随机扩增多态性DNA技术对绿色气球菌的相关性分析

为考察恩诺沙星与乙酰甲喹的联合抗菌活性,采用肉汤稀释棋盘法测定了恩诺沙星与乙酰甲喹单用及联用对大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌临床菌株的体外抗菌活性。结果显示:恩诺沙星与乙酰甲喹单独使用对大肠杆菌的最小抑菌浓度为8μg/m L和32μg/m L,对沙门氏菌的最小抑菌浓度为16μg/m L和256μg/m L。两药联用对大肠杆菌和沙门氏菌的FIC指数为0.5和0.75,分别表现为协同作用和相加作用。试验表明,恩诺沙星与乙酰甲喹联用可以增强对大肠杆菌和沙门氏菌感染的治疗效果。     

乙酰甲喹对畜禽常见致病菌的体外抗菌活性研究

利用纸片扩散法和试管二倍稀释法验证了乙酰甲喹注射液对畜禽常见致病菌的体外抗菌效果。纸片扩散法结果表明,乙酰甲喹注射液对禽大肠杆菌、猪大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌、鸡巴氏杆菌、链球菌、绿脓杆菌高度敏感,对金黄色葡萄球菌中度敏感。试管二倍稀释法结果表明,乙酰甲喹注射液对畜禽主要致病菌的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)为0.004～0.036μL/mL,最小杀菌浓度为(MBC)为0.009～0.036μL/mL。该研究结果表明,乙酰甲喹注射液对常见的病原菌有较好的抗菌效果,适合临床使用。     

乙酰甲喹主要代谢物的合成及体外抗菌活性检测

乙酰甲喹在动物体内被代谢为多种代谢物,其中乙酰甲喹侧链乙酰基加氢还原代谢物(M1),脱一氧M1(M2)、脱二氧M1(M3)为乙酰甲喹主要代谢物。以乙酰甲喹为原料通过Na2S2O4或NaBH4还原合成了此3种代谢物,并用质谱及核磁对合成的代谢物结构进行鉴定,然后对3种代谢物的体外抗菌活性进行测定。根据质谱及核磁结果分析,化学合成的3种化合物结构与代谢物(M1、M2、M3)结构一致,表明正确合成了此3种代谢物;体外抗菌活性研究表明,代谢物M1对大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌及金黄色葡萄球菌的最小抑菌浓度分别为32、128和128μg/mL,与乙酰甲喹相比,抑菌活性明显下降;M2、M3对此3种细菌的抑菌效果不及M1。     

黄芩苷对猪致病菌的体外抗菌试验

采用微量稀释法分别测定黄芩苷对链球菌、沙门氏菌、大肠杆菌、巴氏杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的最低抑菌浓度(MIC)值。结果显示,黄芩苷对大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的MIC为16μg/m L,对链球菌的MIC为64μg/m L,对沙门氏菌和巴氏杆菌无明显抑菌性。说明黄芩苷对猪大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌具有抗菌活性,对链球菌的抑菌性较差,对沙门氏菌和巴氏杆菌无明显抑菌性。     

头孢喹诺对临床分离菌株抗菌活性研究

本研究旨在评价头孢喹诺对上海市养殖场临床分离菌株的体外抗菌作用,为头孢喹诺的临床使用提供参考依据。从上海市养殖场分离并鉴定大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和链球菌各若干株,采用微量肉汤稀释法测定头孢喹诺对各菌株的最小抑菌浓度（MIC）、最小杀菌浓度（MBC）,推算MIC₅₀和MIC₉₀,并绘制头孢喹诺对这4种细菌的杀菌动力学曲线。头孢喹诺对金黄色葡萄球菌、链球菌、沙门氏菌和大肠杆菌的MIC₅₀分别为0.063、0.063、0.032、0.125 μg/mL,MIC₉₀分别为0.125、0.125、0.125、0.25 μg/mL;在很小的浓度变化范围内头孢喹诺能够快速抑菌,在抑菌浓度为1倍或2倍MIC时,24 h内能杀灭金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌或链球菌、沙门氏菌。头孢喹诺对上述几种临床分离细菌具有很强的抑菌效果和杀菌活性。     

