军曹鱼仔稚鱼脊柱和附肢骨骼的发育特征

为探明军曹鱼仔稚鱼早期脊柱及附肢骨骼的发育特征,本研究采用软骨-硬骨双染色技术,分别利用阿利新兰、茜素红对软骨、硬骨以及1～33日龄军曹鱼仔稚鱼全骨骼进行染色,系统观察并描述其脊柱和附肢骨骼的发育特征。结果显示,军曹鱼脊柱开始发育的标志为7日龄仔鱼中脉弓和神经弓的出现;13日龄稚鱼椎骨、神经弓和脉弓开始骨化;背肋、腹肋分别于17、20日龄开始骨化;29日龄稚鱼脊柱骨化完成。附肢骨骼骨化起始顺序依次为胸鳍、尾鳍、腹鳍、背鳍和臀鳍。胸鳍匙骨于4日龄出现,肩胛骨孔于12日龄出现,同时上匙骨开始骨化;乌喙骨与肩胛骨于20日龄开始骨化;第1尾下骨于5日龄出现,15日龄稚鱼尾杆骨、侧尾下骨和尾鳍鳍条开始骨化,18日龄稚鱼尾下骨开始骨化;腹鳍支鳍骨于17日龄延伸至匙骨,同时腹鳍开始骨化;臀鳍和背鳍于17日龄由前向后开始骨化。研究表明,军曹鱼在13日龄进入稚鱼期,早期发育阶段的骨骼发育特征与其功能性适应密切相关。本研究结果对研究军曹鱼早期骨骼发育与功能适应、优化养殖条件有重要作用。     

鳜仔稚鱼骨骼系统骨化发育

采用软骨―硬骨双染色技术,描述了鳜(Siniperca chuatsi)仔稚鱼(1～35日龄)头骨、脊柱、附肢骨骼的骨化发育特征。结果显示:(1)头骨前鳃盖骨于14日龄最先骨化, 15日龄上下颌骨骨化,且上下颌骨相对长度呈现连续变化过程。17日龄后,颌齿、关节骨、舌颌骨骨化;19日龄,隅骨、间鳃盖骨、鳃盖骨、鳃条骨、额骨骨化。20日龄后,方骨、下鳃盖骨、辅上颌骨等骨化; 35日龄,头骨骨化基本完成。(2)脊柱于15日龄由前向后骨化, 20日龄背肋与腹肋由基部向末端骨化, 29日龄骨化完成。脉弓与脉棘、髓弓与髓棘均由前向后、由基部向末端骨化,脉棘与髓棘骨化时间晚于相应的椎体。(3)附肢骨骼骨化顺序依次为胸鳍、背鳍、臀鳍、腹鳍、尾鳍。胸鳍匙骨于16日龄骨化,乌喙骨与肩胛骨于25日龄骨化;背鳍、臀鳍分别于18日龄、20日龄骨化,骨化方式相似;腹鳍于23日龄骨化,骨化方式与胸鳍相反;尾杆骨、尾下骨于25日龄骨化,附肢骨骼于35日龄基本骨化完成。结果表明,鳜骨骼骨化发育与其早期运动、摄食与御敌等行为密切相关。     

刀鲚脊柱及附肢骨骼早期发育研究

为了解刀鲚骨骼的早期发育过程,采用软骨—硬骨双染色法对养殖刀鲚脊柱、附肢骨骼的早期发育进行了系统研究。结果表明,养殖刀鲚26日龄时出现硬骨环,脉弓先于髓弓于第29天长出,38日龄时脊柱硬骨化完成,髓弓、脉弓均从前往后进行硬骨化。附肢骨骼的发育顺序依次为胸鳍、背鳍、臀鳍、腹鳍、尾鳍。胸鳍在第3日龄出现原基,50日龄硬骨化基本完成。19日龄背鳍间鳍软骨出现,50日龄硬骨化完成。29日龄臀鳍出现10个基鳍软骨,38日龄基鳍软骨和间鳍软骨才全部长出,48日龄硬骨化完成。29日龄腹鳍支鳍骨结构已形成,至50日龄硬骨化完成。尾鳍在29日龄时尾下骨全部出现,31日龄时出现尾上骨,50日龄硬骨化完成,期间涉及尾上骨联合、尾下骨与侧尾下骨联合等特点。首次记录了游离鳍条、腹肋及肌间刺的硬骨化状态。通过与鲱形目其它种的比较研究发现,刀鱼的分类地位较低。     

