磷和钾对巴基斯坦西北部向日葵生长、产量的交互效应

Potassium (K) and phosphorus (P) applications improve growth, increase yield and yield components of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) on K and P deficient soils in Northwest Pakistan. A field experiment was conducted using sunflower cv. Hysun-33 at the New Developmental Research Farm of KPK Agricultural University, Peshawar, Pakistan, during summer 2006. The experimental design was a randomized complete block in split plot arrangements, with six levels of K (0, 25, 50, 75, 100, and 125 kg K ha^-1) as main plots and four levels of P (0, 45, 90, and 135 kg P ha^-1) as sub-plots with three replications. Sunflower yield and yield components responded positively to K and P fertilization but the magnitude of response varied with the levels of K and P. Days to flowering and maturity, grains per head, 1000-grain weight, shelling percentage, and grain yield increased tremendously in the K and P-fertilized plots as compared to the control with no K and P applied. The combined application of 100 kg K and 45 kg P ha^-1 significantly increased yield components, grain yield, harvest index, and shelling percentage of sunflower, suggesting that 100 kg K ha^-1 in combination with 45 kg P ha^-1 could maximize productivity of sunflower planted after wheat on the K and P deficient soils in the study area.     

作物品种和化学固定剂对玉米谷物中镉和锌积累的影响

A field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of soil amendments(lime,nano-Si foliar solution and used diatomite) on the growth and metal uptake of three maize(Zea mays L.) cultivars grown in a Cd and Zn-contaminated acidic soil.The addition of lime significantly increased the maize grain yields and decreased the concentrations of Zn and Cd in the grains and shoots of maize when compared with the control.Among the three maize cultivars,Yunshi-5 accumulated the lowest amounts of Cd and Zn in the grain.The concentrations of Zn and Cd in the grain of Yunshi-5 conformed to the Chinese feed standards.These data revealed that a combination of low metal-accumulating maize and chemical fixation could effectively provide a barrier to prevent metals from entering the human food chain.     

土壤状况及养分交互作用对棉花产量影响的数学分析

The influence of soil chemical properties and soil nutrition on cotton yields was studied by means of establishing mathematical models. The nultivariate quadratic regression equations developed by a stepwise regression method not only presented the single effect of soil factors but also displayed the interaction (synergistic or antagonistic) of soil nutrients. The effect of individual factor and the way of nutrient interaction were further analysed by the path analysis method. The results showed that among major factors affecting cotton yields, there existed the interactions between macronutrients(available P × available K), and between macronutrients and microelements (N × Zn, P × Mo, P × Cu, P × Zn, K × Mo) besides the single effect of soil pH, total P, available Cu and available Zn.     

大气臭氧浓度升高对大豆籽粒C、N、P和K浓度的影响

为明确大气臭氧浓度升高对大豆籽粒C、N、P和K元素浓度的影响,本研究以环境大气臭氧浓度为对照,利用开顶式气室模拟大气臭氧浓度升高40 nL·L^-1的环境条件,选取3个推广面积较大的大豆品种:东生1号、绥农4号和绥农8号,解析了在高臭氧浓度下不同大豆品种籽粒C、N、P和K元素浓度及计量化学比的变化。结果表明,臭氧浓度升高会降低大豆籽粒中C元素和P元素浓度,但增加了N元素和K元素浓度,3个品种大豆籽粒中C、P元素平均浓度分别降低了1.51%和10.7%;N、K元素平均浓度则分别升高了37.8%和11.0%。虽然大豆籽粒C、N、P和K元素浓度存在品种间差异(P<0.05),但臭氧与品种交互作用对4种元素的积累影响不显著(P>0.05)。臭氧浓度升高还会改变大豆籽粒中C、N、P和K元素化学计量比,如提高C/N和C/K,降低C/P和N/P,同时提高P/K,这表明臭氧浓度升高降低了N和K的元素利用效率,而且大豆对N元素的积累和利用可能受到P元素的制约。     

