻底有效治理,直接施向农田或排入沟河,对农村环境造成严重的污染。我国在防治畜禽养殖污染方面可执行的法规     

邯郸:健康养殖和科学治污并举

<正>加大管理力度确保治理效果邯郸市现有畜禽养殖场(户)1.6万家,其中规模化畜禽养殖场89家,年存栏猪32万头、鸡143.6万只、牛1万头。邯郸市环保局局长刘景平介绍,"目前89家规模化养殖场绝大多数都办理了环评审批手续,全部做到了排污申报,全市所有规模化养殖户配套沼气池建设率达到了100%。"为防治畜禽养殖带来的环境污染,邯郸市加大畜禽养殖业管理力度,下发了《关于     

我国畜禽粪污资源化利用成效显著

正一直以来,我国很多地方过度依靠畜牧业发展,从而导致了资源环境的严重破坏。目前,我国每年畜禽粪污量高达38亿t,早已成为农业面源污染的主要来源。《全国第一次污染源普查公报》显示,我国畜禽养殖业排放的化学需氧量达到1 268.26万t,占农业源排放总量的96%;总氮、总磷、铜、锌排放量分别占农业源排放总量的38%、56%、97.76%和97.82%。全国有24个省份畜禽养殖场(小区)和养殖专业户化学需氧     

Salmonella in pork cuttings in supermarkets and butchers' shops in Denmark in 2002 and 2006

The prevalence of Salmonella in fresh pork cuttings in Denmark in the years 2002 and 2006 was investigated at retail and compared with the retail supply pattern. A total of 1025 and 3473 samples were taken in 2002 from butcher's shops and supermarkets, respectively. The corresponding numbers in 2006 were 259 from butchers' shops and 628 from supermarkets. In 2002, 1.2% of all samples were positive for Salmonella; butchers' shops and supermarkets had 1.8% and 1.0% positive samples, respectively. The overall prevalence in 2006 was 4.2%, with prevalence of 8.1% and 2.6% for butchers' shops and supermarkets, respectively. Hence, increases around 3- to 5-fold were found. There was neither observed any parallel increase in Salmonella positive carcasses in Danish slaughterhouses during the study period, nor were any changes in supply routes towards slaughterhouses with higher prevalence observed, which could explain the apparent increase. We hypothesize that hygiene levels and ability to avoid cross-contamination and prevent growth of the organism, in the meat processing chain after slaughter were the most likely responsible factors. Results from this study indicate that the hygiene performance, particularly at retail, has a significant impact on the occurrence of Salmonella. This implies that there is no direct link between slaughterhouse Salmonella surveillance data and the level of Salmonella contamination at retail. To improve risk assessment of Salmonella in fresh pork meat, this study underlines the need for comprehensive retail data.     

Helminth and protozoan parasites in dogs and cats in Belgium

This study investigates the level of helminthic and protozoal infestation over the last 10 years in strays, well-cared-for dogs and cats. Determination of the prevalence of infections was based either on faecal examination or on worm counts at necropsy. Of 2324 faecal flotations (NaCl sp.gr. 1.20) of stray dogs, 34.2% had eggs or proglottids of one or more worm species consisting of Toxocara canis (17.4%), Toxascaris leonina (10.1%), Uncinaria stenocephala (11.4%), Trichuris vulpis (7.0%) and cestodes (2.1%). Isospora oocysts were observed in 5.2% of the dogs. The data on the distribution of the various worm species in the positive dogs indicate that T. canis eggs were by far the most common (50.9%). Necropsy data from 212 infected dogs indicate that 38.9% were infected with T. canis and 33.7% with T. leonina. The overall prevalence of worm infestation of 246 well-cared-for kennel dogs, based on worm egg counts by the McMaster technique, was 36.1%. Of 30 feline faecal samples examined by flotation, 83.3% were positive for parasites, including Toxocara cati (60%), Ancylostoma tubaeformae (36.6%), Taenia (Hydatigera) taeniaeformis (20%) and coccidia (30%). Toxocara cati was the most frequently found worm species at the necropsy of 25 cats (52%). Toxoplasma was not observed.     

Sanguinarine metabolism and pharmacokinetics study in vitro and in vivo

Sanguinarine (SA) is a benzo[c] phenanthridine alkaloid which has a variety of pharmacological properties. However, very little was known about the pharmacokinetics of SA and its metabolite dihydrosanguinarine (DHSA) in pigs. The purpose of this work was to study the intestinal metabolism of SA in vitro and in vivo. Reductive metabolite DHSA was detected during incubation of SA with intestinal mucosa microsomes, cytosol, and gut flora. After oral (p.o.) administration of SA, the result showed SA might be reduced to DHSA in pig intestine. After i.m. administration, SA and DHSA rapidly increased to reach their peak concentrations (C_max, 30.16 ± 5.85, 5.61 ± 0.73 ng/ml, respectively) at 0.25 hr. Both compounds were completely eliminated from the plasma after 24 hr. After single oral administration, SA and DHSA rapidly increased to reach their C_max (3.41 ± 0.36, 2.41 ± 0.24 ng/ml, respectively) at 2.75 ± 0.27 hr. The half-life (T_1/2) values were 2.33 ± 0.11 hr and 2.20 ± 0.12 hr for SA and DHSA, respectively. After multiple oral administration, the average steady-state concentrations (C_ss) of SA and DHSA were 3.03 ± 0.39 and 1.42 ± 0.20 ng/ml. The accumulation indexes for SA and DHSA were 1.21 and 1.11. The work reported here provides important information on the metabolism sites and pharmacokinetic character of SA. It explains the reasons for low toxicity of SA, which is useful for the evaluation of its performance.     

Chlortetracycline in swine-bioavailability and pharmacokinetics in fasted and fed pigs

Chlortetracycline hydrochloride was administered intra-arterially (11 mg/kg) and as an oral drench (33 mg/kg) to ten 21.0-31.5-kg pigs. Five of the pigs were fasted 18 h prior to dosing and five of the pigs were fed ad libitum prior to dosing. The mean volume of distribution determined by area-under-the-curve calculations for the fasted pigs (0.967 +/- 0.210 l/kg) was significantly less (P less than 0.05) than the mean volume of distribution for the fed pigs (1.39 +/- 0.31 l/kg). Mean total body clearance of the drug was also significantly less (P less than 0.05) in the fasted pigs (0.165 +/- 0.055 l/kg/h) as compared to the fed pigs (0.307 +/- 0.053 l/kg/h). The elimination constants (beta) were not found to be statistically different (P less than 0.05): 0.1811 +/- 0.0057 for the fasted pigs; 0.2260 +/- 0.0461 for the fed pigs. The bioavailability for both groups was similar; 19.12 +/- 8.3% for the fasted pigs and 17.88 +/- 5.3% for the fed pigs. In a second experiment three groups of six pigs which weighed 34.5-44.1 kg were fed a corn-soy diet ad libitum. The rations were fortified with chlortetracycline at 100, 400 or 1000 mg chlortetracycline hydrochloride/kg feed. Chlortetracycline concentrations were determined in plasma samples collected over a 6-day period. Plasma chlortetracycline concentrations reach a plateau within 24 h after initial access to the trial diets and were highly correlated with the dose of the drug consumed (r2 = 0.97).     

2005年国内蛋、肉鸡市场分析回顾及2006年走势预测

2005年如果没有年底的禽流感疫情,对于我国蛋鸡、肉鸡生产来说应该是一个非常完美的丰收年,是哪些因素导致了2005年蛋鸡市场如此好的行情?2006年我国家禽市场又将走向何方?……作者对以上热点问题进行了深入分析研究,供读者参考。     

Pharmacokinetics of penicillin-G in ewes and cows in late pregnancy and in early lactation

Concentrations of penicillin-G in serum were determined after single intravenous doses of potassium penicillin-G (10 mg/kg body wt) to ewes and cows in late pregnancy and in early lactation. Penicillin-G in serum was analysed by a microbiological method and pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by model-independent methods. Serum concentrations were lower in early lactation than in late pregnancy in both ewes and cows. The differences were statistically significant at most sampling times in ewes but only during the first hour in cows.
Weight corrected values of clearance and volume of distribution were significantly higher in early lactation than in late pregnancy in both ewes and cows. Mean residence time and elimination-half life were shorter in lactating than in pregnant ewes, however for the latter parameter the difference was not statistically significant. Neither of these parameters changed in cows.
It is concluded that in both ewes and cows pharmacokinetic parameters of penicillin-G are altered from late pregnancy to early lactation but that these changes have little practical impact and do not call for a revised dosage regime of the studied drug.     

Mycobiota and aflatoxins in raw materials and pet food in Brazil

Commercial feedstuffs are a basic element in modern pet husbandry in the world. In dogs, the effect of mycotoxins is severe and can lead to death. Few reports on the influence of dietary mycotoxins were found in the scientific literature. The aims of this work were to isolate and identify the mycoflora and to determine the aflatoxins (AFs) natural occurrence in raw materials and ready dry pet food. Therefore, the aflatoxigenic capacity of Aspergillus flavus species was investigated. Aspergillus was the prevalent genera (65-89%) followed by Penicillium and Fusarium spp. Aspergillus flavus was the most prevalent species, followed by Aspergillus sydowii, Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus versicolor. Aspergillus flavus frequencies ranged from 58% to 86% except in sorghum meal. All samples assayed (except corn grains and ready pet food) showed Fusarium spp. contamination. Corn meal and corn meal and gluten samples had 100% Fusarium verticillioides. Fusarium graminearum was isolated from sorghum meal. Aspergillus flavus strains (75%) isolated from raw materials and 57% from pet food were able to produce AFs. All samples showed AFs contamination percentages over 70%; corn and sorghum meal obtained the highest AFs levels. Ready pet food did not show quantitative levels of the tested toxins. This is the first report of the aflatoxigenic capacity by A. flavus from Brazilian pet food.