美洲鲥仔稚鱼脊柱及附肢骨骼系统的早期发育

使用软骨-硬骨双染色技术,描述了美洲鲥(Alosa sapidissima)仔稚鱼(1~51日龄)脊柱、胸鳍、尾鳍、背鳍等附肢骨骼的形态发育特征。结果显示,脊柱的发育开始于10日龄仔鱼尾部的髓弓、脉弓和尾下骨的出现,16日龄髓弓和脉弓延伸形成髓棘和脉棘,19日龄脊柱出现分节的硬骨环,23日龄所有椎体形成。各附鳍支鳍骨发育顺序先后依次为胸鳍、尾鳍、背鳍、臀鳍和腹鳍。胸鳍在2日龄时出现乌喙骨,13日龄形成软骨质的胸鳍支鳍骨,19日龄仔鱼肩带和上匙骨开始骨化;尾鳍的尾下骨最早出现在5日龄,12日龄尾鳍形成2枚尾上骨、1枚尾杆骨和6枚尾下骨,19日龄仔鱼尾椎和尾鳍率先开始骨化,直至23日龄尾鳍骨骼系统钙化完全。最终背鳍和臀鳍分别形成18和22根鳍条。美洲鲥骨骼发育研究对其早期发育功能趋向、环境优化及分类鉴定有重要作用。     

金钱鱼仔稚鱼脊柱及附肢骨骼系统早期发育研究

采用软骨—硬骨双染色技术于体视镜下观察金钱鱼1～45日龄仔稚鱼脊柱、腹鳍、臀鳍等附肢骨骼的早期发育。结果显示,1～8日龄金钱鱼仔鱼脊索为无分节的圆锥体,11日龄髓弓和脉弓的出现标志着脊柱发育开始,28日龄出现分节的硬骨环,38日龄脊柱形成22～24节椎骨。所有附肢支鳍骨发育的顺序为胸鳍、腹鳍、尾鳍、臀鳍和背鳍。胸鳍在5日龄时形成胸鳍支鳍骨,38日龄上匙骨和肩带骨化;腹鳍在5日龄时出现腹鳍支鳍骨,33日龄时腹鳍支鳍骨原基硬骨化完成;尾鳍的尾下骨最早出现在11日龄,15日龄脊索末端向上弯曲,41日龄尾鳍骨化完成;臀鳍在13日龄时排泄孔与尾下骨之间出现6根软骨质的支鳍骨,22日龄时臀鳍前4根锐化臀刺,38日龄时臀鳍开始骨化;背鳍在13日龄时形成9枚软骨质的支鳍骨,21日龄背鳍前10～11根鳍条锐化成背棘,33日龄背鳍支鳍骨和鳍条相继开始硬骨骨化。在温度25.5～29.1℃,盐度由25逐渐降至1.7的养殖条件下,15日龄金钱鱼尾索上翘,主动捕食和运动能力增强,由仔鱼期转入稚鱼期;20日龄时开始出现栉鳞,可以逐渐盐度淡化;鱼棘出现后,苗种生产过程中应注意被刺伤。第1背棘为倒棘、臀棘的数量和栉鳞的出现是金钱鱼科在鲈形目分类划分的显著判断标志。金钱鱼仔稚鱼骨骼发育研究结果对其早期发育环境适应、生产操作和分类鉴定有重要作用。     

