肉鸭饲料中进口肉骨粉替代进口鱼粉的应用

美国肉骨粉是最近进入中国市场的一种质量稳定的蛋白质资源,它的绝对营养成分不如进口鱼粉（见表１）,价格仅为进口鱼粉４０％左右。作为饲料企业从改善质量、降低成本的原则出发,通过最佳成本及可消化氨基酸的配方演算,我们尝试用美国肉骨粉在肉鸭前期饲料中替代进口...     

中猪饲粮中使用肉骨粉替代鱼粉的比较饲养试验

为了比较肉骨粉替代鱼粉在生长中猪中的饲用效果，本试验选取288头杜长大三元杂商品中猪进行测试。试验分鱼粉组（对照组）和肉骨粉组（试验组），分别在日粮中加入3％进口鱼粉和4．55％进口肉骨粉。试验期为38天，对照组与试验组试验猪每日每头平均采食量、平均日增重和耗料增重比分别为2041g、2100g；731g、734g和2．79、2．86，试验结果经检验差异不显著（P＞0．05），表明了在中猪日粮中，肉骨粉完全可以替代鱼粉而不影响生长中猪的增重和饲料效率。     

仔猪日粮中肉骨粉替代鱼粉试验

本试验采用杜长大三元杂交断奶仔猪作试验动物,同窝仔猪随机分为两组:鱼粉组和肉骨粉组,每组设四个重复。两组分别添加4.0% 鱼粉和5.5% 肉骨粉。饲养期为31天。试验结果为:鱼粉组的平均日增重为0.621kg/ 头,肉骨粉组的平均日增重为0.605kg/ 头,两组之间的差异不显著(P >0.05);鱼粉组的料肉比为2.225:1,肉骨粉组的料肉比为2.236:1 ,两组之间的差异不显著(P>0.05)。试验结果表明,在生长猪日粮中,用肉骨粉替代鱼粉对仔猪生产性能没有显著影响。     

肉骨粉替代鲁粉在鲤鱼饲料中应用的效果

本实验探讨了在鲤鱼（Cyprinus carpio）饲料中用不同比例的进口肉骨粉替代鱼粉后，对鲤鱼生长性能及抗应激能力的影响。结果表明：随肉骨粉替代量的逐渐增大，鲤鱼的增重率、特殊生长率、肥满度逐渐下降，而饲料系数逐渐增大，但各组间并没有显著性差异（P＞0.05）。随肉骨粉替代量的增加可降低鱼饲料单位成本，且存在显著性差异（P＜0.05）。经过运输及攻毒试验，发现添加较大量的肉骨粉后对鲤鱼的运输死亡率有增高的趋势，且降低对致病菌嗜水气单胞菌的抵抗力。     

肉骨粉替代鱼粉在鲤鱼饲料中应用的效果

本实验探讨了在鲤鱼 (Cyprinus carpio)饲料中用不同比例的进口肉骨粉替代鱼粉后,对鲤鱼生长性能及抗应激能力的影响.结果表明:随肉骨粉替代量的逐渐增大,鲤鱼的增重率、特殊生长率、肥满度逐渐下降,而饲料系数逐渐增大,但各组间并没有显著性差异 (P >0.05).随肉骨粉替代量的增加可降低鱼饲料单位成本,且存在显著性差异 (P< 0.05).经过运输及攻毒试验,发现添加较大量的肉骨粉后对鲤鱼的运输死亡率有增高的趋势,且降低对致病菌嗜水气单胞菌的抵抗力.     

肉骨粉替代鱼粉饲喂肉仔鸡的试验

将３６０只１日龄ＡＡ肉仔鸡随机分为三组,分别饲喂鱼粉、肉骨粉、肉骨粉＋杂粕等三种不同蛋白质来源配制的日粮,进行为期５６天的饲养试验。结果表明,各处理间肉仔鸡增重、饲料转化效率均无显著差异。     

肉骨粉替代鱼粉饲喂内仔鸡的试验

将３６０只１日龄,ＡＡ肉仔鸡随机分为三组,分别饲喂鱼粉,肉骨粉,肉骨粉＋杂粕等三种不同蛋白质来源配制的日粮,进行为期５６天的饲养试验,结果表明,各处理间肉仔鸡增重,饲料转化效率均无显著差异。     