机械收获方式及籽粒含水率对玉米收获质量的影响

该文选用13个玉米品种为研究对象,通过田间试验系统研究了常规玉米栽培模式下延缓收获期间玉米含水率的变化规律,分析了果穗收获和籽粒收获2种收获方式对玉米收获损失率、籽粒破碎率和含杂率的影响,初步研究了不同机械收获方式及籽粒含水率对不同品种玉米收获质量的影响,建立了含水率与籽粒含杂率之间的数学函数。结果表明,延缓收获期间不同品种玉米的含水率均有显著的降低(P0.05),但其变化率存在差异。同期进行的果穗收获和籽粒收获2种收获方式的收获总损失率之间没有显著差异(P0.05),机械收获方式仅显著影响落粒率(P0.05)。延缓收获使落粒率和落穗率都显著下降(P0.05)。采用果穗收获方式时,籽粒含水率与各损失率之间不存在显著相关性;而籽粒收获时,籽粒含水率与落粒率、总损失率、破碎率和含杂率之间存在显著相关性。延缓进行籽粒收获后,籽粒含杂率均值为1.32%,总损失率均值为1.74%,均低于国标要求;而平均籽粒破碎率达13.23%,高于国标要求。含杂率与籽粒含水率之间满足线性关系,根据二者之间关系预测可知,籽粒含水率低于32.40%的收获就可以保证含杂率满足国标要求。该研究可为玉米籽粒收获技术的研究与推广提供数据支撑和科学依据。     

花铃期高温受涝对棉花的交互效应及排水指标确定

湖北平原地区棉花花铃期恰逢强降水和高温易发期,棉田易遭受雨涝和高温热害双重胁迫,研究棉花对涝和高温及其复合胁迫的响应,可为该区棉花生产防灾减灾管理提供依据。2013和2014年在可控制灌排的有底混凝土测筒中于棉花花铃期设置持续受涝和高温+受涝处理,旨在研究江汉平原棉花花铃期持续受涝和高温+受涝对其形态、生理活动及产量的影响。结果表明:常温或者高温时,花铃期淹涝3 d棉花开始显著变矮、倒4叶可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白质含量开始显著增加;常温时淹涝6 d果枝数开始显著降低,倒4叶丙二醛含量开始显著增加,而高温时是3 d;常温或者高温时,淹涝12 d倒4叶叶绿素a含量才显著降低;常温时淹涝12 d倒4叶叶绿素含量才显著降低,而高温时是15 d;花铃期受涝、高温和高温+受涝均使籽棉产量显著下降,其影响程度顺序为涝+高温胁迫涝胁迫高温胁迫,主要原因是桃数和单铃质量显著下降。若以棉花减产20%作为排水标准,假设在受涝过程中出现连续4 d的高温,则应在3.4 d内排除田面涝水,田间涝水排除后应在3 d内将地下水位降到80 cm以下。     

除草剂使用时期对小麦籽粒产量、品质及光合特性的调控效应

田间试验研究了除草剂2,4-D丁酯(A)和世玛(B)11月15日、次年3月20日和4月4日3个使用时期对小麦"临优145",产量结构、籽粒产量、品质和叶片净光合速率(Pn)的影响.结果表明:2,4-D丁酯3个使用时期均使小麦叶片Pn降低,且随使用期推迟降幅越大;世玛3个使用时期在1-15 d使叶片和旗叶灌浆前中期Pn较对照降低,灌浆后期B1(11月15日)和B2(3月20日)处理旗叶Pn高于CK处理.2,4-D丁酯3个使用时期对灌浆参数影响相对较小,而世玛使籽粒灌浆持续期(S)和有效灌浆持续期(Se)延长,使平均灌浆速率(R)、有效灌浆期灌浆速率(Rs)降低.除草剂使用时期对小麦千粒重和成穗数影响较大,且随使用时期推迟影响越大,对穗粒数影响较小.随使用期推迟2,4-D丁酯使小麦产量降低越多,世玛的B1和B2处理小麦产量分别提高157.44 kg˙hm-2和222.34kg˙hm-2,B3处理(4月4日)则减产512.71 kg˙hm-2.2,4-D的A1和A2处理使小麦籽粒品质改善,A3和世玛的3个使用时期均使小麦品质指标降低.因此,2种除草剂11月15日使用对小麦各项指标影响较小,次年4月4日使用影响最大,尤其是B3处理使产量最低,品质最差.     