饥饿对圆口铜鱼Coreius guichenoti仔鱼早期发育的影响

在水温(22.0±1.0)℃条件下,研究饥饿状态下圆口铜鱼Coreius guichenoti仔鱼生长、初次摄食率、不可逆点(PNR)以及摄食节律。结果表明:圆口铜鱼初孵仔鱼全长(7.50±0.01)mm,卵黄囊体积(3.36±0.11)mm~3,摄食组仔鱼全长生长呈线性增加,饥饿组仔鱼生长呈先增长后下降趋势。早期仔鱼(5日龄)和晚期仔鱼(15日龄)的摄食节律相似,高峰在凌晨6:00和黄昏18:00,属于典型的晨昏摄食类型。1~3日龄仔鱼为内源性营养期;4日龄仔鱼开口摄食,进入混合营养期,初次摄食率约为25.1%;5日龄卵黄囊耗尽,进入外源营养期;7日龄仔鱼摄食率达到最高水平为100%,最高摄食率维持6d,PNR期为13~14日龄。在本实验水温下,圆口铜鱼仔鱼最佳投喂时间为4~6日龄。     

暗纹东方鲀仔鱼早期发育阶段摄食和行为的研究

研究结果表明:1.在4－10日龄内,暗纺东方Hun(Takifugu obscurus)仔鱼摄取的蛋黄颗粒越来越大,4日龄仔鱼对粒径0.125-0.260mm的蛋黄颗粒的摄食率最高,10日龄仔鱼以0.191-0.309mm的为最高。2.6-10日龄仔鱼的摄食率在光照400－3000lx的范围内以1000－2000lx为最好,但没有显著影响。3.3日龄仔鱼以间歇式巡游为主,至7日龄才建立起完全的巡游模式。4.仔鱼摄食行为的发育分为较明显的两个阶段：一是前期仔鱼的前冲摄食,二是后期仔鱼身体呈现“L”攻击型和“咬食攻击型”的姿势摄食;12日龄之后,饥饿仔鱼的摄食反应次数明显低于正常仔鱼。     

暗纹东方鲀仔鱼早期发育阶段摄食和行为的研究

研究结果表明 :1.在 4～ 10日龄内 ,暗纹东方 ( Takifugu obscurus)仔鱼摄取的蛋黄颗粒越来越大 ,4日龄仔鱼对粒径 0 .12 5～ 0 .2 60 mm的蛋黄颗粒的摄食率最高 ,10日龄仔鱼以0 .191～ 0 .30 9mm的为最高。2 .6～ 10日龄仔鱼的摄食率在光照 4 0 0～ 30 0 0 lx的范围内以 10 0 0～ 2 0 0 0 lx为最好 ,但没有显著影响。 3.3日龄仔鱼以间歇式巡游为主 ,至 7日龄才建立起完全的巡游模式。 4 .仔鱼摄食行为的发育分为较明显的两个阶段 :一是前期仔鱼的前冲摄食 ,二是后期仔鱼身体呈现“L”攻击型和“咬食攻击型”的姿势摄食 ;12日龄之后 ,饥饿仔鱼的摄食反应次数明显低于正常仔鱼     

棘头梅童鱼仔稚鱼脊柱及附肢骨骼的早期发育

本研究基于 2014 年 6–7 月在杭州湾北部水域用大型仔稚鱼网(口径 1.3 m、网目 0.5 mm)进行表层拖网所采集的棘头梅童鱼(Collichthys luncidus)仔稚鱼样本, 采用软骨-硬骨双染色技术, 探讨了棘头梅童鱼仔稚鱼(体长范围为 3.3~12.7 mm)脊柱及附肢骨骼的早期发育和骨化特征。研究结果表明: 脊柱骨化之前不分节, 而是由前向后逐渐长出的多个骨环把脊柱分节, 硬骨化出现的顺序大体上为由前向后。髓弓在脊柱骨化之前完全形成, 相对于一些低等鱼类髓弓等的生成方向是从中间向头尾和从后向前进行, 棘头梅童鱼的髓弓由前向后生长, 属于相对高等鱼类的生长类型。胸鳍支鳍骨是最先发育的附肢骨骼, 为能够自由地游泳摄食和从内源性营养转变为外源性营养提供了保障。后颞骨的形状十分特殊, 具有四枚向不同方向突起的棘; 背鳍支鳍骨由体中部开始向前后生长, 尾鳍支鳍骨的骨化晚于其他附肢骨骼, 侧尾下骨与其相邻的两枚尾下骨的基部融合, 为其游泳提供了强劲的动力。该研究结果不仅可以为早期形态学分类提供骨骼发育学方面的科学依据, 对棘头梅童鱼人工繁殖过程中结合骨骼发育进行技术上的契合也具有重要的参考价值。     

