水稻冠层光谱反射特征及其与叶面积指数关系研究

在水稻试验小区,通过人为控制的方法造成施N水平的差异,对水稻整个生长期内冠层光谱进行了比较系统、密集的测定,并测定了水稻几个重要生育期的叶面积指数。结果表明:随着施N水平的提高,水稻冠层光谱在各生育期呈现出一定的规律性,在近红外部分(760 ~ 1220 nm),冠层光谱反射率随着施N水平的提高而升高,而在可见光部分(460 ~ 710 nm),水稻冠层的光谱反射率反而逐渐降低。冠层光谱经差异显著性检验发现:水稻灌浆期以前,对施N水平最为敏感的波段是绿光(560 ~ 610 nm)和近红外(710 ~ 760 nm)部分;转换为归一化植被指数(NDVI)以后,差异最显著的是 (R760 - R560) / (R760 R560)。对叶面积指数与冠层光谱反射率的相关分析结果表明:在水稻抽穗期以前,叶面积与冠层光谱反射率相关性较差;而抽穗期以后,二者有较好的相关性。     

不同施氮水平下的小麦冠层光谱特征及产量分析

分析了在不同氮肥施用水平下,小麦冠层的高光谱响应在几个生育期内的变化情况,以及它们与小麦产量之间的关系。采用微分技术处理了小麦冠层反射光谱,提高了其区分小麦氮素营养水平的灵敏性;利用F-检验及方差分析与相关分析,研究小麦氮素处理水平、冠层反射光谱及其衍生信息(光谱反射率的一阶微分数据、归一化植被指数)、小麦产量三者之间的相关关系。研究结果表明,一阶微分技术能够提高小麦冠层光谱数据对氮素营养水平的响应,光谱数据的衍生形式也可与小麦产量建立很好的回归方程。     

苹果花期冠层反射光谱特征

苹果花期是果树生产与管理的关键阶段,对冠层反射光谱特征研究具有重要的理论和现实意义。该文以山东省栖霞市为研究区,通过实测的120棵苹果花期冠层反射光谱数据,在分析不同累计样本容量冠层反射光谱特征的基础上,用方差分析和相关分析的方法,系统地研究了苹果树有花与无花、不同花量、花期不同阶段、不同树龄及不同品种的冠层反射光谱特征。研究结果表明,随着累计样本容量的增加,冠层反射光谱曲线趋于稳定、平滑。有花与无花冠层光谱反射率在431～500、591～680、761～1 300 nm波段方差分析结果极显著（α=0.01）;不同花量的冠层与391～513、598～687、711～1 193 nm波段的反射率显著相关（p＜0.05）;在670 nm“红谷”附近,反射率随花量的增加而增大,在近红外761～1 300 nm波段,反射率随花量的增加而减小;不同品种之间,除嘎啦外,红富士、金帅和新红星之间不易区分。研究结果揭示了高光谱遥感在苹果花期信息获取方面的巨大潜力,为今后遥感反演模型的构建提供了依据。     

昼夜不对称增温对冬小麦花后冠层反射光谱特性的影响

全球变暖具有明显的昼夜不对称性,温度升高影响冬小麦的生长发育,也改变了其冠层的光谱反射特性。为了研究昼夜不对称增温对冬小麦冠层反射光谱特性的影响,在南京采用开放式田间增温系统,开展昼夜不对称增温的人工控制试验,利用FieldSpec Pro FR光谱仪测定了2个冬小麦品种扬麦15和徐麦31的冠层反射光谱,分析了冬小麦开花后冠层光谱反射率和一阶导数光谱,比较了2种增温方式对冠层反射光谱特性的影响。结果表明,与CK相比,昼夜不对称增温处理(白天增温1℃,夜间增温3℃,T2)的冬小麦冠层反射率,在近红外波段的下降最为显著,且以开花期的冬小麦冠层近红外波段反射率降低幅度最大。昼夜对称增温处理(白天增温2℃,夜间增温2℃,T1)下的冬小麦冠层反射率变化与T2处理后的变化相似,但其反射率降低幅度小于T2处理。在开花期,扬麦15在CK、T1、T2处理下近红外波段反射率分别为0.70、0.61、0.55,而徐麦31在CK、T1、T2处理下近红外波段反射率分别为0.65、0.60、0.52。由一阶导数光谱可以发现,T1、T2处理下,扬麦15红边位置由738 nm变为花后20 d的731和730 nm,俆麦31表现相同的规律。T1和T2处理也使得红边峰值下降,在开花期红边峰值下降幅度最大,且T2处理下降幅度较T1处理更大。与光谱反射率变化相对应,T1和T2均使2品种的叶绿素质量分数和叶面积指数(leaf area index,LAI)显著降低,以T2处理降低幅度最大。因此,昼夜不对称增温影响了冬小麦LAI、叶绿素质量分数、细胞结构和衰老程度,进而表现出冬小麦冠层反射光谱反射率的下降。     