森林演替和气候变暖对暖温带天然次生林植物根系呼吸的交互效应

为了揭示森林演替和气候变暖及交互过程对森林土壤自养呼吸和森林不同层次植物根系呼吸的影响,以关帝山不同演替阶段4种天然次生林(杨桦阔叶落叶林、油松针阔混交林、华北落叶松林和云杉林)为研究对象,于2016—2019年利用Li—6400便携式分析仪观测每种林型不同层次植物根系呼吸和土壤自养呼吸生长季的变化规律;同时采用温室加热法,模拟增温对土壤自养呼吸及各组分的影响。结果表明:(1)根系呼吸速率和土壤自养呼吸速率随演替的进行而降低。乔木层根系呼吸对土壤自养呼吸的贡献率随演替进行则显著上升,而灌木层和草本层的贡献率则显著下降。(2)增温显著提高了不同演替阶段自养呼吸速率,提高幅度为8.48%~8.76%,并随演替进行而升高。森林不同层次植物根系呼吸速率对增温的响应程度不同,其中增温显著提高了草本层和灌木层植物根系呼吸速率,提高幅度分别为10.88%~14.00%和8.37%~15.26%,而[JP]对乔木层植物根系呼吸速率作用则不显著。增温降低了土壤自养呼吸和乔木层根系呼吸的贡献率,则提高了草本层根系呼吸对土壤自养呼吸的贡献率。(3)增温和演替没有改变土壤自养呼吸及各组分在生长季变化规律,但演替和增温对土壤自养呼吸、草本层和灌木层植物根系呼吸有显著的耦合效应。综上所述,森林土壤自养呼吸和根系呼吸速率随演替进行具有降低的趋势,土壤自养呼吸速率、灌木层和草本层植物根系呼吸速率对增温响应程度显著,并且对演替和增温的交互过程有显著的耦合效应,为气候变暖背景下森林更新过程对森林土壤碳排放影响的研究提供数据支持和理论依据。     

N、P、K肥对玉米幼苗吸收和积累重金属的影响

采用室内盆栽试验,研究复合污染土壤中施加氮肥（NH4Cl）、磷肥（Na2HPO4）和钾肥（KCl）对高生物量经济作物玉米（Zeamays L.）幼苗生长以及吸收和积累重金属的影响。结果表明,不同施肥方式和浓度处理对玉米生物量变化以及吸收重金属有不同影响,NH4Cl能显著提高玉米地上部生物量、土壤Pb、Cd有效态含量,增加玉米对重金属Pb、Cd、As的提取量,最大分别可提高1.7、2.0倍和1.2倍。不同施肥方式和处理浓度均显著影响土壤有效态Pb含量,Na2HPO4在中浓度处理时显著降低土壤Pb的有效性,高浓度时则显著增加土壤有效态As含量,使玉米地上部对As的积累量有明显提高。在不同的浓度水平下,钾肥处理使玉米提取Pb含量显著高于氮肥和磷肥,其中低浓度KCl处理使玉米提取Pb量比对照增加2.4倍。对Pb-Cd-As复合污染农田土壤来说,施用氮肥（NH4Cl）处理对强化玉米的修复效果最好。     