日本鬼鲉脊柱和附肢骨骼的早期发育

通过软骨-硬骨双染色的方法对日本鬼鲉从初孵仔鱼到35日龄的发育过程中脊柱和附肢骨骼的发育进行系统观察.结果显示,脊柱的发育以10日龄髓弓的出现和1 1日龄脉弓的发育为起点;其中,椎体、髓棘、脉棘在20日龄形成,至35日龄基本完成骨化并伴随着躯椎的弯曲,并且发育和骨化顺序均为从前向后.附肢骨骼的发育顺序依次为胸鳍、尾鳍、臀鳍、背鳍和腹鳍.胸鳍的发育以3日龄胸鳍的匙骨、支鳍骨原基的出现为起点,11日龄软骨质的胸鳍支鳍骨形成,35日龄胸鳍下端支鳍骨游离.腰带和腹鳍出现较晚,在18日龄开始发育,但发育较快.背鳍和臀鳍出现在20日龄,23日龄时出现完整背鳍和臀鳍形态,并伴随着鳍棘的发生;背鳍从身体中部出现,此后鳍棘由前向后发育,而臀鳍从身体中部向后发育.尾鳍发育以8日龄仔鱼尾下骨的发育为起点,15日龄尾鳍基本成型,尾下骨和尾鳍条分为上下两部分.35日龄尾鳍支鳍骨形成并初步完成骨化.对日本鬼鲉脊柱和附肢骨骼的早期发育研究,为早期发育过程中的功能适应性研究提供依据.     

Cranial osteological development and abnormalities in northern palm ruff,Seriolella violacea (Guichenot, 1848), larvae and juveniles

Seriolella violacea, a new species to be potentially farmed in Chile and Peru, has shown cranial malformations during farming that could adversely affect its commercial development. This study seeks to generate early knowledge of the osteological development and type of cranial abnormalities that this species presents under culture conditions. Larvae from wild caught broodstock were reared from 1 to 60 days post hatching (DPH) (4.8 ± 0.1 mm TL and 11.8 ± 1.0 mm TL respectively). Larvae samples were collected throughout the experimental trial for recording cranial osteological development and abnormalities in cartilage and bone. At 5.7 ± 0.1 mm TL, coraco‐scapular, sclerotic, ethmoid plate and quadrate cartilages were present. At 8.0 ± 0.6 mm TL, early ossification was observed in the jaw, premaxilla and maxilla. At 11.8 ± 1.0 mm TL, the branchiostegal rays, jaw, maxilla and opercular complex were ossified. The first cartilaginous structures observed were the Meckel's cartilage, the branchial arches and the suspensory ligament. The first cranial malformations were detected at 5.7 ± 0.1 mm TL, coinciding with mouth opening. The most frequent malformations were a curvature of the lower jaw (23.1%), abnormal separation between branchial arches and the Meckel's cartilage (19.4%) and bulging jaws (15.7%).     

