A review of toxoplasmosis of animals in the U.S.S.R

Information on the serologic and parasitologic prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in domestic and wild animals of the U.S.S.R. is reviewed. Although complement-fixing antibodies to T. gondii were widely prevalent in animals, little information is available on the presence of viable T. gondii in tissues of animals. Reports of epizootics in which T. gondii was suspected to be the causative agent of toxoplasmosis are summarized. Also, the strict economic impact of toxoplasmosis on agriculture in the U.S.S.R. needs evaluation.     

美国奶牛群退计划研究

本文详细介绍了美国奶牛群退计划(Herd Retirement Program,以下简称HRP),即生产合作社通过奶牛群退计划资助奶农宰杀奶牛,控制奶牛数量,进而控制牛奶产量,提高牛奶价格,最终达到增加奶农收益的目的。从该计划运作7年来的实际情况看,这种非政府的调控方式快速有效,且具有可持续性。本文通过介绍这一计划,希望为国内相关产业依靠非政府的力量调控市场提供一种新思路。     

美国蛋鸡饲养系统及发展趋势

<正>1美国蛋鸡生产简况1976年美国蛋鸡生产企业有10000家;1987年为2500家;2008年为200家。蛋鸡饲养规模在100万只以上的美国企业目前有63家,其中有15家公司规模在500万只以     

美国动物疫病区域化评估认可的研究

随着动物及动物产品国际贸易化的不断深入和发展,动物疫病传播的风险也日益加剧。从欧洲的疯牛病到亚洲的禽流感,重大动物疫病疫情频繁出现,但是如果一发生疫情就全面封关,在贸易全球化的今天,这种“零风险”的做法必然引起有关贸易伙伴的不满,所以实现贸易过程中动物疫病的风险最小化     

Abattoir surveillance: the U.S. experience

Abattoir, or slaughter, surveillance has been an important component of bovine tuberculosis control and eradication programs in the U.S., and has adapted to changes in the livestock market from farm to table, and the threat of bovine tuberculosis from a wildlife reservoir. The purpose of this overview was to describe the current goals of U.S. bovine tuberculosis slaughter surveillance, describe the elements of slaughter surveillance in the U.S., describe enhancements to the slaughter surveillance system, and discuss future challenges for the U.S. bovine tuberculosis surveillance program. Government regulations and the scientific literature were examined to provide information for this paper. The control and eradication of bovine tuberculosis in livestock falls to the United States Department of Agriculture and two agencies within the Department: the Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) and the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS). FSIS conducts routine slaughter surveillance for disease or conditions that render carcasses unsuitable for human consumption, while APHIS is involved in antemortem bovine tuberculosis testing, and necropsy and investigation of bovine tuberculosis cases identified through slaughter surveillance or antemortem testing. Results from the previous 5 years of surveillance are presented. Enhancements have been added to the current surveillance system to improve its performance. An incentive program has been used to increase the numbers of tissues submitted for laboratory examination, the state of Michigan is implementing electronic animal identification under a pilot program, and expansions to the current system are being developed to accommodate new livestock industries. The success of these programs and challenges for the future are discussed.     

美国的兽医管理及执业准入制度

1依法管理是美国兽医管理上的突出特点在美国．政府兽医管理部门在履行其职责过程中需要有效的立法保障是不言而喻的。同样地。立法还赋予兽医行业协会（国家和地方）的特别职能．比如建立注册机构。允许私人从事兽医执业等。有效立法是政府兽医管理部门控制畜禽（动物）流动及在疾病控制或灭活时没收或销毁动物及其产品所必不可少的法律保证．有效立法也是政府兽医管理部门应用生物学原理来控制潜在的传染性疫病的法律依据。[第一段]     

Epidemiology of Dictyocaulus viviparus in Louisiana (U.S.A.)

An epidemiological investigation was conducted during a 1-year period on a permanent pasture naturally contaminated with Dictyocaulus viviparus and grazed by a varying number of yearling cattle. Seasonal variation in pasture infectivity to cattle was monitored by monthly slaughter of tracer calves, slaughter of pairs of resident yearlings at 30-60-day intervals, herbage larval recovery and by counts of first stage larvae in feces (modified Baermann technique) of resident cattle. A clinical outbreak of dictyocauliasis occurred during January-March 1986 and was associated with peak levels of pasture infectivity. Carrier animals were considered responsible for the survival of infection over summer. Although soil samples were taken regularly on a monthly basis to study the epidemiological importance of the soil as a source of infection, infective larvae were not recovered at any time. The epidemiological pattern observed in the present study provides basic information on the factors involved in infection and diseases outbreaks under sub-tropical conditions.     

中美牧草种子生产比较

牧草种子在草原植被恢复和草牧业生产中发挥着重要作用。中美都是国土辽阔的大国,本文通过对比近十年内中美2国牧草种子生产的相关数据,分析中美草种业在牧草种子生产规模、专业化生产的地域性、新品种选育、产业化与机械化以及生产技术研究上的差异。结果表明：尽管我国在牧草种子专业化生产的地域性方面取得了长足进步,但是种植面积和单产仍然低于美国,每年仍需进口大量牧草种子来满足生态建设和草产业发展的迫切需求;与美国相比,我国牧草种子生产在育种、产业化、机械化和专业化等方面存在巨大的潜力,而且我国牧草种子产业亟需培育大型龙头企业。基于中美在牧草种子生产体系上的差异,本文比较分析了中美两国在牧草种子生产方面的差异和我国的发展潜力,并提出了当前我国牧草种子产业发展需要集中努力的方向和建议,希望能为推动我国草种业快速健康发展提供参考。