干旱区棉花冠层高光谱反射特征研究

为揭示棉花冠层高光谱特征,建立棉花高光谱估算模型,促进高光谱技术在棉花长势监测和估产中的应用。基于新疆棉花生长发育规律,对棉花各生育期冠层进行高光谱反射率的测定,研究不同灌水量、氮素营养条件及品种对棉花冠层光谱反射特性的影响。结果表明:在可见光区(400-700nm),适度缺氮(N1)条件下的棉花冠层光谱反射率相对较高,而氮过量(N3)条件下的冠层光谱反射率相对较低;随着灌水量的增加,在近红外波段(700-800nm),棉花冠层光谱反射率呈上升趋势,在盛蕾期和盛花期不同灌水量处理的光谱反射率差异明显;不同棉花品种冠层光谱反射率存在一定差异,在近红外区新陆早13与新陆早10只在吐絮后期光谱反射率差异不明显,在前3个生育期差异较明显。     

稻纵卷叶螟为害水稻的冠层光谱特征及叶绿素含量估算

2017-2018年以南京农业大学农业气象与昆虫生态实验室培养的二龄稻纵卷叶螟幼虫为试验材料,在南京信息工程大学农业气象试验站水稻大田内,设置网罩控制下不同投虫量处理,以无虫量为对照,利用便携式波谱仪和SPAD-502叶绿素仪测定水稻全生育期冠层光谱反射率以及倒一叶叶绿素相对含量(SoilandPlant Analyzer Development,SPAD),分析不同初始虫量条件下、不同生育期水稻冠层的原始光谱、三边参数和SPAD值的变化规律。在此基础上,利用观测光谱中与SPAD值相关性较强的波段,计算基于光谱数据的植被指数和三边参数,并以这两类指数为自变量,建立水稻叶绿素相对含量的回归估算模型。结果表明:(1)稻纵卷叶螟为害下的水稻冠层光谱反射率与对照差异显著(P0.05),其中可见光波段的反射率在分蘖-孕穗期低于对照,在扬花-成熟期高于对照;(2)在近红外波段,表现为虫害处理的反射率低于对照,且随着投虫量的增加反射率呈下降趋势,其中以300头·百株~(-1)(4级)处理近红外波段的反射率最低;(3)随着投虫量的增加,红边位置发生明显"蓝移"。(4)SPAD值随投虫量的增加逐渐降低,4级处理最低;(5)归一化植被指数(Normalized Difference Vegetation Index,NDVI)、红边归一化植被指数(Red-Edge Normalized Difference Vegetation Index,NDVI_(705))以及红边位置与SPAD值的相关性较好;(6)利用观测光谱数据构建了SPAD单因子估算模型和多元逐步回归模型,其中以NDVI指数模型的估算效果最优,R~2达到0.72,且高于其它估算模型,说明利用水稻冠层光谱参数,建立全生育期稻纵卷叶螟为害下水稻叶片叶绿素相对含量估算模型的方法是可行的,且具有快速、无损的特点,利于实现持续、动态和长期定位观测。     