应用近红外光谱快速检测鱼粉和肉骨粉品质

1鱼粉和肉骨粉的品质检验现状 　　国产鱼粉多数用海产非食用性杂鱼及水产品加工下脚料作原料，且有些生产单位无冷藏设备等保鲜设施，在加工前原料就腐败变质；还有多数是虾、蟹等甲壳动物或其它海产杂质；甚至还有在鱼粉中掺入羽毛粉、皮革粉、尿素、棉仁粉、糠麸及其臭鱼、贝壳粉、砂等不良物，使蛋白质质量下降。我国每年都需进口大量的鱼粉和肉骨粉等饲料原料以满足国内市场，这些进口饲料原料品质的优劣直接影响畜牧业生产和人民身体健康，因此我国政府将其品质列为必须检验的法定检验项目。 按《中国出入镜检验检疫指南》，进口鱼…     

鱼粉与肉骨粉营养成分的对比分析

摘要为寻找鱼粉的替代资源,本文对蛋白质饲料原料鱼粉和肉骨粉的检测数据进行了质量分析对比。结果表明：鱼粉为高蛋白的动物性原料,较肉骨粉原料质量相对稳定;肉骨粉的单一氨基酸中赖氨酸、蛋氨酸和组氨酸的含量低,谷氨酸、丙氨酸和甘氨酸的含量高。在氨基酸组成方面,肉骨粉的氨基酸组成不是很好,尤其是非常重要的赖氨酸和蛋氨酸含量偏低;鱼粉的氨基酸组成较均衡,且所含必需氨基酸含量高。     

奥尼罗非鱼日粮中酶解大豆蛋白部分替代鱼粉的研究

在奥尼罗非鱼（Oreochromis niloticus ♀×O．aureus ♂）日粮中分别添加0、2．5％、5％、7．5％、10％的酶解大豆蛋白．相应等氮替代0、21．89％、43．77％、65。66％、87。54％鱼粉．观察对奥尼罗非鱼生长性能的影响。试验发现,随着替代鱼粉比例的逐渐增加,奥尼罗非鱼的平均日采食量逐渐下降,差异显著（P〈0．05）,相对体重增长率、特定生长率逐渐下降,差异不显著（P〉0．05）,肝体比呈逐渐下降趋势,对肥满度无显著影响（P〉0．05）,存活率呈逐渐上升趋势：蛋白质效率、饲料系数、单位增重成本在添加2．5％大豆蛋白,均出现拐点,蛋白质效率此时达到最高,之后逐渐下降,饲料系数、单位增重成本在此拐点值最低,之后逐渐升高,但差异均不显著（P〉0．05）。     

Activation of rainbow trout complement by C-reactive protein

The activation of the complement system of rainbow trout by trout C-reactive protein (CRP) was investigated. Complement fixation tests were performed by using rabbit hemolysin-sensitized sheep erythrocytes and rainbow trout complement. Purified CRP increased the consumption of complement in the presence of Streptococcus pneumoniae C-polysaccharide (CPS), indicating the activation of the complement system. In contrast to this, acute phase serum activated the complement in the absence of CPS. Consumption of the complement by acute-phase serum was depressed when CRP was removed from acute-phase serum by CPS-sepharose 4B affinity chromatography. The acute-phase serum, as well as CRP plus CPS, suppressed in vitro growth of Vibrio anguillarum in the presence of complement, and enhanced the phagocytosis of the bacteria by glass-adherent peritoneal exudate cells. These results indicated that CRP has a role in host defense during acute-phase response through the activation of the complement system, enhancement of phagocytosis, and suppression of bacterial growth.     

虹鳟鱼挤压膨化饲料研究

本文采用挤压膨化饲料作为试验组，硬颗粒饲料，小杂鱼作为对照组，对虹鳟鱼养殖效果和饲养成本进行分析，试验结果表明，试验组各项性能指标均优于对照组，且单位增重的饲料成本下降，说明用挤压膨化饲料代替硬颗粒和小杂鱼养殖虹鳟鱼，可获得较好的经济效益。     