施用改良剂对山地土壤pH和烤烟生长及产质量的效应

为明确酸性土壤改良剂施用方法,采用三因素二水平的大田试验,研究改良剂种类、施用时间和施用量对植烟土壤pH的影响及对烤烟农艺性状、经济性状和烟叶物理特性、化学成分的效应。结果表明,与对照(CK)相比,施用改良剂能显著提高土壤pH值(移栽后60 d可提高1.24～1.58;移栽后120 d可提高0.39～0.54);施用低剂量石灰有利于打顶前烤烟株高和茎围的生长,施用酸性土壤调理剂有利于打顶前烤烟叶片的生长;施用改良剂主要影响烤烟经济性状指数(ECI)、烟叶物理特性指数(PPI)、烟叶总氮含量,以改良剂用量对烤烟经济性状影响最大,改良剂种类和施用时间互作对烟叶物理性状影响最大,改良剂用量对化学成分影响最大;与CK相比,施用改良剂其烤烟上等烟比例提高7.32～15.46个百分点,均价、产量、产值分别提高1.22%～9.81%、1.72%～40.65%、2.74%～42.67%,其烤烟ECI、烟叶PPI、烟叶CUUI分别提高6.53%～32.31%、0.65%～7.04%、0.36%～13.87%。生产上应用改良剂的方法为,在烤烟整地时施用1 500 kg·hm^-2石灰的...     

钼磷配合施用对甘蓝型油菜产量和子粒品质的影响

利用酸性黄棕壤进行连续2年的盆栽试验,研究了钼肥和磷肥配合施用对甘蓝型油菜产量和子粒含油量、油产量、蛋白质含量、硫甙和芥酸含量以及脂肪酸组分等品质指标的影响。钼肥和磷肥各设置3个水平,分别为Mo 0、0.15、0.30 mg /kg土和P2O5 0、0.20、0.40 g /kg土,共9个处理。结果表明:施钼能够显著（P0.05）提高油菜子粒产量和生物学产量,显著增加油菜子粒含油量、油产量及油酸、亚油酸含量,降低子粒硫甙、亚麻酸和硬脂酸的含量;施磷则能够极显著提高子粒产量和子粒油产量,显著增加生物学产量和亚油酸含量,降低芥酸、硫甙及二十碳烯酸的含量;钼肥和磷肥对提高油菜子粒产量、油产量和油酸含量,降低芥酸含量存在显著（P0.05）的协同效应。因此,钼肥和磷肥在提高油菜产量、改善油菜子粒品质方面均具有良好的作用,且两者配合施用效果更好。     

铜氮配施对冬小麦籽粒产量和蛋白质含量的影响

在豫中潮土区通过田间裂区试验研究了铜、氮配施对冬小麦籽粒产量和蛋白质的影响。结果表明,氮肥对冬小麦籽粒产量和蛋白质产量影响达极显著水平,对蛋白质含量影响不显著。铜肥对籽粒产量和蛋白质产量的影响都达到极显著水平,对籽粒蛋白质含量影响达显著水平。氮、铜交互对冬小麦籽粒产量和蛋白质产量影响达极显著差异,对蛋白质含量影响也达显著差异。综合考虑产量和蛋白质因素,本试验条件下,铜、氮配施以N1Cu2处理(即施氮120 kg.hm-2,施铜45 kg.hm-2)为适宜的铜、氮配施比例。     

Influence of phosphorus application on yield,yield components,and quality of linseed

Abstract

Soil fertility depletion coupled with improper fertilization is one of the major constraints limiting linseed production in Ethiopia. Experiment was conducted in 2014/2015 on Nitisol in southeastern Ethiopian highlands to study the effect of phosphorus (P) fertilizer rate on yield, yield components, and oil content of linseed. It comprised of six levels of P fertilizer (0, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25?kg?P?ha^?1) arranged in randomized complete block design with three replications. Results revealed that P fertilization brought significant effect on biomass yield, harvest index, plant height, number of capsules per plant, and kernel size. However, it didn’t significantly increase seed yield and oil content on linseed. Considering its influence on increasing biomass yield and improving yield components, application of 5?kg?P?ha^?1 has been recommended for replenishing the extracted P, maintaining soil fertility and improving linseed production on Nitisols of southeastern Ethiopian highlands and other similar agro-ecologies.     