Ontogenetic development of digestive enzymes and effect of starvation in miiuy croaker <Emphasis Type="Italic">Miichthys miiuy</Emphasis> larvae

The ontogenetic development of the digestive enzymes amylase, lipase, trypsin, and alkaline phosphatase and the effect of starvation in miiuy croaker Miichthys miiuy larvae were studied. The activities of these enzymes were detected prior to exogenous feeding, but their developmental patterns differed remarkably. Trypsin activity continuously increased from 2 days after hatching (dah), peaked on 20 dah, and decreased to 25 dah at weaning. Alkaline phosphatase activity oscillated at low levels within a small range after the first feeding on 3 dah. In contrast, amylase and lipase activities followed the general developmental pattern that has been characterized in fish larvae, with a succession of increases or decreases. Amylase, lipase, and trypsin activities generally started to increase or decrease at transitions from endogenous to exogenous feeding or diet changes, suggesting that these enzymatic activities can be modulated by feeding modes. The activities of all the enzymes remained stable from 25 dah onwards, coinciding with the formation of gastric glands and pyloric caecum. These results imply that specific activities of these enzymes underwent changes due to morphological and physiological modifications or diet shift during larval development but that they became stable after the development of the digestive organs and associated glands was fully completed and the organs/glands functioned. Trypsin and alkaline phosphatase were more sensitive to starvation than amylase and lipase because delayed feeding up to 2 days after mouth opening was able to adversely affect their activities. Enzyme activities did not significantly differ among feeding groups during endogenous feeding; however, all activities were remarkably reduced when delayed feeding was within 3 days after mouth opening. Initiation of larvae feeding should occur within 2 days after mouth opening so that good growth and survival can be obtained in the culture.     

Morphological development of larval and juvenile blacktip grouper, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Epinephelus fasciatus</Emphasis>

The morphological development of larval and juvenile blacktip grouper, Epinephelus fasciatus, was examined using a hatchery-reared series. By about 5 mm body length (BL), the larvae developed characteristic pigmentation patterns of groupers, such as melanophores on the dorsal part of the gut, on the tips of the second-dorsal and pelvic fin spines, and on the midpoint of the tail to form a cluster. In addition, characteristic spines of groupers, such as spinelets on the second-dorsal and pelvic fin spines, and the preopercular angle spine developed by about 6 mm BL. The notochord end was in the process of flexion in larvae of 6–7 mm BL, by when major melanophores, spines, and jaw teeth started to appear. After the fin ray counts attained the adult complement at about 14 mm BL, somewhat densely pigmented bands started to appear on the body. The fish had the five distinct transverse bands and attained adult-like attire at about 40 mm BL when the major head spines disappeared and body parts in relation to BL became stable.     

鮸鱼（Miichthys miiuy♀）与大黄鱼（Larimichthys crocea♂）杂交子代的胚胎发育

以鮸鱼（Miichthy s miiuy）为母本、大黄鱼为父本（Larimichthys crocea）的人工杂交试验结果表明：在水温25.4±0.4℃、盐度为28和pH为7.99的环境中,杂交鱼卵的胚胎发育过程需21h54min,刚孵出的仔鱼全长2.18mm。3d时,杂交仔鱼开口,口径为0.288±0.067mm。     

Observations on development and anomalies in the appendicular skeleton of sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax L. 1758, larvae and juveniles

Abstract The development of the fin skeleton has been studied in both the wild and hatchery sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax L., larvae, in order to identify and define morphofunctional criteria for larval quality assessments. The cartilaginous and bony skeletal elements of the larvae were studied and standard length and notochord flexure recorded. Fin anomalies were present in reared larvae, whereas they were rare or absent in specimens from the wild. These anomalies were recognizable from the very beginning of skeletal development, indicating that environmental, genetic and broodstock management factors influence even the very early stages of larval development.     