发酵豆粕替代鱼粉在加州鲈饲料中的研究

配制4种等氮等能的饲料,分别含有0％（对照）、20％、10％、5％发酵豆粕（FSM）来替代鱼粉,这四种饲料分别命名为D1、D2、D3、D4。另外一种饲料是利用“70％基础饲料＋30％发酵豆粕”来评价加州鲈（Micropterus salmoides）对发酵豆粕的表观消化率。加州鲈初始体重20．62±0．92g,随机放入半循环系统的15个缸中（270L）,分别投喂不同饲料养殖8周。评价指标有SGR、FCR及相关生理指标。 加州鲈对于发酵豆粕的蛋白表观消化率为103．22±4．0,脂肪表观消化率为97．80±1．27,干物质表观消化率为93．47±11．24。从结果中可以看出,虽然投喂D3、D4饲料的加州鲈的SGR高于投喂D2,但是差异不显著（P〉0．05）。另外FOR及CF（肥满度）在各组间差异也不显著（P〉0．05）。在脏体比和肝体比方面,D1显著高于其他各组（P〈0．05）,而其中D4组最低。在干物质的表观消化率方面D3、D4也显著高于D1（P〈0．05）。但在蛋白质及脂肪的表观消化率方面虽然D3、D4始终高于D1,但各组间差异不显著。以上结果表明,饲料中含有5％、10％发酵豆粕,加州鲈有较好的生长,生理及表观消化率的表现。在测定原料消化率时发现发酵豆粕蛋白表观消化率为103．22±4．0,这可能是因为发酵豆粕能够促进饲料中其他物质的消化吸收,从而提高整体的消化吸收率。同时结果还表明投喂含有发酵豆粕的饲料能够显著降低加州鲈的脏体比和肝体比,这表明发酵豆粕可能在一定程度上可以降低脂肪在体内的沉积,从而降低脂肪肝的发生率。根据以上分析,加州鲈饲料中至少可以添加10％发酵豆粕。     

Effects of full replacement of dietary fishmeal with insect meal from Tenebrio molitor on rainbow trout gut and skin microbiota

Background: Aquaculture must continue to reduce dependence on fishmeal(FM) and fishoil in feeds to ensure sustainable sector growth. Therefore, the use of novel aquaculture feed ingredients is growing. In this regard,insects can represent a new world of sustainable and protein-rich ingredients for farmed fish feeds. Accordingly, we investigated the effects of full replacement of FM with Tenebrio molitor(TM) larvae meal in the diet of rainbow trout(Oncorhynchus mykiss) on fish gut and skin microbiota.Methods: A feeding trial was conducted with 126 trout of about 80 g mean initial weight that were fed for 22 weeks with two isonitrogenous, isolipidic, and isoenergetic extruded experimental diets. Partially defatted TM meal was included in one of the diets to replace 100%(TM 100) of FM, whereas the other diet(TM 0) was without TM.To analyse the microbial communities, the Illumina MiSeq platform for sequencing of 16 S r RNA gene and Qiime pipeline were used to identify bacteria in the gut and skin mucosa, and in the diets.Results: The data showed no major effects of full FM substitution with TM meal on bacterial species richness and diversity in both, gut mucosa-and skin mucus-associated microbiome. Skin microbiome was dominated by phylum Proteobacteria and especially by Gammaproteobacteria class that constituted approximately half of the bacterial taxa found. The two dietary fish groups did not display distinctive features, except for a decrease in the relative abundance of Deefgea genus(family Neisseriaceae) in trout fed with insect meal. The metagenomic analysis of the gut mucosa indicated that Tenericutes was the most abundant phylum, regardless of the diet. Specifically, within this phylum, the Mollicutes, mainly represented by Mycoplasmataceae family, were the dominant class. However,we observed only a weak dietary modulation of intestinal bacterial communities. The only changes due to full FM replacement with TM meal were a decreased number of Proteobacteria and a reduced number of taxa assigned to Ruminococcaceae and Neisseriaceae families.Conclusions: The data demonstrated that TM larvae meal is a valid alternative animal protein to replace FM in the aquafeeds. Only slight gut and skin microbiota changes occurred in rainbow trout after total FM replacement with insect meal. The mapping of the trout skin microbiota represents a novel contribution of the present study. Indeed,in contrast to the increasing knowledge on gut microbiota, the skin microbiota of major farmed fish species remains largely unmapped but it deserves thorough consideration.     