大蒜素对鸡大肠杆菌的体外抑菌试验

大蒜素是从大蒜中提取的主要生物活性成分的总称,具有抗菌等多种药理作用。本试验利用试管二倍稀释法测定其对标准株和临床分离株鸡大肠杆菌的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)和最小杀菌浓度(MBC)。结果显示,大蒜素对标准株和临床分离株鸡大肠杆菌的MIC值分别为25μg/m L和50μg/m L,MBC值均为50μg/m L。说明大蒜素对鸡大肠杆菌有较好的抗菌作用。     

头孢噻呋与恩诺沙星联用体外抗菌活性研究

采用两倍稀释法、棋盘法测定头孢噻呋、恩诺沙星以及两者联用对鸡大肠杆菌标准株、临床分离株和鸡链球菌标准株、临床分离株的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)值。结果显示:单方头孢噻呋对五菌株的MIC值介于1～32μg/ml之间,恩诺沙星的MIC值介于0.5～64μg/ml之间,且两药对临床分离株的抗菌活性均明显较标准株低。两药联用对鸡大肠杆菌标准株和临床分离不产酶株、鸡链球菌标准株的部分抑菌浓度(FIC)指数均为0.75,呈现相加作用;对鸡大肠杆菌临床分离产酶株和鸡链球菌临床分离株的FIC指数为1.5,呈现无关作用,但头孢噻呋联用MIC值仅为单方的1/2。     

HPLC-PDA法测定恩诺沙星注射液中非法添加乙酰甲喹和水杨酸

建立了高效液相色谱法测定恩诺沙星注射液中非法添加乙酰甲喹、水杨酸含量的方法。试验采用十八烷基硅烷键合硅胶色谱柱,以0.025 moL/L磷酸溶液-乙腈(85∶15,V/V)为流动相,流速为1.0 m L/min,二极管阵列检测器进行全扫描和232 nm波长测定。结果表明乙酰甲喹在0.5～20μg/m L范围内线性良好,R~2=1.000,平均回收率为99.62%;水杨酸在1.0～50μg/m L范围内线性良好,R~2=1.000,平均回收率为99.51%;RSD在0.07%～3.44%之间。本方法准确、可靠、重现性好,可用于恩诺沙星注射液中非法添加乙酰甲喹、水杨酸的定性和定量检测。     

氟苯尼考与甲氧苄啶复方注射液的抑菌性试验

对氟苯尼考与甲氧苄啶配伍来制备复方注射剂的有效性,进行了配伍增效的抑菌效果研究。采用体外抑菌效果试验,利用临床分离的5株猪大肠杆菌为试验菌株,进行了氟苯尼考与甲氧苄啶联用的体外抑菌效果试验,以及比较复方氟苯尼考与氟苯尼考的MIC值。测得氟苯尼考、甲氧苄啶的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)分别为8μg/m L和16μg/m L,两药联合应用的部分抑菌浓度指数(FIC)值介于0.375~0.75之间,呈现协同或相加作用,其中氟苯尼考与甲氧苄啶按照5∶1的比例联合应用时的MIC值最小,抗菌效果最好。复方氟苯尼考的抑菌效果明显高于氟苯尼考,比氟苯尼考的抑菌效果增加了4~8倍。说明氟苯尼考与甲氧苄啶配伍制备复方注射液具有实际应用价值,并提供了复方配比的参考比例。     

氟苯尼考与多种抗菌药物联合应用对大肠杆菌的体外抑菌试验

为了解氟苯尼考分别与恩诺沙星、TMP和多西环素联合用药的体外抑菌效果,本试验采用倍比稀释法,测定了氟苯尼考、恩诺沙星、TMP和多西环素对大肠杆菌O78的最小抑菌浓度(MIC);采用棋盘法进行恩诺沙星、TMP、多西环素分别与氟苯尼考联合应用对大肠杆菌的药敏试验。结果表明:四种抗菌药物都有较强的抑菌能力,氟苯尼考MIC为4μg/mL,恩诺沙星MIC为0.1μg/mL,TMP的MIC为16μg/mL,多西环素的MIC为4μg/mL。氟苯尼考与恩诺沙星联合表现为无关作用,与TMP联合表现为协同作用,与多西环素联合表现为累加作用。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -