落叶松板材的强碱性脱脂技术研究

用新研制的强碱性脱脂液对速生人工林落叶松板材进行低浴比汽蒸处理，结果表明，板材保持了新鲜材色，力学性能下降不明显，可做室内装饰和实木家具等用材。     

落叶松板材的酸性脱脂技术

用新研制的酸性脱脂液对速生人工林落叶松板材进行低温低浴比汽蒸处理 ,处理后 ,板材保持了新鲜材材色 ,力学性能下降也不明显 ,可作室内装饰和实木家具等用材。     

马尾松板材的强碱性脱脂技术

松木在加工利用前必须进行脱脂处理 ,而传统的脱脂工艺成本高 ,效果欠佳。作者开发一种新型脱脂剂PW2 ,用该强碱性脱脂剂对马尾松板材进行低温低浴比浸渍处理后 ,板材保持了新鲜材材色 ,力学性能下降不明显 ,可做室内装饰和实木家具等用材。     

家具用材马尾松碱液皂化脱脂技术

报道了利用碱液皂化法进行家具用马尾松板材的脱脂工艺试验.采用正交试验设计方法,探讨了板材厚度、NaOH浓度、压力、处理时间等工艺因素对马尾松板材含脂率、脱脂率、质量损失率和白度的影响.试验表明:利用碱液皂化法对马尾松板材进行脱脂,脱脂率高,板材材色均匀美观,符合制作中高档实木家具要求.最佳的脱脂工艺参数为:板材类型为生材厚度20 mm,NaOH浓度为0.8％,压力为-0.08 MPa(30 min)至0.6 MPa,处理时间为6h,脱脂率达67％.     

利用枝丫材生产组合板材

利用枝丫材生产组合板材郑忠福（永安市纤维板厂福建永安３６６０００）本厂采用枝丫材及小径材制成组合板材，提高了枝丫材的利用价值，降低了木制品成本，取得了明显的经济效益。１组合板材的结构和特点组合板材是按照胶合板组坯形式经组坯热压而成的一种人造板材。它除...     

汽蒸预处理对杨木板材密实化的影响

杨木材质松软的特点限制了其应用范围.为了提高杨木板材的性能,首先对杨木板材进行汽蒸预处理,再用水溶性低分子量酚醛树脂进行涂刷处理和热压.结果表明,汽蒸处理可明显提高酚醛树脂的浸注量,使处理材的物理力学性能有显著提高.     

不同湿热处理工艺对云杉板材吸湿性能的影响

分别采用高温湿热处理和二次干燥湿热工艺对钢琴用云杉干板材进行再处理。通过对两种宽、窄年轮的云杉板材吸湿性的研究发现:经过高温湿热处理和二次干燥湿热处理均能有效降低试材的吸湿性能,且随着处理温度升高,吸湿性降低的幅度增大,尺寸稳定性更好。其中,经过140℃、8h高温热处理的云杉弦向尺寸变化率为1.74%,径向尺寸变化率为1.02%,吸湿性能最接近AI材的水平。     

小型除湿干燥机干燥乐器用材的实践

本研究使用小型除湿干燥机对提琴用材进行了干燥工艺生产性试验。结果表明，干燥过程中试材未产生内裂和表裂；干燥后板材的含水率在材堆内分布均匀，在板材厚度方向分布有一定差异，平衡后可以使用；干燥成本在100元/m^3左右；干燥后的木材质量符合乐器制作的要求。本试验确定的干燥工艺可适用楔形不规则乐器用材，还可进行不同规格乐器用材的混合干燥。     

泡桐木材防变色处理配方优选试验研究

为防止泡桐材的变色降等，采用防变色剂、耐光剂、渗透剂组成的防桐木变色剂配方处理桐木板材，观察其对色度ａ＊、ｂ＊、色差ＤＥ＊、明度Ｌ＊的影响。通过正交试验选择最佳工艺参数。处理后的泡桐板材可达到出口一级品之指标，颜色纯洁，保持木材天然本色。     

酚醛树脂密实化杨木的机械加工性能研究

以水溶性低分子量酚醛树脂处理人工林杨木板材,参考ASTM标准,并结合国内实木地板的生产工艺,对处理前后板材的横截、刨切、榫槽加工和砂光性能进行评价.结果表明:经过处理后,杨木板材的各项加工性能均得到明显改善,加工缺陷明显减少,表面光洁度和平整度明显好于未处理材,适合用于制造实木地板.     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.