磷素子粒生产效率不同品种的小麦磷素吸收利用差异

盆栽试验研究了130份小麦不同生育时期的干物重、磷素含量、子粒产量等指标,采用组内最小平方和的动态聚类方法将供试品种按磷素子粒生产效率从低到高依次分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ和Ⅵ 6个类型,研究不同类型磷素吸收利用的差异。结果表明: 1）供试品种的磷素子粒生产效率差异较大（CV=1660%）,Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ和Ⅵ类品种的平均磷素子粒生产效率为P 13629、15167、16916、18589、20132、24466 g/g。子粒产量随磷素子粒生产效率提高呈增加趋势（r=03203**）。2）不同生育时期,小麦植株磷浓度与吸磷量类型间差异显著或极显著。成熟期磷素子粒生产效率与植株磷浓度极显著正相关（r=06969**）,子粒产量与抽穗期、成熟期植株吸磷量显著或极显著相关（r=02966*、r=09271**）。3）不同生育时期磷素干物质生产效率的类间差异均达显著水平; 成熟期磷素干物质生产效率与磷素子粒生产效率极显著正相关 （r=07391**）。4）拔节期、抽穗期和成熟期干物重均表现出随磷素子粒生产效率增加而增加的趋势,成熟期尤为突出。拔节期成熟期磷素吸收量是影响子粒产量形成的重要因素,磷素子粒生产效率高的品种在拔节期后有较强干物质和子粒产量形成能力。     

不同施硫量对冬小麦光合特性和产量的影响

以8901-11和4185两个冬小麦品种为材料,于2001～2002年度在河北农业大学教学基地进行了试验,研究了不同施硫水平对小麦光合特性和产量的影响。试验设4个施硫量处理,分别为S0、30、60、90kg/hm2,采用裂区设计,3次重复。试验结果表明,在一定的供硫范围内(0～60kg/hm2),顶部功能叶在各生育时期,倒3叶和旗叶在展开到衰亡过程中的叶绿素含量增加,光合速率提高,可溶性蛋白质含量增加。在该施硫量范围内,两品种的产量均随着施硫量的增加而增加,且以60kg/hm2的施硫量水平产量最高,单位面积穗数、每穗粒数和千粒重随施硫量的变化趋势也同产量的变化趋势基本一致。     

Interactive effects of salinity and two phosphorus fertilizers on growth and grain yield of Cicer arietinum L.

Chickpea is considered among the most sensitive grain legumes to salinity. The improvement of tolerance of lines in combination with tolerant rhizobial strains depends on various environmental and cultural conditions such as soil properties. This investigation was undertaken to evaluate the effect of phosphorus fertilization (0, 90 and 200 kg ha^?1 of P₂O₅) on biomass, nodular traits and grain yield (GY) of chickpea (cv. Flip 84-79C) growing under salinity (0 and 150 mM NaCl). The trial was laid out following a randomized block design with three replicates during 2010–2012, at the experimental farm of Oued Smar (Algiers). Salinity did not significantly decrease the dry biomass of the plants but the relative shoot growth was more affected than control, P and SP1 treatments. Besides, salinity significantly reduced GY (?20%) and nodulation traits compared to the control plants while an inversely proportional relationship was found between protein, leghemoglobin and MDA content, K/Na ratio and the increase in salt concentration. Application of two P levels to saline soil enhanced growing conditions of plants. Particularly, the (90?kg?ha^–1 of P ×?150?mM?NaCl) combination significantly increased leghemoglobin (92%), reduced proline content (?69%) and protected membranes against peroxydation compared to saline conditions. A significant increase was observed in the GY (about 30%) of plants at both P doses combined with salt stress compared to other cases. Statistically, the low P level combined with salinity induced similar responses of plants and sometimes better responses to control plants. Finally, our results support the roles of phosphorus fertilizer in the alleviation of salt stress and enhancing the soil quality for better symbiosis efficiency and yield of chickpea.     