MODIS数据辅助的GF-1影像晴空光合有效辐射反演

面向农作物产量监测对中高分辨率遥感数据光合有效辐射(photosynthetically available radiation,PAR)反演的实际需求,该文选择山东省禹城市2014年1月至2014年12月共13景GF-1/WFV卫星影像作为数据源,基于中分辨率成像光谱仪(moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer,MODIS)地表反射率产品作为辅助数据源,开发了适于业务运行的WFV数据气溶胶光学厚度(aerosol optical depth,AOD)及PAR的反演算法。算法核心是采用6S(second simulation of satellite signal in the solar spectrum)大气辐射传输模型,建立包括AOD在内的大气参数与查找表(look-up table,LUT),结合大气顶层太阳入射辐照度及卫星入瞳处辐射亮度值反演地表反射率数据,通过与WFV蓝光波段地表反射率数据对比获取大气参数。通过反演的大气参数计算400~700 nm连续光谱区间的PAR值,并建立WFV数据离散红、绿、蓝光波段与连续光谱区间PAR的转换系数,实现WFV数据PAR的反演。其中,WFV蓝光波段反射率数据与MODIS地表反射率数据关系、离散到连续谱段PAR的关系可以从美国地质勘探局(United States Geological Survey,USGS)提供的典型地物波谱库数据理论计算获取。利用中国生态系统研究网络(chinese ecosystem research network,CERN)禹城站地面观测值进行验证结果表明,该文提出的算法总体精度达到92.63%,平均绝对误差为14.56 W/m~2,平均相对误差7.37%,具有业务应用的潜力。     

基于热点植被指数的冬小麦叶面积指数估算

针对传统植被指数方法中利用单一方向的光谱特性估测LAI容易出现饱和现象和冠层结构信息不足的缺陷,以二向反射特性的归一化植被指数(NHVI)为基础,将表征叶片空间分布模式的热暗点指数(HDS)引入土壤调整型植被指数(SAVI),增强型植被指数(EVI)中,构建具有二向反射特性的土壤调整型热点植被指数(SAHVI)和增强型热点植被指数(EHVI)。同时使用红光,近红外,蓝光和绿光波段计算HDS,选择对LAI敏感性较高的HDS参与构建新型植被指数,并利用试验测量的小麦冠层二向反射率数据和叶面积指数,研究新型植被指数与LAI的线性关系。结果表明:基于蓝光和红光波段计算的HDS参与构建的EHVI、SAHVI与LAI的线性相关程度要优于EVI、SAVI,且较NHVI有进一步提高,能有效缓解LAI估算中植被指数饱和现象。     

苗期低温胁迫对“红颜”草莓叶绿素含量及冠层高光谱的影响

2020年9月−2021年1月以“红颜”（Fragaria×ananassa Duch “Benihope”）草莓为试材，在南京信息工程大学开展低温环境控制试验。设置21℃（日最高气温）/11℃（日最低气温）、18℃/8℃、15℃/5℃和12℃/2℃共4个低温处理，持续时间设置3d、6d、9d、12d共4个水平，以25℃/15℃为对照（CK）。测定草莓叶片叶绿素含量以及冠层高光谱反射率，研究低温胁迫对草莓叶绿素含量及冠层反射光谱的影响，筛选出叶绿素含量估算模型的敏感波段与特征参数。结果表明：（1）同一低温条件下，草莓叶片叶绿素a、叶绿素b和总叶绿素(a+b)等参数随着胁迫天数的延长而减少；同一胁迫天数下，温度越低其含量越低，即低温胁迫程度越大叶绿素含量下降幅度也越大。（2）不同温度同一胁迫天数处理草莓苗期冠层光谱反射率变化规律大致相同。在可见光区域草莓冠层反射光谱曲线均存在绿峰和红谷，在近红外反射平台随着温度降低，光谱反射率数值逐渐增大，即反射平台逐渐增高。（3）草莓冠层一阶微分光谱曲线变化较剧烈，有明显波峰和波谷，在红边范围内偶有双峰现象。随着低温胁迫程度的加深，一阶微分光谱最高峰的值越高，草莓冠层光谱的近红外反射率升高，红边位置蓝移，之后该峰值逐渐降低，红边位置红移。（4）草莓叶绿素(a+b)含量与冠层原始光谱反射率的相关系数均呈负相关，与原始光谱的近红外波段反射率的相关性明显高于可见光波段。叶绿素(a+b)含量与原始光谱反射率相关性较好，均达到显著水平，其中737nm波段相关系数达到最大，因此可以用其作为敏感波段对叶绿素含量进行预测。叶绿素(a+b)含量与植被指数中的DVI、MSAVI、PVI、RDVI、SAVI和TSAVI的相关性达极显著水平，可以选其作为特征参数对叶绿素含量进行预测。     