黄海南部近岸海域鱼类群落结构与区系划分

黄海南部海域具有复杂的水团结构和海流环境,使该海域鱼类群落产生较为复杂的空间结构。为研究黄海南部近岸海域鱼类群落结构特征,实验根据2014—2015年对该海域进行4个季度的底拖网调查数据,利用多元统计方法分析了该海域鱼类群落的分布格局并比较了各群落的相对生物量、生物多样性、优势种等结构特征。应用聚类分析(cluster)和多维标度排序(MDS)分析将黄海南部近岸海域划分为海州湾群落与江苏近岸群落;海州湾群落的平均相对资源量和生物多样性均高于江苏近岸群落,而暖温性与暖水性鱼类所占比重相对较低;海州湾群落的优势种主要为方氏云鳚、大泷六线鱼和日本鳀等,季节变化显著;江苏近岸群落的优势种为短吻红舌鳎、途、棘头梅童鱼和黑鳃梅童鱼等,季节变化不明显。研究表明,黄海南部近岸海域可划分为海州湾区系与江苏近岸区系,其鱼类群落结构特征具有显著差异。海流、水团、底质类型及水深等环境因子是形成鱼类群落结构差异的主要因素。     

南海北部陆坡金鼻眶灯鱼秋季摄食节律

中层鱼是深海食物网的重要组成部分,其摄食节律的研究对探讨以中层鱼为核心的能量流动与物质循环具有重要意义。本研究利用2014年10月南海北部陆坡海域拖网调查数据,对中层鱼优势种金鼻眶灯鱼(Diaphus chrysorhynchus)秋季的摄食节律进行了研究。结果表明:(1)金鼻眶灯鱼取样体长范围为28~110 mm,集中于50~59 mm体长组,各时间段摄食等级与体长间均不存在正相关;(2)金鼻眶灯鱼在18:00左右上浮摄食,次日05:30左右达到摄食高峰,为连续摄食,5个取样时间段平均摄食等级范围为1.50~2.57,呈增长趋势;(3)差异性分析表明,金鼻眶灯鱼傍晚与夜间或清晨间摄食等级差异性显著,表现在18:30~19:30时间段与01:00~02:00、04:45~05:50或06:30~07:30三个时间段间(P=0.041;P=0.000;P=0.007),另03:30~04:30与04:45~05:50时间段间摄食等级也存在极显著差异(P=0.005);(4)金鼻眶灯鱼各时间段摄食等级频率呈波浪形变化,4级频率在06:30~07:30时间段达到最高峰;0级频率在黄昏18:30~19:30时最高,01:00~02:00降为0,03:30~04:30上升到黄昏时的一半,此后连续下降。总体而言,金鼻眶灯鱼傍晚至次日清晨连续摄食,连续排遗,摄食集中于清晨。综上所述,金鼻眶灯鱼是一种昼夜垂直迁移、夜间连续摄食与排遗的浮游动物食性鱼类,其在南海陆坡水域能量流与物质流中起着承上启下的作用。     

Osteological development and deformities in hatchery‐reared longtooth grouper (Epinephelus bruneus): Vertebral column,dorsal‐fin supports and caudal‐fin skeleton

Skeletal deformities are one of the serious problems in hatchery‐reared longtooth grouper (Epinephelus bruneus). In this study, seed production of longtooth grouper was carried out in four large hatchery‐grade tanks. Osteological development of the vertebral column, caudal‐fin skeleton and dorsal‐fin supports in larvae and juveniles was described. The vertebral ontogeny started at 4.8 mm total length (TL) with the formation of neural spines 2 and 3, and the vertebral centra began forming at 5.3 mm TL. By 16 mm TL, all vertebral bony elements were formed except for the dorsal ribs. The onsets of the ontogeny of the caudal‐fin skeleton and dorsal‐fin supports occurred at approximately 5.1 mm and 3.9 mm TL, respectively, and the completion of these bony elements occurred at approximately 20 mm TL. The incidence of deformity was examined; some type of deformity was observed in 57%–68% of the specimens. These deformities mainly occurred as three types: lordosis, around vertebrae 1–5; saddleback‐like syndrome, around vertebrae 7–11; and vertebrae fusion, around vertebrae 22–24. The incidence of prehaemal lordosis was significantly higher among individuals with an uninflated swim bladder than among those with an inflated swim bladder.