Predicting grain yield and protein content in winter wheat at different N supply levels using canopy reflectance spectra

A field experiment using a split-plot randomized complete block design with three replications was carried out to determine relationships between spectral indices and wheat grain yield （GY）, to compare the performance of four vegetation indices （VIs） for GY prediction, and to study the feasibility of VI to estimate grain protein content （GPC） in winter wheat. Two typical winter wheat （Triticum aestivum L.） cultivars ＇Xuzhou 26＇ （high protein content） and ＇Huaimai 18＇ （low protein content） were used as the main plot treatments and four N rates, i.e., 0, 120, 210, and 300 kg N ha^-1, as the sub-plot treatments. Increasing soil N supply significantly increased GY and GPC （P ≤ 0.05）. For the two cultivars combined, significant and positive correlations were found between four VIs and GY, with the strongest relationship observed when using the green ratio vegetation index （GRVI） at mid-filling. Cumulative VI estimates improved yield predictions substantially, with the best interval being heading to maturity stage. Similar results were found between VI and grain protein yield. However, when using cumulative VI, GPC showed no significant improvement. The strong relationship between leaf N status and GPC （R2 =0.9144 for ＇Xuzhou 26＇ and R2 = 0.8285 for ＇Huaimai 18＇） indicated that canopy spectra could be used to predict GPC. The strong fit between estimated and observed GPC （R2 = 0.7939） indicated that remote sensing techniques were potentially useful predictors of grain protein content and quality in wheat.     

施氮量和底追比例对小麦氮素吸收利用及子粒产量和蛋白质含量的影响

在大田栽培条件下,运用15N示踪技术研究了不同施氮量和底追肥比例对小麦氮素利用和子粒产量及蛋白质含量的影响。结果表明,施用氮肥提高了小麦植株的氮素积累量、子粒产量、蛋白质含量和蛋白质产量。相同施氮量条件下增加追肥氮的比例,提高了氮肥农学利用率和吸收利用率,增加了植株地上部器官(子粒+营养器官)中追肥氮、土壤氮的积累量,提高了营养器官中氮素的转运量和开花后氮素的同化量,增加了子粒蛋白质含量。相同的氮素底追肥比例条件下,将240.kg/hm2施氮量降至168.kg/hm2的处理,氮肥农学利用率、氮肥吸收利用率、氮肥偏生产力提高,子粒中土壤氮的积累量增加,植株地上部器官中土壤氮的积累量亦增加,开花后氮素同化量提高,子粒蛋白质含量增加。各施氮处理间子粒产量无显著差异。在本试验条件下,施氮量为168.kg/hm2且全部于拔节期追施是兼顾产量、品质和效益的优化处理。     

施钴对冬小麦产量品质的影响

在潮土上采用田间小区试验,研究了钴元素对小麦产量和品质的影响。结果表明:施用适量的钴可以显著提高冬小麦的产量,改善冬小麦的品质。各施钴处理较对照增产7.4%～20.3%。施钴量在1.05kg.hm2以内,随着施钴量的增加,增产效应提高,当施钴量超过1.05kg.hm2时,随着施钴量的增加,冬小麦的产量增加,但增产效应下降。各施钴处理子粒蛋白质含量与蛋白质产量均有不同程度的提高,以Co2处理最高。此外,低浓度的钴(施钴量0.45～0.75kg.hm2)可以提高冬小麦子粒面粉的沉降值、总评价值和湿、干面筋含量,而高浓度的钴(施钴量大于1.35kg.hm2)则降低冬小麦子粒面粉沉降值、总评价值和湿、干面筋含量。土壤有效钴含量与施钴量呈极显著正相关,小麦籽粒中钴含量与施钴量呈显著正相关,地下部的钴含量显著大于地上部。