干酪质构与风味控制技术研究进展

干酪是富含蛋白质和钙的高营养价值乳制品,是发达国家的膳食主体,也是乳品科学研究的热点。干酪的质构与风味特征是评价干酪品质的综合指标,改善干酪的质构和风味,并解析其形成机制是干酪研究的重点与难点。本文通过分析原料乳质量,凝乳、成熟、盐渍、拉伸和浓缩工艺,以及低脂和低盐干酪加工技术等环节,全面解析了干酪质构与风味特征的影响因素。本文论述了如调控凝乳方式、利用辅助发酵剂加速干酪特征风味形成、基因修饰技术加速干酪成熟等关键控制技术,并提出了调节钙离子以精准调控凝乳、阐明体细胞对干酪质构和风味的影响等未来干酪科学研究方向,为我国干酪的品质改善和工业化提供参考。     

干酪加工技术浅述

干酪(cheese)俗称奶酪、芝士、由水、脂肪和蛋白质组成,是多种牛奶成份浓缩的精华,具有极高的营养价值,干酪包含了几乎所有的牛奶蛋白质、矿物质(钙、镁和磷)和溶于脂肪的维生素,干酪中的很多营养成份对人体的健康起着重要作用,特别是防癌和提高健康免疫系统方面。干酪是钙的重     

不同蛋白原料条件下常温再制干酪制品析水性和质构特性研究

常温再制干酪制品是指经超高温瞬时灭菌（Ultra high temperature treated,UHT）处理后可常温贮藏的灭菌型干酪制品,是我国乳品工业的新热点。然而,干酪在UHT处理后易失稳发生凝胶结构重构,在贮藏期间出现析水等质构问题,影响产品品质。为阐明蛋白原料对常温再制干酪制品析水性的影响及机制,筛选了3种不同的蛋白原料：膜过滤酪蛋白胶束、浓缩牛奶蛋白、凝乳酶酪蛋白,分析其蛋白质含量、组成以及粒径、电位、水合性和钙离子分布等理化特性,进而分析了蛋白原料对常温再制干酪制品析水性和质构特性的影响规律,并从水分分布和微观结构层面解析蛋白原料对常温再制干酪制品析水性的影响机制。结果表明：3种蛋白原料的蛋白质含量和组成存在显著差异,浓缩牛奶蛋白的乳清蛋白占总蛋白质量分数比膜过滤酪蛋白胶束高7.81个百分点,而凝乳酶酪蛋白中不含乳清蛋白;在水合性方面,浓缩牛奶蛋白和膜过滤酪蛋白胶束相近,均显著高于凝乳酶酪蛋白。蛋白原料显著影响常温再制干酪制品析水性,贮藏90d时,由凝乳酶酪蛋白制备的常温再制干酪制品析水率最高,而由浓缩牛奶蛋白制备的常温再制干酪制品的析水率最低,表面析水率和离心析水率分别为0.42%和1.10%。水分分布和微观结构结果显示,蛋白原料通过影响干酪制品中水分的存在状态和三维网络空间结构,从而影响常温再制干酪制品的析水性。研究解析了不同蛋白原料对常温再制干酪制品析水性的影响及机制,为常温再制干酪制品析水性的改善提供了理论依据。     

乳化盐对Mozzarella干酪功能特性的影响

针对Mozzarella干酪品质存在的缺陷,拟通过添加乳化盐来改善Mozzarella干酪功能特性.在Mozzarella干酪拉伸过程中分别添加1％、3％、5％的柠檬酸钠、焦磷酸钠,测定贮藏第21天干酪功能特性的变化.结果表明,添加乳化盐后干酪的硬度和粘聚性显著上升(P＜0.05),油脂析出面积显著增加(P＜0.05),干酪熔化性改善,其中添加3％的柠檬酸钠和焦磷酸钠后,熔化面积分别增加了37.58％和59.57％;干酪中钙离子含量下降,说明乳化盐通过螯合酪蛋白胶体,削弱了酪蛋白间的相互作用,从而改善了Mozzarella干酪的功能特性.     

我国果酒研究发展现状

综述果酒的主要成份、营养价值及保健作用,介绍葡萄酒、山楂酒、梨酒、沙棘酒等常见果酒的特点、营养价值及研究进展,总结果酒生产中制约其发展的重要因素,为我国果酒产业的研发提供理论参考。     

功能性低脂干酪发酵剂的优化

活菌数是功能性低脂干酪的重要指标,本文就发酵剂对功能性低脂干酪活菌数的影响进行了研究,旨在通过控制发酵剂种类及添加量而使干酪最终活菌数达到功能性食品的标准。通过对单因素试验和正交试验研究与分析,结果表明:选择嗜热链球菌、嗜酸乳杆菌(1∶1)两种菌混合发酵剂为最适发酵剂,混合发酵剂添加量为6%时,干酪活菌数能达到107CFU/mL,符合功能性低脂干酪的活菌数要求,能够获得较为理想的试验效果。     

禽蛋抗压特性测试机构设计及其系统开发

禽蛋具有很高的营养价值,是人们日常生活中重要的动物性营养食品之一。研究禽蛋的抗压特性对禽蛋的流通、提高商品性、增加收益和促进家禽业的发展都具有十分重要的经济与社会意义。为此,设计了一种借助微机控制来实现禽蛋抗压特性的测试系统,利用该系统能够实现检测数据的接收、显示、保存及检测报表打印、数据维护等功能。     

莼菜贮藏保鲜的研究进展

莼莱是原产于我国的一种珍稀水生蔬菜,具有极高的营养价值和生理功能。本文主要就与莼菜贮藏品质相关成分、莼菜贮藏保鲜技术和影响贮藏品质的因素等方面展开综述和分析,并指出存在的问题及莼菜产业今后发展的趋势和研究方向。     

坚果类植物基乳饮料研究进展

坚果类植物蛋白资源丰富且具有多种生理功能,生产营养、色泽、口感、质地俱佳的坚果类植物基乳饮料是未来植物基乳制品发展的重要方向。介绍不同坚果类植物基乳饮料原料的营养价值、功能特性及相关产品工艺流程、关键加工步骤,展望我国坚果类植物基乳饮料的发展方向。     

油葵收获机械研究现状及发展建议

油葵是我国5大油料作物之一，其利用价值和营养价值高，被称为21世纪的“健康营养油”。我国油葵机械化收获水平不高，研制油葵收获机械对降低人工劳动强度、提高生产效率及实现油葵生产机械化具有重要意义。阐述了国内外油葵收获机械的研究现状，分析国内油葵收获机研制存在的问题，提出了发展建议。      

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。