Fin erosion on rainbow trout on commercial trout farms in the United Kingdom

Fish weighing less than 30 g and more than 100 g were sampled from 38 rearing units on 10 commercial farms growing rainbow trout for the table market. A fin index was calculated for each of the eight rayed fins on 949 trout by dividing their length by the standard length of the fish. There was a large range in the indices of all eight fins. The fin indices of the small and large fish were compared, controlling for farm effect. With the exception of the dorsal fin, all the indices were larger for the small fish than for the large fish, but the magnitude of the difference was greater for some fins than others. In comparison with the fins of wild fish, the pectoral and dorsal fins appeared to be most eroded and the damage to these fins was evident even in the small fish. The erosion of the caudal, anal and ventral (or pelvic) fins was more prominent in the larger fish. Variations in the fin indices of the caudal, anal and ventral fins suggested that there was little variation between rearing units on the same farm, but that there was significant variation between individual fish in the same rearing units, and between fish on different farms.     

Evaluation of secondary protein nutrients as a substitute for soybean meal in diets for beef steers and meat goats

Finding appropriate disposal techniques for waste products is one of many challenges facing the poultry-processing industry. One waste generated in significant quantities is dissolved air floatation sludge, a product of wastewater treatment. Converting dissolved air floatation sludge into a dry feed product (meal) for incorporation into livestock feed appears to be a viable solution. This meal, called secondary protein nutrients (SPN), is high in protein (45% CP), fat (28% crude fat), and minerals. The protein consists of 85% B(2) and B(3) fractions, which are moderately to slowly degradable in the rumen, and therefore may potentially escape ruminal degradation and be available for digestion in the lower gastrointestinal tract. The goal of this research was to evaluate SPN as an alternative to traditional protein sources for ruminants by substituting it on an equivalent N basis for soybean meal in cattle and meat goat diets (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100% for cattle; 0, 20, and 40% for goats). When included in corn silage-based steer diets, increasing SPN resulted in linear and quadratic declines in both DMI and ADG (P < 0.001). Dry matter intake diminished with inclusion rates above 50%, and ADG were reduced after inclusion of SPN reached 25% of added N. Feed efficiency (the reciprocal of the efficiency of gain, which is represented by G:F) declined linearly (P < 0.001) with each incremental increase in SPN. Addition of up to 40% added N as SPN in goat diets caused no change in DMI, digestibility of DM or fiber, or N retention. Ruminal VFA concentrations showed little variation in either species. Increasing the proportion of SPN in the feed caused linear declines in ruminal NH(3) in steers (P < 0.001). Increasing SPN in goat diets, however, resulted in only a trend toward reductions of this parameter (P = 0.14). The decreases observed may have resulted from decreasing ruminal protein degradability or increasing fat caused by increasing the proportion of SPN in the feed. Urinary urea N as a percentage of urinary N showed significant declines in cattle, but not in goats, over the ranges of SPN offered. These results indicate that SPN can be included in diets for ruminants to supply up to 40% of supplemental N with little negative impact on animal performance.     

Feed efficiency of rainbow trout can be improved through selection: different genetic potential on alternative diets

To assess the genetic potential for selection of increased feed efficiency in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), we estimated the heritabilities and correlations for BW, daily weight gain (DG), and daily feed intake (DFI). Body weight was recorded 5 times, and DG and DFI 3 times during a feeding trial lasting 22 mo. To test the hypothesis that phenotypic and genetic parameters were influenced by a nutritional environment, fish were fed either a modern normal protein diet (NP, 40 to 45% protein and 30 to 33% lipid) or an alternative high protein diet (HP, 50 to 56% protein, 20 to 24% lipid) in a split-family design. Results showed that there were no large differences in heritabilities between the diets. Average heritability for DFI over both diets and different fish ages was low (average h2 = 0.10), indicating that modest genetic changes in response to selection can be obtained. Average heritabilities for BW and DG over both diets and different fish ages were 0.28 and 0.33, respectively. The NP diet enabled fish to express a wide range of BW, as shown by the increased coefficients of phenotypic variation for BW. Fish fed the HP diet showed increased phenotypic variation for DFI in > 750-g fish. On the NP diet, genetic correlations of DFI with DG and BW were very strong for 750- to 2,000-g fish. In contrast, on the HP diet, the respective correlations were moderate to low, revealing more genetic potential to change growth and feed intake simultaneously in opposite directions. An analysis of the predicted selection responses showed that selection solely for high DG improved feed efficiency as a correlated genetic response. Simultaneous selection for high DG and reduced DFI, in turn, may increase genetic gain in feed efficiency by a factor of 1.2 compared with selection solely for DG. However, variation for growth and feed intake and the relationships between these traits were different in different nutritional environments, leading to divergent genetic responses on the alternative diets.