拔节抽穗期不同时长干旱胁迫对水稻冠层光谱特征的影响

基于水稻干旱胁迫试验,采用ASD（Field Spec Pro FR2500）光谱辐射仪测定水稻拔节期和抽穗期不同时间尺度（10d、20d）干旱处理与对照（正常处理）的冠层光谱反射率,对干旱胁迫下水稻冠层光谱变化规律、植被指数、水分指数、导数光谱特征进行分析.结果表明：水稻拔节期和抽穗期干旱胁迫后冠层光谱反射率与对照（CK）相比,可见光、近红外波段反射率均显著减小,短红外波段反射率显著增加,导数光谱红边位置均向短波方向推移,红边面积和红边斜率均显著减少,复合构建的6种植被指数或水分指数呈下降趋势,四波段水分指数（SRND）、归一化差异红外指数（NDVII）下降幅度最大;与CK相比,拔节期干旱胁迫20d和抽穗期10d的水稻冠层对可见光、近红外波段的反射率极显著降低,对短红外波段反射率极显著升高,在此阶段红边特征参数、植被水分指数减少幅度最低.研究结果可为利用高光谱遥感技术快速无损监测水稻干旱灾害提供技术支持.     

夏玉米冠层光合有效辐射垂直分布模型

吸收光合有效辐射分量（FPAR）是研究植被群体光合作用和光能利用的重要参数,弄清冠层内FPAR的垂直分布规律及其与冠层结构等参数之间的定量关系,可以为遥感定量反演冠层FPAR提供模型基础。该文基于平均冠层的辐射传输过程,结合冠层结构建立玉米冠层内FPAR垂直分布计算模型,并就模型的参数如植被组分光学特性、株型、太阳高度角以及天空散射光比例等对FPAR垂直分布结果的影响进行了分析。利用实测结构参数模拟了玉米冠层内FPAR,并与SUNSCAN测量值进行了比较,结果表明模型对封垄后的玉米冠层内FPAR垂直分布的模拟精度较高,RMSE均小于0.18,并能较好地计算封垄前冠层内FPAR的垂直分布趋势。     

Effect of variations of PAR on CO2 exchange estimation for Scots pine

A set-up with 161 photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) sensors was used to investigate spatio-temporal variations of irradiance for five horizontal arrays within a Scots pine canopy. The measured PAR was converted to CO₂ exchange using of a shoot-scale photosynthetic response curve and the vertical distribution of the needle area. The net ecosystem exchange was simultaneously measured by the eddy covariance technique. The effect of spatial and temporal averaging of the PAR values and the number of sensors were analysed under different conditions as regards cloudiness and the shading by the foliage. In 1/2 h CO₂ exchange values for the entire canopy, a maximum overestimation of 30% resulted from a spatial averaging over horizontal arrays of 2–5 m and occurred under clear-sky conditions and significant foliage shading. Under partly cloudy conditions, the largest overestimation occurred for a case of little shading and the inaccuracy resulting from 1/2 h temporal averaging exceeded that of spatial averaging.     

基于夏玉米叶片气孔导度提升的冠层导度估算模型

叶片气孔导度模拟及其向冠层导度的尺度提升是实现蒸散发尺度转换的基础,对农业水资源高效利用与评价意义重大。本文依据夏玉米叶片气孔导度和冠层导度实测值,在建立叶片气孔导度估算模型基础上,构建冠层导度估算模型。结果表明,夏玉米叶片气孔导度每日在10:00－14:00之间达到峰值,其日变化趋势与光合有效辐射的一致性较好,较大的饱和水汽压差对夏玉米叶片气孔导度具有一定的限制作用。根据光合有效辐射和饱和水汽压差建立的叶片气孔导度估算模型能较好反映当地夏玉米叶片气孔导度对主要环境因子的响应过程,以光合有效辐射作为尺度转换因子构建的冠层导度估算模型可较好实现从叶片气孔导度向冠层导度的尺度转换提升。     

Spatial variability of photosynthetically active radiation in European beech and Norway spruce

The vertical and horizontal variability of solar radiation within a mature European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.)-Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst) mixed stand in Southern Germany is investigated. A large dataset with more than one million spectral measurements of photon fluence rates at six vertical levels within the stand is analyzed with respect to tree species, meteorological sky conditions, and the influence of solar elevation angle on canopy penetration. Irradiance probability density functions of the photosynthetically active waveband are used to describe the three-dimensional radiation field. For a quantification of umbra, penumbra, and sunfleck frequencies, in-canopy fractions of photon fluence rates within the photosynthetically active waveband are investigated. Different phenological stages of beech and their effects on the in-canopy light climate are compared. The results show that during overcast conditions (OVC) fractions of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) are higher at all canopy levels than during clear sky (CS) conditions due to their exclusively diffuse character. The lowest median PAR level of less than 1% of above-canopy PAR can be observed in the shade crown of beech and at ground level. More PAR can penetrate the canopy at a higher solar elevation under CS conditions. This effect is more pronounced for spruce than for beech due to the conical crown shape of the conifers that allows photons from higher angles to enter the gaps inbetween trees in contrast to the more homogeneously closed beech canopy. Solar elevation is not an important factor at uniformly overcast conditions. Differences in the vertical distribution of umbra and penumbra can be detected when comparing species or different sky conditions. The frequency of sunflecks differs more by species and by the vertical position within the canopy than by sky condition.     

Two-dimensional solar radiation interception model for hedgerow fruit trees

A two-dimensional, hourly or daily time step model was developed, which takes canopy characteristics and row orientation into account to simulate solar radiation interception in hedgerow orchards. In order to determine the spatial and temporal distribution of soil irradiance across the tree row, the canopy path length through which the radiation must travel to reach a certain point on the soil surface is calculated. The model assumes leaves to be uniformly distributed within an ellipsoid, and radiation penetrating the canopy is attenuated according to Beer’s law. Beam or direct radiation and diffuse radiation for the PAR (photosynthetically active radiation) and NIR (near-infrared radiation) wavebands are calculated separately, as they interact differently with the canopy. The attenuation of beam radiation by the canopy is strongly dependent on canopy dimensions and architecture, zenith and azimuth angle, as well as row orientation. Radiation can penetrate neighbouring rows, so two rows on either side of the simulated row are considered. Validation of the model was carried out for a wide range of conditions (crops, row orientation, canopy density, tree size and shape). Field measurements included solar radiation, soil irradiance at different distances from the tree row with tube solarimeters, leaf area density, as well as canopy size and row orientation. Model predictions of soil irradiance were excellent in orchards with symmetrical and elliptical canopies having a uniform leaf distribution. In orchards where the canopy was non-symmetric and/or had non-uniform leaf distribution, errors in predictions of solar radiation transmittance occurred. As a result of these discrepancies, the overall MAE was 40% of the average measured value of radiant transmittance over the whole day.     

PAR transmittances of dry and condensate covered glass and plastic greenhouse cladding

In this study, the angular transmittances over the photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) range of two types of glass (single glass (SG) and low emissivity glass (LEG)) and three types of plastic films (low density polyethylene (LDPE), anti-drop condensation polyethylene (ADCPE) and photoselective diffusive polyethylene (DPE)) were determined experimentally in the laboratory. The measurements were performed on dry as well as on condensate covered materials, since condensate frequently occurs on a greenhouse cladding material. Based on the angular measurements, the transmittance of diffuse PAR incident on a 25° inclined slab was calculated. For the dry state, it was found that the PAR transmittance decreased with increasing photoselectivity of the materials. When covered with condensate, the PAR transmittance of the glass plates was only reduced at incidence angles higher than 15° by at most 20% on a relative scale, while the transmittance of non-anti-drop condensation films was especially reduced at small angles of incidence by at most 25%. Due to the addition of anti-drop condensation agents to a plastic film, the PAR transmittance of the film was not affected by the condensate and, therefore, showed the highest PAR transmittance in the wet state. For the photoselective cladding materials, the spectral dependency of the transmittance was only slightly changed by the condensate.     

贺兰山油松林冠层的辐射能量截获及传输利用特征

油松作为我国北方地区典型的森林植被类型,研究辐射能量在其冠层中的分配、收支及传输,是构建森林冠层辐射传输模型和生态过程模型的理论基础,对阐明森林植被群落中能量流动和物质循环机理具有重要意义。基于贺兰山生态站油松林通量塔定位观测获取的上、下行长短波辐射、光合有效辐射(photosynthetically active radiation, PAR)以及气象数据,分析2021年4—9月不同天气和季节条件下油松林冠层的辐射能量截获及传输特征。结果表明：(1)晴天条件下太阳总辐射的日变化表现为光滑的“单峰”曲线,但多云条件下则呈现不规则的“多峰”曲线,且减弱48.3%的太阳总辐射能量到达冠层顶部。(2)太阳总辐射以下行短波辐射为主,晴天的上行短波辐射日变化虽也呈“单峰”形态,但仅占下行短波辐射的8.1%,上行和下行长波辐射随昼夜交替略有波动。(3)太阳短波辐射的季节动态特征表明,上行和下行短波辐射在6月最高,而上行和下行长波辐射在7月最高。(4)在冠层上方(25 m处)呈规则“单峰”形态的PAR日动态曲线,经过冠层截获和传输作用后,在冠层下方(7 m处)变为不规则曲线;PAR的透过率为32.2...     

Seasonal variation in the statistics of photosynthetically active radiation penetration in an oak-hickory forest

The seasonal variability in the frequency distribution (FD) and higher order moments (e.g., standard deviation, skewness and kurtosis) of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) penetration in an oak—hickory forest were examined. In a leafless, wintertime forest the FD is unimodal and skewed. In a leafing forest, the FD is highly variable and is strongly skewed. This results from higher solar elevation angles enhancing PAR penetration and new, expanding leaves causing penumbral shade and scattering the incoming radiation. The FD of PAR in the fully-leafed canopy is unimodal in the upper canopy, bimodal below crown closure and unimodal in the subcanopy trunkspace. Low solar elevation angles and leaf senescence cause the FD of PAR in the autumnal canopy to be uniformly distributed, as is indicated by its low kurtosis. FDs of PAR also provide a means of estimating sunlit leaf area. Estimated values of sunlit leaf area below crown closure agree within 15% with theoretical estimates derived with a negative binomial distribution.     

我国4种主要苹果树形冠层结构和辐射三维分布比较研究

树体结构和辐射分布是影响果树冠层光合生产力和果实产量品质的主要因素。本文以"富士"苹果(Malus domestica Borkh.cv.‘Fuji’)为试材,采用田间调查方法,系统研究了我国苹果生产中4种主要树形的树体结构参数以及叶面积密度(LAD)和光合有效辐射(PAR)的三维分布特征。结果表明,开心形树冠的枝量(894×103·hm-2)和叶面积指数(LAI,2.53)最小,其他3种树形中小冠疏层形分别为2 280×103·hm-2、4.14,疏散分层形分别为2 119×103·hm-2、3.98,纺锤形分别为2 190×103·hm-2、3.88。不同树形LAD三维分布各不相同,小冠疏层形苹果树的叶片主要分布在树冠的0.5~1.5 m之间,疏散分层形和纺锤形主要分布在0.5~2.0 m之间,开心形主要分布在1.0~2.0 m之间。通过对不同树形LAD和PAR三维分布比较发现,每种树形的PAR都随树冠深度的增加而降低,在树冠中部LAD最大部位辐射消减最快,PAR的三维分布主要与叶片分布有关。其中开心形树冠的平均PAR最高,分布最均匀。4种树冠内叶片得到的平均相对PAR小冠疏层形为24.85%,疏散分层形为28.84%,纺锤形为27.71%,开心形为37.28%。开心形树冠内低光区的叶片所占比例只有35%,其他树形都超过50%。研究表明,不同相对PAR范围内的叶片比例能够更好地反映果树冠层的辐射情况,开心形树冠在辐射分布上优于其他3种树形。